危险性害虫椰花二点象及其近缘种的鉴别(鞘翅目:象虫科)

椰花二点象Diocalandrafrumenti (Fabricius)是危害可可椰子等棕榈类植物的一种重要害虫 ,分布于非洲大陆、马达加斯加、印度、日本、东南亚国家、太平洋群岛和我国的台湾。该虫蛀食寄主植物的根、叶柄、花和果实 ,幼虫可随寄主植物传播扩散。本文介绍了该虫的寄主、危害、分布、生物学特性、成虫和幼虫的形态特征 ,并列出了椰花二点象与窄跗二点象DiocalandracaelataMarshall、拟长二点象Diocalandraelongate (Roelofs)、塔希提二点象DiocalandrataitenseGu啨ｒｉｎ、方斑二点象ＤｉｏｃａｌａｎｄｒａｓａｓａＭｏｒｉｍｏｔｏ和卡氏二点象ＤｉｏｃａｌａｎｄｒａｋａｍｉｙａｉＭｏｒｉｍｏｔｏ的检索表。     

危害针叶树的象虫──树皮象属Hylobius Germar

树皮象属ＨｙｌｏｂｉｕｓＧｅｒｍａｒ隶属于鞘翅目Ｃｏｌｅｏｐｔｅｒａ象虫科Ｃｕｒｃｕｌｉｏｎｉｄａｅ、树皮象亚科Ｈｙｌｏｂｉｎａｅ〔１〕。该属昆虫大多数是林业上的重要害虫〔１～７,１８～２０〕,它们以幼虫、成虫危害松柏科植物,主要是松属Ｐｉｎｕｓ、冷...     

槭金卷象的研究

槭金卷象的研究王真才，田秀玲，刘振陆（本溪县森防检疫站１１７１００）（沈阳农业大学林学院）械金卷象Ｂｙｃｌｉｓｃ。。ｓｃｏ。。ｇｅ，ｌｅｒ（Ｊｅｋ·）属鞘翅目、卷叶象科（Ｎ朽！。ｈ加ｅ）、齿颚象亚科（ＲＩ。ｙｌＩＣＩ。ｆｉｌｌ。１１）、金象属（ＢｙＣ...     

栗梢瘿象的初步观察

栗梢瘿象的初步观察张世斐（渭南地区林科所，陕西渭南７１４０００）栗梢瘿象（Ｂａｌａｎｏｂｉｕｓｓｐ．）是新发现的一种板栗枝梢害虫。它主要危害新梢雌花以下部位。受害部位形成虫瘿，有时折断，使受害枝形成只有雄花序的马鞭状，造成栗树严重减产。据调查，该虫在...     

榆跳象生物学特性观察与防治试验

榆跳象生物学特性观察与防治试验司振海（广平县林业局）邵吉祥（河北省林业项目管理中心）石用虎（邯郸市林业局）刘保太（广平县林业局）董绪增（河北省林科所）榆跳象（ＲｎｙｎｃｈａｅｎｕｓｄｌｎｉＬｉｎｎａｅｕｓ）危害榆属树种，成虫取食芽苞和叶片，造成叶片缺...     

中国恩象属(Endaeus)昆虫的分类研究简介

2017年在江苏宜兴竹林进行物种调查时发现1个昆虫新种,命名为剑纹恩象,由此中国恩象属昆虫增至6种,其中3种在中国台湾,另2种在福建省。剑纹恩象的主要特征是雌虫前胸腹面具毛窝,这是中国大陆唯一具此特征的恩象种,且中国台湾的3种均有此特征。该文比较了剑纹恩象与日本、中国台湾和福建种类的鉴别特征,编制了相关的检索表,并呈出了上述种类的彩图。     

板栗大圆筒象研究初报

板栗大圆筒象ＭａｃｏｃｏｒｙｎｕｓＰｓｉｔｔａｃｉｎｕｓ（Ｒｅｄｔ．）以成虫危害板栗叶片、严重时栗叶损失达８０％以上，减产２０％－４０％。该虫在皖南一年发生１代，以幼虫在栗林表土层中越冬。采用５０％甲胺磷乳剂、４０％氧化乐果乳剂２０００倍液喷雾，防治效果分别为９１．０１％和９６．２０％。用３％呋喃丹颗粒剂防治幼虫效果为６３．８６％。     

榆跳象生物学特性及其防治

榆跳象是榆树的重要食叶害虫之一，甘肃尚未见记载，近年来在张掖地区发生，虫情日趋严重。该虫１年发生１代，以成虫越夏和越冬，成虫一般自叶背取食叶肉，幼虫潜叶为害。天敌有榆跳象羽角姬小蜂（Ｓｙｍｐｉｅｓｉｓｓｐ．）等。成虫发生期根施３％呋喃丹或用２．５％溴氰菊酯２０００倍液喷雾树冠，效果均可达９０％左右。     

板栗大圆筒象研究初报

板栗大圆筒象ＭａｃｏｃｏｒｙｎｕｓＰｓｉｔｔａｃｉｎｕｓ（Ｒｅｄｔ）以成虫危害板栗叶片、严重时栗叶损失达８０％以上，减产２０％－４０％，该虫在皖南一年发生１代，以幼虫在栗林表土层中越冬。采用５０％甲胺磷乳剂，４０％氧化乐果乳剂２０００倍液喷雾，防治效果分别为９１．０１％和９６．２０％，用３％呋喃丹颗粒剂防治幼虫效果为６３．８６％。     

核桃果象生物学及综合治理研究

核桃果象 Ａｌｃｉｄｏｄ ｅｓ ｊｕｇｌａｎｓ Ｃｈａｏ 为害核桃果实,也为害花、叶芽苞,造成产量大减,严重者则绝收,是核桃果实的重要害虫。在研究该虫生物学的同时,利用商品农药配制的化学药剂和定时拣拾落果为主的综合治理方法,可在 ２～３ 年内彻底控制该虫的危害。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.