阳江核电水库溢洪道消能试验研究

阳江核电水库溢洪道上、下游落差大，受地形条件的限制，一、二级消力池之间由两段弯道组成，弯道内产生折冲水流和偏流，流态较复杂。本文对阳江核电水库溢洪道工程方案进行试验研究，将溢洪道闸墩改为宽尾墩，并在一级陡槽段槽面加设阶梯跌坎，再抬高二级陡槽段堰顶高程，使弯道调整段水深加大等，改善了溢洪道运行流态，妥善地解决了溢洪道泄流与下游河道水流衔接的问题。     

刘家沟水电站溢洪道泄洪消能方案试验研究

针对刘家沟水电站溢洪道消能效果不理想以及下游岸坡冲刷严重问题进行水工模型试验,在原方案基础上开展了一系列改善溢洪道消能防冲效果的优化试验。经过多方案比选验证,在满足溢洪道泄流能力的条件下,采用岸坡分散水流结合公路平台挑流的方案消能效果更为理想,下游河床河势稳定,且造价合理,较好地解决了工程所在下游河床较为狭窄且右岸岸坡存在大型崩滑体的技术难题。     

华阳河水库溢洪道泄洪消能试验优化研究

采用1∶60水力学整体模型,针对华阳河水库溢洪道除险加固初步设计方案进行了相关水力学问题的试验研究,并开展了进一步改善溢洪道消能防冲效果方案的优化试验。研究成果表明:在基本满足溢洪道泄流能力情况下,为改善原设计方案在2级消力池内水流流态紊乱,消能效果差的情况,经多方案比选论证,建议在2级消力池内布置系列消能墩,实现消能率达69.9%以上,且增加工程投资不多。优化后的2级消力池体型已经运用到工程设计中。     

温头口电站整体水工模型试验研究

阐述了温头口电站整体水工模型试验的主要内容和试验方法。通过水工模型试验，计算了溢洪道的泄流能力，校核了挡墙和泄槽边墙的设计高度，分析了坝体产生气蚀的可能性。提出了优化溢洪道进口的布置方案，并根据下游消能冲刷情况，建议对下游岸坡采取适当保护措施。研究成果对工程设计和其他模型试验均具有一定的借鉴意义。     

坡度较缓溢洪道上的消能方式研究

白莲河水库第二溢洪道为二级消能，由泄槽和出水渠组成。第二级的出水渠为宽浅型渠道，底坡为0.08~0.05，坡度较一般溢洪道缓，但落差较大。出泄槽水流挑流消能后在渠道内加速，使出渠流速仍然较高。如不加以衬砌则难免受到冲刷。试验探索采用消力墩加糙方案，有效地消刹渠内水流能量，降低渠内的流速，使渠道不需要衬砌。试验表明，在坡度较缓的溢洪道上适当布置消力墩，能够有效达到消能减速的目的，是一种较好的消能方式。     

旁侧溢洪道消能新构思

阐述了双层散流工消能工的工作原理，水流特性和水力计算方法，该新型消能工吸收了国内外对撞消能、倒悬、扩散等异形鼻坎的优点，特别适合于狭窄河谷、水舌落水点难以控制及河道转弯等不利地形的下游消能防冲设计工程，该消能工与等宽挑流相比，冲刷深度可降低一个数量级，与斜切扩散坎等新型挑流消能工相比，仍可减少冲刷５０％，甚至可以做到不冲刷，关于双层散流式消能工的报导，国内外未见有关研究资料。     

旁侧溢洪道消能新构思

阐述了双层散流式消能工的工作原理、水流特性和水力计算方法。该新型消能工吸收了国内外对撞消能、倒悬、扩散等异形鼻坎的优点，特别适合于狭窄河谷、水舌落水点难以控制及河道转弯等不利地形的下游消能防冲设计工程，该消能工与等宽挑流相比，冲刷深度可降低一个数量级，与斜切扩散坎等新型挑流消能工相比，仍可减少冲刷５０％，甚至可以做到不冲刷，关于双层散流式消能工的报导，国内外未见有关研究资料。     

转弯河段重力坝组合挑流消能建筑物体型优化试验研究

针对某大型水电站采用组合挑流消能方式时其消力池下游河道转弯、水流归槽难等问题,对2种泄洪消能建筑物体型布置方案的水力特性开展对比试验,获得挑流水舌及入水形态、消力池内流态及出池水流衔接等水力参数;通过体型优化,获得了满足设计要求的推荐方案,消除原设计方案中消力池底部冲刷严重,出池水流偏离主河槽且与下游河道衔接不佳,河道水位波动较大等不利水力学条件.     

玛尔挡水电站溢洪道挑流鼻坎体型试验研究

挑流鼻坎是水利工程常用的消能工,不同体型的挑坎对过流水体具有不同的导向作用。为解决玛尔挡水电站因水头高、流速大、泄洪建筑物集中,但其对下游河床的冲刷要求高而导致泄洪消能严峻的问题,对其进行了整体模型试验。为满足溢洪道三孔鼻坎水舌在死水位时不冲砸本岸及左右岸坡脚冲刷深度较浅的设计要求,进行了斜鼻坎、舌形挑坎、直墙窄缝挑坎和曲面贴角窄缝挑坎四种不同挑坎体型的对比试验,通过比选,曲面贴角窄缝挑坎较好地满足了设计要求。该试验研究对类似工程具有一定的借鉴意义。     

那棱格勒泄洪洞挑坎水力特性试验研究

受下游出口横向宽度有限等因素的影响,泄洪洞扩散式挑坎存在水舌入水面积过大、冲刷下游边坡的现象。针对这一现象,基于那棱格勒水利枢纽工程整体水工模型试验,对比研究扩散式挑坎和等宽式挑坎两种挑坎方案内部流态、水面线、流速、时均压力、出口水舌形态和下游冲刷情况等相关水力学特性。研究结果表明:等宽式挑坎内部横向水面变幅较小,发生空化的可能性较低,水舌入水宽度较小,消能效果充分。在改善挑坎流态,减轻下游岸坡冲刷等方面起到重要作用,有效满足了当地实际地形对于入水水舌的要求和工程运行的需要。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。