选择树木蒸腾耗水测定方法的研究

树木耗水是一个复杂的生理学与物理学过程,不同树种蒸腾差异很大,通过选择５种蒸腾测定方法进行田间对比研究,结果表明,５种方法可分两类：一类属劳动密集型技术,如快称法,整树容器法;另一类属资本密集型技术,如热脉冲法、气孔计法和微气象法。用户可根据测试目、经费、设备条件选择。     

选择树木蒸腾耗水测定方法的研究

树木耗水是一个复杂的生理学与物理学过程,不同树种蒸腾差异很大,通过选择５种蒸腾测定方法进行田间对比研究,结果表明,５种方法可分两类：一类属劳动密集型技术,发快称法,整树容器法;在属资本密集型技术,如热脉冲法、气孔汁法和微气象法。用户可根据测试目、经费、设备条件选择。     

稳态气孔计与其它3种方法蒸腾测值的比较研究

１９８９－１９９２年,分别在山东（鲁克斯扬）与宁夏（合作杨）人工林中,用３种方法（快速称量法、热脉冲法和整树容器法）多次对比了气孔计测值的变化。结果表明,气孔计测值恒大于实际蒸腾值。根据１０次１０２６个样本比较,气孔计测值约为自然蒸腾值的１．３－３．２倍,平均为２．６４９倍,其平均校正系数为０．３７７５,干旱地区为０．６４５２,较湿润地区为０．３４０７,此值可作为蒸腾耗水研究的参考。     

不同方法测定三倍体毛白杨整树蒸腾的比较

为了解热扩散法测定速生林蒸腾耗水的准确性,以整树容器法为对照,利用热扩散式边材液流探针（ TDP-30）对5年生三倍体毛白杨整树蒸腾进行测定。结果表明,TDP 法与整树容器法测得的整树蒸腾速率具有一致的“单峰型”日变化趋势,且极显著线性相关（R2＝0.955）。TDP 法较整树容器法测得的整树蒸腾量偏低5.58％。三倍体毛白杨夜间蒸腾显著,两种方法测定的夜间蒸腾量分别为白天的21.24％和31.60％。利用 TDP 法研究三倍体毛白杨蒸腾耗水规律准确、可靠,日间蒸腾耗水量与实际相符而夜间蒸腾量偏小。     

植物生理学原理测算树木蒸腾耗水速率方法综述

通过综述基于植物生理学原理对树木蒸腾耗水量或蒸腾速率的测定方法,包括快速称重法、气孔计法、光合作用测定法、整树容器法、同位素示踪法等方法,分析各种测量方法的技术原理和特点、明确其适用范围以及各种方法的测量实例和发展过程,方便树木蒸腾研究工作,选取合适的测量方法,并分析目前所采用方法的优点和缺陷,展望未来蒸腾测量方法的发展方向。     

木麻黄南北方位边材液流季节动态及其对蒸腾耗水测算的影响

利用TDP径流计对福建沿海木麻黄南北方位的边材液流动态进行长期监测，并同步检测空气温湿度、太阳辐射等环境因子，分析南北方位液流速率的相互关系、对蒸腾耗水量测算的影响以及与环境因子的关系。结果显示，木麻黄南北2个方位测得的液流速率存在显著差异和线性相关。木麻黄生长季（5～10月）内单株蒸腾耗水量与日总太阳辐射和昼间平均空气水汽压亏缺的指数饱和曲线拟合效果较好。采用单方位树干液流速率测算的整株蒸腾耗水量与2个方位的测算值相差18．19％。     

两种方法测定红富士苹果叶片蒸腾强度的比较

为了解红富士苹果叶片蒸腾规律,并为气孔计法提供经验校正系数,采用气孔计法和离体枝条称重法,于2008～2009年在山东省泰安市潮泉镇上寨村(36°15′N,117°06′E),对红富士苹果叶片蒸腾作用进行了连续定位观测,比较了2种方法的不同,提出了采用气孔计法测定红富士苹果叶片蒸腾作用的校正系数。结果表明:气孔计法蒸腾强度测定值恒大于离体枝条称重法测定值,气孔计法测定值为称重法的1.03～4.00倍,平均为2.02倍,整个生长期校正系数为0.495。气孔计法测定的离体枝条(水分供应充足)叶片蒸腾速率是活体叶片蒸腾速率的1.07～3.44倍,平均为1.45倍。     

北京园林五种乔木蒸腾模拟及其对环境因子的响应比较

通过对北京市园林常用5种乔木国槐（Sophora japonica）、银杏（Ginkgo biloba）、白蜡（Fraxinus chinensis）、杜仲（Eucommia ulmoides）、臭椿（Ailanthusahissima）等植物蒸腾作用与周围环境气象因子（温度、湿度、太阳有效辐射）及植株叶面积指数相关关系研究,利用Javis公式计算冠层气孔阻力,再采用PM公式计算冠层蒸腾速率、植株日蒸腾量,并分析不同乔木的冠层气孔导度对环境主要驱动因子响应规律。结果表明：五种被观测乔木中,国槐耗水量最大,白蜡耗水量最低,植株蒸腾量大小依次为国槐〉银杏〉杜仲〉臭椿〉白蜡（P〈0．01）。从植物叶片气孔导度及蒸腾量与环境驱动因子太阳辐射与水气压亏缺的相关关系来看,在保障土壤水分条件较好时,国槐长势好于其他4种乔木,其对水分的利用不够经济,在干旱的情况下不能有效节水。     

蒸腾速率、阻力与叶内外水势和光强关系的研究

本文采用ＬＩ一１６００稳态气孔计和压力室测定了杨柴的蒸腾速率、阻力、叶水势及其环境因子的日变化，分析结果表明：当０～２ｍ土层内土壤平均水势在－０．０４～－０．２０ＭＰａ时，光照强度是影响杨柴等树木蒸腾速率的主要因子，它主要是通过影响蒸腾阻力所致。光照强度（Ｌｉ）与蒸腾阻力（Ｄｒ）的关系符合方程Ｄｒ＝ａｅｂ／Ｌｉ。这样，根据光照强度对阻力的影响过程，把光照强度与蒸腾速率（Ｔｒ）的关系分成３个区段：①弱光照区，Ｔｒ＝Ｋ／Ｄｒ；②过渡区，Ｔｒ＝Ｋ·ψＬ－Ａ／Ｄｒ；③光饱和区，Ｔｒ＝ａ·ψＬ－Ａ＋ｂ，其中ａ、ｂ和Ｋ是系数。     

石漠化区朴树叶片结构与蒸腾量的相关性探讨

以石漠化区不同胸径朴树叶片为试验材料,利用针式热脉冲树干液流仪监测日蒸腾耗水量的变化,利用FAA固定切片法观测叶片海绵组织厚度、栅栏组织厚度、维管束粗度及木质部厚度等解剖结构.发现影响不同季节不同胸径朴树平均日耗水量的主要因素为叶片的栅栏组织厚度和海绵组织厚度.栅栏组织厚度与平均日耗水量呈正相关关系,而栅栏海绵组织厚度...     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.