饲料中添加中草药抗球虫效果观察

试验选择 78只 1日龄蛋用公雏 ,随机分为氯苯胍拌料组 ( 组 ,添加量为 4 0 mg/ kg饲料 )、地克珠利饮水组 ( 组 ,添加量为 0 .0 0 2 5 % )、球必克组 ( 组 ,添加量为 1.0 % )、灭球散组( 组 ,添加量为 1.0 % )、感染不给药组 ( 组 )和不感染不给药对照组 ( 组 )。于无球虫条件下饲养 ,从 1日龄起饲喂混有药物的饲料或用药物饮水 ,除 组外 ,其他各组均在 19日龄接种 1× 10 5个柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊 ,根据各组的存活率、相对增重率、病变记分、血便记分和抗球虫指数观察药物的疗效 ,结果表明氯苯胍和球必克有中等抗球虫效果。     

不同桉树精油添加水平对笼养白羽肉鸡生长性能、免疫机能和抗氧化机能的影响

本试验旨在探究饲粮中添加不同水平桉树精油对笼养白羽肉鸡生长性能、免疫机能和抗氧化机能的影响。选择300只1日龄爱拔益加肉鸡公雏,随机分为6组,每组5个重复,每个重复10只鸡。Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础饲粮;Ⅱ～Ⅵ组分别在基础饲粮中添加50、75、100、125和150 mg/kg桉树精油,试验期42 d。结果表明:1)1～21日龄,Ⅱ～Ⅴ组肉鸡21日龄时平均体重显著或极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05或P0.01),Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组肉鸡平均日增重极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01),Ⅱ～Ⅵ组料重比显著或极显著低于Ⅰ组(P0.05或P0.01),Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组料重比极显著低于Ⅵ组(P0.01);1～42日龄,Ⅳ组肉鸡42日龄时平均体重显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05),Ⅳ组肉鸡平均日增重显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05),Ⅳ组料重比显著低于Ⅰ组(P0.05)。2)各组之间肉鸡脾脏指数、法氏囊指数和血清新城疫抗体效价无显著差异(P0.05)。3)21日龄时,Ⅴ组肉鸡血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性显著或极显著高于Ⅰ～Ⅲ组(P0.05或P0.01),Ⅵ组肉鸡血清T-SOD活性显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05);Ⅱ～Ⅵ组肉鸡血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著或极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05或P0.01);Ⅳ～Ⅵ组肉鸡血清丙二醛(MDA)含量极显著低于Ⅰ组(P0.01),Ⅴ组肉鸡血清MDA含量显著或极显著低于Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组和Ⅵ组(P0.05)。42日龄时,Ⅴ组肉鸡血清T-SOD活性最高,显著或极显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P0.05或P0.01),Ⅳ组和Ⅵ组显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05);Ⅳ组肉鸡血清GSH-Px活性显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05);Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组肉鸡血清MDA含量显著或极显著低于Ⅰ～Ⅲ组(P0.05或P0.01),Ⅲ组和Ⅵ组显著或极显著低于Ⅰ组(P0.05或P0.01)。4)回归分析显示,饲粮中添加95.25～105.00 mg/kg桉树精油,肉鸡生长前期(1～21日龄)生长性能最佳;饲粮中添加105.83～115.00 mg/kg桉树精油,肉鸡生长全期(1～42日龄)生长性能最佳;肉鸡抗氧化机能最佳的桉树精油添加水平,生长前期为151.13～205.60 mg/kg,生长后期(22～42日龄)为93.38～158.57 mg/kg。综上所述,在饲粮中添加适宜水平的桉树精油可显著提高笼养白羽肉鸡生长性能和抗氧化机能,饲粮中桉树精油适宜添加水平为105.00 mg/kg。     

地克珠利抗柔嫩艾美耳球虫凤阳地理株的效果观察

将 60只 1日龄蛋公鸡于无球虫条件下饲养至 30日龄时随机分为 5组 (Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组 )。Ⅰ组用地克珠利饮水 (每千克水 1mg) ;Ⅱ组地克珠利混饲 (每千克饲料 2mg) ;Ⅲ组为药物对照组 (每千克饲料克球粉 5mg) ;Ⅳ组为感染不给药 ;Ⅴ组为不感染不给药组。于给药当天 ,除Ⅴ组外 ,其他组鸡每只接种 1× 1 0 5个柔嫩艾美耳球虫凤阳地理株孢子化卵囊。根据各组鸡的存活率 ,相对增重率 ,病变记分 ,血便记分和抗球虫指数来观察药物疗效。试验结果表明 ,地克珠利能有效的控制凤阳地理株柔嫩艾美耳球虫。     

复方中草药饲料添加剂替代抗生素对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响

采用随机单位组设计,将1 000羽白羽肉仔鸡随机分为五组。Ⅰ组(基础日粮+黄霉素75mg/kg和洛克沙胂45.75mg/kg),Ⅱ组(基础日粮+中草药0.3%水平),Ⅲ组(基础日粮+中草药0.4%水平),Ⅳ组(基础日粮+中草药0.3%水平+甜菜碱),Ⅴ组(基础日粮)。结果表明:中草药添加剂0.3%水平组(Ⅱ、Ⅳ组)与抗生素组、对照组的活重、料重比、日增重、采食量的差异极显著(P0.01),该中草药组方的0.3%水平为最适添加量。     

中草药复方制剂对球虫感染鸡免疫器官和生长性能的影响

为探明中草药复方制剂对球虫感染鸡免疫器官和生长性能的影响,选择80只24日龄健康罗曼蛋公雏,随机分为4组,每组20只.所设组别分别为中药感染球虫组(Ⅰ)、中药不感染球虫组(Ⅱ)、不给药感染组(Ⅲ)和空白对照组(Ⅳ).将中草药复方制剂添加至饲料中喂给Ⅰ、Ⅱ组,Ⅰ、Ⅲ组于27日龄时接种5×104个/只柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊,于34日龄时称重、剖杀,并摘取胸腺、法氏囊和脾脏等称重.结果表明:Ⅰ、Ⅱ组的平均增重与Ⅳ组相比,差异极显著(P<0.01),同样,Ⅱ与Ⅲ组差异极显著(P<0.01).在免疫器官指数方面,Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组的脾脏指数与Ⅳ差异极显著(P<0.01).复方中草药制剂能提高球虫感染雏鸡的生长性能,并能促进雏鸡免疫器官的生长发育,提高饲料转化率.     

中草药添加剂提高家兔生长性能的研究

为了解中草药添加剂对动物增重和料重比的影响,试验将32只断奶家兔随机分成4组,各组饲料中分别添加0(Ⅰ组即对照组)、6 g/kg(Ⅱ组)、9 g/kg(Ⅲ组)、12 g/kg(Ⅳ组)中草药,试验期为60 d,测定各组断奶家兔的初始体重、期末体重及饲料消耗量,并对各组断奶家兔的经济效益进行比较。结果表明:Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组平均日增重与Ⅰ组相比分别提高13.63%、18.28%、20.92%,差异显著(P<0.05);Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组料重比分别为3.82,3.59,3.51,3.46,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组料重比与Ⅰ组相比分别降低了6.02%、8.11%、9.42%,差异显著(P<0.05);Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组经济效益与Ⅰ组相比分别提高了19.8%、25.8%、29.1%,差异显著(P<0.05)。     

锰对1~4周龄五龙鹅血清脂类代谢、抗氧化指标及器官组织中锰沉积量的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中不同锰水平对1~4周龄五龙鹅血清脂类代谢、抗氧化指标及器官组织中锰沉积量的影响,以确定鹅饲粮中锰适宜添加水平。试验选用1日龄体重相近的五龙鹅360只,随机分为6个组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鹅(公母各占1/2)。对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂基础饲粮(锰含量为20 mg/kg),试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加30(Ⅱ组)、60(Ⅲ组)、90(Ⅳ组)、120(Ⅴ组)和150 mg/kg锰的试验饲粮(Ⅵ组)。试验期4周。结果表明:1)Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组血清甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01),Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05)。各组血清碱性磷酸酶活性差异不显著(P0.05)。2)Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组血清总抗氧化能力和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01),Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05);Ⅴ组血清丙二醛含量极显著低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P0.01),Ⅳ、Ⅵ组显著低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P0.05)。3)Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组血清、心脏、肝脏和胰脏中锰沉积量极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01),Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清、心脏和肝脏中锰沉积量显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加锰能提高五龙鹅血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇含量,增强机体抗氧化能力,增加器官组织中锰沉积量。建议鹅饲粮中锰适宜添加水平为90~120 mg/kg。     

日粮锌源和添加水平对断奶仔猪组织锌及粪便排泄锌含量的影响

试验选用21日龄"杜×长×大"三元杂交的断奶仔猪40头,按体重和性别随机分成4组(Ⅰ～Ⅳ组),每组10头猪。分别饲喂添加氧化锌(以锌量计)Ⅰ组(对照组)100 mg/kg、Ⅱ组3 000 mg/kg和蛋氨酸锌(以锌量计)Ⅲ组100 mg/kg、Ⅳ组300 mg/kg的基础日粮,预试验7 d,正式试验42 d,结果表明:高锌3 000 mg/kg氧化锌使肝脏、肾脏和十二指肠锌含量极显著升高(P0.01),十二指肠和肝脏锌含量Ⅳ组显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅲ组,脾脏、淋巴结锌含量各组间差异均不显著(P0.05);高锌日粮可使断奶仔猪粪便中锌排泄浓度显著增加,易造成环境污染,日粮添加相同剂量锌的蛋氨酸锌组猪粪便中锌排泄量低于氧化锌组。     

中药-微生态制剂对小尾寒羊自然感染球虫病的治疗效果分析

为调查中草药微生态制剂对羊球虫的治疗效果,为羊球虫病的防控提供参考.将80只感染球虫病的小尾寒羊平均分为4组,分别为中草药微生态制剂组(Ⅰ组)、地利克珠组(Ⅱ组)、氨丙啉组(Ⅲ组)、对照组(不用药).其中试验组Ⅰ在饲料中药物添加量为2 kg/t,试验组Ⅱ和试验组Ⅲ给羊群药物口服量分别为25 mg/kg和1 mg/kg,...     

饲粮维生素A添加水平对育成期雄性蓝狐生长性能、营养物质消化率、氮代谢及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在探讨饲粮维生素A添加水平对育成期雄性蓝狐生长性能、营养物质消化率、氮代谢及血清生化指标的影响。采用单因素试验设计,选择90只健康雄性蓝狐,随机分成6组,每组15个重复,每个重复1只。各组饲粮以干物质基础的维生素A添加水平分别为0(Ⅰ组)、5 000(Ⅱ组)、10 000(Ⅲ组)、15 000(Ⅳ组)、20 000(Ⅴ组)和25 000 IU/kg(Ⅵ组)。预试期7 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1)饲粮维生素A添加水平对蓝狐末重、平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比均无显著影响(P0.05)。2)饲粮维生素A添加水平对蓝狐干物质采食量、干物质排出量、干物质消化率和蛋白质消化率均无显著影响(P0.05)。Ⅲ组脂肪消化率显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ组(P0.05)。3)饲粮维生素A添加水平对蓝狐食入氮、粪氮、尿氮、氮沉积、净蛋白质利用率和蛋白质生物学价值均无显著影响(P0.05)。Ⅴ组血清尿素氮含量显著低于Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅵ组(P0.05)。4)饲粮维生素A添加水平对蓝狐血清维生素D含量和丙氨酸氨基转移酶活性无显著影响(P0.05)。Ⅵ组血清维生素A含量显著高于其他各组(P0.05),Ⅱ组血清天冬氨酸氨基转移酶活性显著高于Ⅲ和Ⅳ组(P0.05),Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组血清低密度脂蛋白含量显著低于Ⅴ和Ⅵ组(P0.05),Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组血清高密度脂蛋白含量显著高于Ⅵ组(P0.05)。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清甘油三酯含量显著高于Ⅳ组(P0.05),显著低于Ⅴ和Ⅵ组(P0.05);Ⅰ组血清总胆固醇含量显著高于Ⅵ组(P0.05),显著低于Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组(P0.05)。由此可见,在本试验条件下,饲粮添加5 000 IU/kg以上的维生素A对育成期蓝狐生长性能无显著影响,饲粮添加10 000 IU/kg维生素A显著提高了脂肪消化率。饲粮维生素A添加水平对育成期蓝狐血清生化指标有一定的影响。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein