Semen collection and evaluation

Conformation showing and a variety of dog sports are increasingly popular. Propagation of an excellent dog requires normal fertility. Semen collection and evaluation are essential skills for small animal practitioners who work with breeders and dog-sport enthusiasts. Semen collection can be performed on most dogs in the clinic setting with minimal standard equipment. Preparation of the collection room and presence of a teaser bitch increase the success of sample collection. Semen evaluation consists of several components. First, gross characteristics and sample volume are recorded. Percentage and quality of motility are evaluated immediately. The concentration of spermatozoa in the sample is determined and multiplied by the total sample volume to determine the total number of sperm in the ejaculate. Morphology of > or = 100 spermatozoa is evaluated and recorded to determine the percent normal spermatozoa Total normal sperm per ejaculate is then calculated. Additional tests are often performed. These include cytology of the second and third fractions, culture of the semen, and measurement of semen alkaline phosphatase. Knowledge of normal parameters for canine semen enables the practitioner to evaluate the results of these tests with confidence.     

植酸酶的选择与评价

<正>随着畜牧业的不断发展和生物工程技术的不断进步,植酸酶在饲料工业中的应用也越发成熟。植酸酶即肌醇六磷酸磷酸水解酶,催化植酸水解生成低级肌醇磷酸衍生物和无机磷酸。其本质是由蛋白质组成的酶,是具有催化植酸水解功能的生物催化剂。它可     

Bone marrow biopsy and evaluation

Bone marrow evaluation provides valuable diagnostic and prognostic information about neoplastic, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases. Bone marrow biopsies should be done only after examination of peripheral blood, to avoid performing unnecessary biopsies. A blood sample should be taken at the time of the bone marrow biopsy, for complete hematopoietic evaluation. It is preferable to take both an aspiration and core biopsy simultaneously. A good sample is mandatory for accurate evaluation and interpretation. The method of evaluation should be systematic, complete, and cover the following points: adequacy of specimens; estimation of cellularity; identification of number, maturation pattern, and morphology of megakaryocytes, myeloid cells, and erythroid cells; estimation of M:E ratio; and identification of abnormal cells, cellular reactions, infectious agents, or abnormal stromal reactions. Bone marrow findings should be interpreted in conjunction with signalment, history, physical findings, and laboratory results. Reference or institutional laboratories should be contacted for proper handling of bone marrow specimens for special procedures, such as histopathology, cytochemistry, immunopathology, and electron microscopy.     

家禽生物安全的评价及其有效性的启示

生物安全在使家禽生产可持续性与经济可行性中有着无可替代的的作用。但同时,在某个养殖场或系统中,生物安全的做法可能完全取决于最基层员工的选择。这个难题表明,我们需要建立一种方法来进行生物安全程序的质量评价,以确保必要措施的贯彻落实。本文从生物安全的实施方法、达成目标、面对对象、防控范围、评估结构组成及采用工具等方面对家禽生物安全进行概述,并指出了对家禽生物安全进行评价的的重要性。     

人工草地绵羊系统分析与评价Ⅲ系统优化度评析

根据云南省种羊场人工草地绵羊系统1990～1999年的优化度进行全面综合的评价和分析,找出系统存在的问题并提出改进建议.文章指出:仅有技术上的优化不足以扭转整个系统的劣化态势,只有技术、管理、外延系统同时优化才能使系统真正走上高效、低耗、可持续发展的优化道路.     

草坪草引种与质量评定

介绍了国外 7个草种 18个品种在上海的引种表现 ,观察研究了各草种的出苗情况 ,草坪草质地、抗热性、抗寒性、抗病性。经过质量评定 ,认为暖季型草狗牙根抗性最强 ,但草色较浅。在冷季型草中 ,以高羊茅表现较好 ,有一定的推广价值 ,多年生黑麦草可作为混播草种使用。     

Raptor hematology and chemistry evaluation.

Hematologic and biochemical evaluation of raptor blood samples is discussed to guide the practitioner in the diagnosis of disease. Species and age variation in the raptors in response to the laboratory values is also addressed.     

Ovine anti-rabies antibody production and evaluation

In view of the disadvantages of human and equine rabies immunoglobulin still there is urgent needs for safe and cost-control anti-rabies immunoglobulins especially for person who have been severely exposed (categories III) to the virus. Our attempt to produce a less immunogenic and cheaper anti-rabies immunoglobulin affordable for those people living in developing countries, has been harnessed the ovine as a bioreactor instead the horse. The animals have been intramuscular immunized, and the plasma processed with 5% caprylic acid to yield IgG with purity of 95%. Moreover, antibody apparently indicated that the titer and neutralizing indexes were harmonized, especially at higher antibody dilution. The results showed that three immunized sheep were produced about 7000 IU of purified anti-rabies antibody. Sheep's IgG has low immunogenic effect than human and horse antibodies when injected into the mouse. Pure concentrated ovine antibody may serve as a possible alternative to currently available anti-rabies human or equine immunoglobulin.     

甲基丁香酚微乳的制备及质量评价

为制备甲基丁香酚微乳,并对其进行质量评价,通过考察,甲基丁香酚在表面活性剂、助表面活性剂和油相中的溶解性,并通过滴定法绘制伪三元相图优化空白微乳处方,进而考察载药微乳的外观、结构类型、形态、粒径及稳定性.结果显示,优选的表面活性剂、助表面活性剂和油相分别为RH40、异丙醇和油酸乙酯,其比例6∶3∶1时,制备的5％甲基丁香酚微乳为O/W型,外观澄清透明,透射电镜下呈圆球形,平均粒径18.2 nm,多分散系数PDI为0.018,在离心、热贮和冷藏条件下及常温长期保存时均无分层现象.表明甲基丁香酚微乳易于制备,稳定性好.     

Bioeconomic evaluation of sow longevity and profitability

Sow production indicators, including litter size, litter weight, and the length of time that sows remained in the herd (sow longevity), were used to characterize sow performance and profitability. Sow longevity and production records from 148,568 sows in 32 commercial herds from Central Illinois from January 1995 to May 2001 were analyzed using survival and repeatability models, respectively. The factors studied included sow genetics (32 genetic lines), with eight major lines present in multiple herds, and the combination of herd and year of entry in the herd. The largest difference in longevity between the major genetic lines was approximately one parity. There were differences (P < 0.05) in the instantaneous sow removal rate or hazard from the major lines. These differences constitute evidence that sow longevity could be improved by using replacements from specific genetic lines. The net present value per sow (present value of future cash flows and the present value of the sow) was used to evaluate the effect of sow longevity and production traits on economic returns. Assuming a zero discount rate per parity, genetic lines with longer herd life resulted in greater profit than genetic lines with shorter herd life. This difference was reduced with increasing discount rates and was reversed with high discount rates and low net income per litter. These results suggest that the magnitude of the economic improvement attained through the use of sow genetic lines with longer longevity depends on the economic context under which the evaluation is made.     

Endoscopic renal evaluation and biopsy of Chelonia

Sixty-nine tortoises, turtles and terrapins representing 28 species of the order Chelonia, class Reptilia were evaluated by endoscopy for renal disease. Under general anaesthesia, coelomic and/or extracoelomic endoscopic evaluations and biopsies of the kidney(s) were undertaken. Endoscopic approaches required a 2 to 4 mm skin incision in the prefemoral fossa, and minimal blunt dissection through the subcutaneous tissues. For the coelomic approach the coelomic aponeurosis of the transverse and oblique abdominal muscles was penetrated so that the cranioventral kidney(s) could be examined and biopsied. The extracoelomic approach required the endoscope to be advanced in a caudodorsal direction, between the coelomic aponeurosis and the broad iliacus muscle, so that the dorsolateral kidney(s) could be examined and biopsied. Both techniques were safe and effective for obtaining renal biopsies for histological examination and microbiological culture. Several renal pathologies were identified including glomerulonephrosis, tubulonephrosis, interstitial nephritis, uric acid accumulation, tubulonephritis, glomerulonephritis, renal oedema, glomerulosclerosis, nephrosclerosis, soft tissue mineralisation, and pyelonephritis. Several infectious conditions were identified, including a predominance of Gram-negative bacterial infections, two cases of hexamitiosis, and one case of mycobacteriosis.     

全犬种比赛的奖项和评审

在本刊第6期中介绍了AKC比赛的犬种分组，在此基础上可以进一步了解赛制中的奖项设置和评审标准。虽然在国内的全犬种比赛中还没有统一的赛制规则，但基本上是在沿用AKC赛制的基础上略加变化。     

Porcine granulocyte functions: evaluation and modulation

Functions of porcine polymorphonuclear neutrophils are evaluated with in vitro test systems. Results are compared with those from human PMN and the relevance for in vivo conditions is discussed. Ethanol was inhibitory to all porcine PMN functions investigated here. Influex, a combination product, containing extracts of Echinacea, Aconitum, Apis and Lachesis stimulated adherence, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis, but inhibited chemiluminescence. These results suggest an effect of the product in the generation of reactive oxygen species.     

Petrographic and geochemic evaluation of equine enteroliths

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the texture, mineralogic features, and chemical features of enteroliths obtained from horses. SAMPLE POPULATION: Enteroliths from 13 horses with colic. PROCEDURE: Enteroliths were harvested from 13 horses that underwent ventral midline celiotomy for treatment of colic or necropsy because of colonic obstruction and rupture caused by enteroliths. Dietary and environmental history were determined via questionnaires or evaluation of medical records. In 7 horses that underwent surgical treatment for enterolithiasis, samples of colonic contents were obtained via an enterotomy in the pelvic flexure. Colonic concentrations of magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and potassium (K) were determined. Enteroliths were analyzed via electron microprobe analysis and X-ray diffraction. RESULTS: Enteroliths varied widely regarding degree of porosity, presence and distribution of radiating texture, and composition and size of the central nidus. A distinct concentric banding was identifiable in all enteroliths. Struvite was the predominant component of all enteroliths, although Mg vivianite was identified in 5 enteroliths, and there were variable quantities of Na, S, K, and Ca in the struvite within enteroliths. Despite an abundance of Ca in colonic fluids, Mg-phosphate minerals were preferentially formed, compared with Ca-phosphates (apatite), in equine enteroliths. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Enteroliths comprise 2 major Mg phosphates: struvite and Mg vivianite. There is wide variability in macrotexture and ionic concentrations between and within enteroliths.