用木材尺寸稳定剂改性处理木材

用ＬＭ－木材尺寸稳定剂改性处理木材，有与ＰＥＧ相同的尺寸稳定效果，克服了ＰＥＧ处理后木材易吸湿、容易流矢的缺点。用ＬＭ－１改性杨木，不开裂、不易变形、不易腐朽、不易着火，加工不起毛，而且花纹、色泽与珍贵树种泰柚相似。     

用木材尺寸稳定剂改性处理木材

用ＬＭ－木材尺寸稳定剂改性处理木材，有与ＰＥＧ相同的尺寸稳定效果，克服了ＰＥＧ处理后木材易吸湿，容易流失的缺点。用ＬＭ－１改性杨木，不开裂、不易变形，不腐配、不易着火，加工不起毛，加工不起毛，而且花纹，色泽与珍贵树种泰柚相似。     

木材羧甲基化改性及其溶解性研究

以异丙醇作溶剂、ＮａＯＨ作预胀剂及催化剂、一氯乙酸作羧甲基化剂地松木进行了羧甲基化改性。研究了异丙醇、一氯乙酸、ＮａＯＨ用量，反应温度及时间对羧甲基化反应及羧甲基化木材（ＣＭＷ）溶溶解性的影响。用ＦＴＩＲ，Ｘ－ｒａｙ、ＳＥＭ等对ＣＭＷ的微观结构进行了研究和表征。发现增重（ＷＧ）３５－４５％的ＣＭＷ在加热加压下不溶融，但在ＨＣＬ存在下于９０－９５℃蝗溶于苯酚获得棕黑色均一的溶液。该溶液与甲醛进一步缩     

马尾松,麻栎,江南桤木用聚乙二醇改性的研究

本文研究了马尾松、麻栎、江南桤木三种木材用聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ）改性的工艺条件及效果。结果表明，三种改性材经过长时间自然存放，抗收缩率可这８０％以上，并且其耐腐性能提高，尺寸稳定性好。     

杉木浸渍改性材的尺寸稳定性研究

利用聚乙烯醇缩甲醛改性剂对杉木木材进行浸溃改性，对其改性材的尺寸稳定性进行研究。结果表明：改性材的弦向、径向和体积干缩率与素材相比均有不同程度的下降；改性材的弦向、径向和体积湿胀率与素材相比也均有不同程度的下降，但当改性剂浓度超过20％时，下降才较明显；改性材吸水率随改性剂浓度的上升而下降，最大可由改性前的197％下降到改性后的155％；改性材的抗干缩系数（ASE）随改性剂浓度上升而增加，最大可达18．8％。杉木改性材的尺寸稳定性能要明显优于素材。     

植物油改性木材研究进展

植物油是橄榄油、蓖麻油等不干性油,棉籽油、大豆油等半干性油和桐油、亚麻油等干性油的统称。植物油具有良好的疏水性和导热性,是一种颇具潜力的环保型木材改性剂。目前,利用植物油改性木材已取得了一定的研究成果。文中介绍了植物油的组成、类型及植物油改性木材的方法,并综述植物油改性后改性剂的渗透与分布及其对改性材的疏水性、吸湿性、尺寸稳定性、抗生物劣化性、力学性能及耐老化性能的影响,讨论了植物油改性木材的不足并提出了研究展望,以期对今后该领域的研究工作有所启发。     

木材塑料化技术简介

木材塑料化技术简介翟冰云（黑龙江省林产工业研究所）王剑波李怀新（哈尔滨国营松江胶合板厂）周仲景（黑龙江省建材学校）１研究现状木材是日常生活中所使用的主要材料，近年来人们将传统的纤维素化学改性方法应用于木材的化学改性上，开辟了木材塑料化这一新的研究领域...     

木材硅化改性研究进展

通过木材改性实现人工林低密度软质木材的提质增效,高效利用人工林资源,对我国木材工业的可持续发展和生态建设具有重要意义。木材硅化改性可以有效提高木材性能,但改性材性较脆、工艺复杂、成本较高等问题限制了其实际应用。文中分别从木材硅化改性剂种类、改性方法、改性机理和改性材性能等方面综述了木材硅化改性的研究成果,讨论了目前木材硅化改性存在的主要问题。建议基于有机-无机杂化研制多效一体化木材硅化改性剂,改进工艺,提升性能,降低成本,从而推动硅化木的开发和利用;开展木材仿生硅化改性研究,促进组分界面结构性连接,全面提升木材性能。     

热改性木材化学成分变化及其影响因素

木材易产生吸湿变形和腐朽等问题，影响其应用效果。热改性处理可有效提升木材的尺寸稳定性和耐久性，并具有无毒、环保的特点，是一种极具潜力的木材改性方法。文中综述了木材组分（纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、抽提物）在热改性过程中发生的化学变化，以及木材树种和部位、处理介质、处理温度和时间对木材热降解的影响。经不同热改性工艺处理后，木材的化学成分变化存在较大差异。探明热改性工艺、热改性材化学成分变化和性能之间的响应机制，将有助于开发或优化热改性技术，从而得到性能优异的热改性材，拓宽其应用领域。     

低分子量MF树脂固定杨木压缩木回弹技术的初步研究

增加木材硬度和体积稳定性的方法主要包括化学改性、压缩处理和热处理。本研究使用不同浓度的水溶性低量三聚氰胺－甲醛（ＭＦ）树脂处理大青杨（Ｐｏｐｕｌｕｓ ｕｓｓｕｒｉｅｎｓｉｓ）木材，并在加热过程中作横纹方向的压缩处理，其实验结果表明：经低分子量ＭＦ树脂处理的木材试件，抗胀（缩）率（ＡＳＥ）为４７％，阻湿率（ＭＥＥ）为３６％；１０％树脂浓度处理的试件的室温条件浸水可完全保持其压缩变形；１７．５％和２５     

Host responses to natural infection by Cytonaema sp. in the aerial bark of Eucalyptus globulus

The chemical and anatomical host responses to natural fungal infection by Cytonaema sp. in the aerial bark of 3‐year‐old Eucalyptus globulus plantation trees were examined. The lesion margin (LM) of the canker‐infected bark was characterized by the formation of a layer of dark extractives visible to the naked eye. Chemical analysis of the LM by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detection and HPLC‐MS using negative ion electrospray ionisation indicated the presence of a range of compounds including hydrolysable tannins, polymeric proanthocyanidins, flavonoid glycosides, formlyated phloroglucinol compounds and volatile terpenes. These compounds were either undetectable in healthy tissue or present at significantly lower concentrations than in the LM. The LM of the canker‐infected bark was morphologically distinct from healthy phloem, its characteristics varying depending on severity of canker infection. In superficial infections in which only the phloem was affected, the following LMs were observed: (i) a continuous wound periderm of multiple layers, or (ii) an incompletely differentiated and discontinuous wound periderm. In cases of severe canker infections in which the vascular cambium had been killed, the new phloem formed subsequently contained traumatic oil glands in addition to the responses observed for superficial canker infections. All LMs were characterized by the formation of new parenchyma cells that stained positive for the presence of polyphenols. The significance of the chemical and structural responses as defence mechanisms against fungi causing stem canker is discussed.     

Allometric models for leaf area and leaf mass predictions across different growing seasons of elm tree (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ulmus japonica</Emphasis>)

Convenient and effective methods to determine seasonal changes in individual leaf area (LA) and leaf mass (LM) of plants are useful in research on plant physiology and forest ecology. However, practical methods for estimating LA and LM of elm (Ulmus japonica) leaves in different periods have rarely been reported. We collected sample elm leaves in June, July and September. Then, we developed allometric models relating LA, LM and leaf parameters, such as leaf length (L) and width (W) or the product of L and W (LW). Our objective was to find optimal allometric models for conveniently and effectively estimating LA and LM of elm leaves in different periods. LA and LM were significantly correlated with leaf parameters (P < 0.05), and allometric models with LW as an independent variable were best for estimating LA and LM in each period. A linear model was separately developed to predict LA of elm leaves in June, July and September, and it yielded high accuracies of 93, 96 and 96%, respectively. Similarly, a specific allometric model for predicting LM was developed separately in three periods, and the optimal model form in both June and July was a power model, but the linear model was optimal for September. The accuracies of the allometric models in predicting LM were 88, 83 and 84% for June, July and September, respectively. The error caused by ignoring seasonal variation of allometric models in predicting LA and LM in the three periods were 1–4 and 16–59%, respectively.     

Is rootstock-induced dwarfing in olive an effect of reduced plant hydraulic efficiency?

We investigated the hydraulic architecture of young olive trees either self-rooted or grafted on rootstocks with contrasting size-controlling potential. Clones of Olea europea L. (Olive) cv 'Leccino' inducing vigorous scion growth (Leccino 'Minerva', LM) or scion dwarfing (Leccino 'Dwarf', LD) were studied in different scion/rootstock combinations (LD, LM, LD/LD, LM/LM, LD/LM and LM/LD). Shoots growing on LD root systems developed about 50% less leaf surface area than shoots growing on LM root systems. Root systems accounted for 60-70% of plant hydraulic resistance (R), whereas hydraulic resistance of the graft union was negligible. Hydraulic conductance (K = 1/R) of LD root systems was up to 2.5 times less than that of LM root systems. Total leaf surface area (A(L)) was closely and positively related to root hydraulic conductance so that whole-plant hydraulic conductance scaled by A(L) did not differ between experimental groups. Accordingly, maximum transpiration rate and minimum leaf water potential did not differ significantly among experimental groups. We conclude that reduced root hydraulic conductance may explain rootstock-induced dwarfing in olive.     

Application of the pipe model theory to non-destructive estimation of leaf biomass and leaf area of pruned agroforestry trees

The relationship of branch cross sectional area (CS) to leaf biomass (LM) and leaf area (LA) was studied in three agroforestry tree species,Calliandra calothyrsus Maissn.,Erythrina berteroana Urban andErythrina poeppigiana (Walpers) O.F. Cook, to develop a non-destructive method for the estimation of LM and LA for trees managed with periodic pruning. Variation in these relationships was observed according to the bifurcation level and, in theErythrina spp., by clone. All the relationships were linear except the CS-LM relation in small branches ofE. poeppigiana, where it was initially exponential. At main branch level the relationship of CS to LM and LA was linear in all cases but the regression parameter values varied between species and clones, with determination coefficient (R²) 0.88–0.99. It was concluded that the ratio of main branch CS to LM and LA can be used for non-destructive estimation of the latter variables. The method has the additional benefit that the regression parameter value reflects the allocation of dry matter within a tree and, consequently, may give indications about its possible uses in different agroforestry systems.Work carried out at the Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica.     

Immunolocalization of (1,4)-beta-galactan in tension wood fibers of poplar

The occurrence and distribution of (1,4)-beta-galactan in wood cells of poplar (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray x P. koreana Rehder) were studied by immunolabeling with a monoclonal antibody (LM5) specific to this carbohydrate epitope. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed exclusive binding of the LM5 antibody to tension wood fibers, indicating the specific presence of (1,4)-beta-galactan in cell walls of this wood cell type. Higher magnifications achieved with the fluorescence microscope and additional immunogold electron microscopy showed that the binding of the LM5 antibody was mainly restricted to a narrow cell wall area between the gelatinous G-layer and the secondary cell wall. This labeling pattern strongly suggests a role of (1,4)-beta-galactan in cross-linking the G-layer and secondary cell wall. Furthermore, the exclusive localization of (1,4)-beta-galactan in tension wood strengthens the view that this carbohydrate epitope can be considered a highly specific marker of reaction wood formation in mechanically stressed trees.     

Polymer distribution in the cell wall of a wood-polyethylenimine composite

Summary A light microscopic (LM) visual technique to determine the polyethylenimine (PEI) distribution in a wood-PEI composite was studied by the adsorption of acid red or the circulation of Cu(II) ion with PEI in the composite. The amount of the adsorbed dye or Cu(II) on the composite increased linearly with an increase in the PEI content of the wood-PEI. The dyed composites were observed with LM under monochromatic light, corresponding to their absorption maxima at 560 nm for acid red and at 640 nm for copper chelate. The microscopic image was photographically recorded and the negative was subjected to densitometric analysis. At a polymer content lower than 4% in the composite, about 70% of total polymer was located in the middle lamella region, leaving only 30% in the secondary wall. With increasing PEI content of the composite, the concentration in the secondary wall increased, and about 80% of the polymer was located in the secondary wall at a PEI content of 27%. There were no noticeable differences between the amount of polymer detected by dyeing with acid red and by chelating with Cu(II). From the results of the line analysis of the intensity of the characteristic X-ray of uranium, the distribution of the PEI in the cell wall agreed closely with that determined by the LM method. It was concluded that the LM visual technique to determine the PEI location in the wood-PEI composite by dyeing with acid red or by chelating with Cu(II) is a simple and reliable method.     

Yields of Green Grams and Pigeonpeas under Smallholder Conditions in Machakos County,Kenya

Green grams and pigeonpeas have multiple benefits to the rural poor as food security, fodder for livestock and fuel for small-scale farmers, despite low smallholder yields in Kenya. However, little is known about the factors between different farmers that influence the yields of green grams and pigeonpeas. The objectives of this study therefore were to describe and compare how the groups of farmers in agro-ecological zones (AEZs) LM 4 and LM 5 differ by their yields of green grams and pigeonpeas and to estimate the parameters of the variables which explain the yields. Data collection was through a well-structured questionnaire, administered to 364 respondents, selected through a multi-stage sampling technique. Each AEZ had an equal sample size (182 respondents). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple linear regression were used during data analysis. The ANOVA results showed that the mean of the green gram yields in AEZs LM 4 and LM 5 was 19.90 and 173.67 kg ha^?1 while the mean of the pigeonpea yields was 109.26 and 34.01 kg ha^?1, respectively. The multiple linear regression model results showed that the green gram yields were positively related to the use of improved seed (p?=?0.001), cultivated farm sizes (p?=?0.011), green gram crop intensity (p?=?0.005), oxcart (p?=?0.003) and agro-ecological zone (p?=?0.000). The farmer differences in the use of improved seed were found to be significantly and positively related to the yields of pigeonpeas (p?=?0.057), while the sizes of the cultivated farms (p?=?0.057) and the agro-ecological zones (p?=?0.000) showed inverse relationships (IRs). Based on the given research evidence, it was therefore concluded that the groups of farmers in AEZs LM 4 and LM 5 have different yields of green grams and pigeonpeas and there are factor gaps in productivity.     

纤维热塑性聚合物热压复合工艺的研究

通过聚乙烯、聚丙烯分别与木纤维复合制板工艺的研究,探讨加入助剂、改变聚乙烯、聚丙烯用量对复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明:对纤维进行改性处理,可以明显改善木塑复合材料的力学性能;塑料越细且含量为30%时,复合材料基本可达到中密度板国标要求的力学性能指标。     

Structural Change of Wood Molecules and Chemorheological Behaviors during Chemical Treatment

It is very important to clarify the relationship of changes of molecular combinations in wood cell walls and the chemical rheological behavior during various chemical reagent treatments, for it would be helpful to develop new wood modification technologies and to enrich the theory of chemical rheology of wood. Based on previous investigations on the chemorheological properties of wood by chemical treatments and the applied methods in chemical rheology of wool fibers, this paper proposes thestudy of various additional reagents to wood saturated in water for long periods of time in order to investigate the chemical theology of wood, which can provide information about the character of combinations between wood molecules and the structural changes of molecules and further put forward the idea of modifying wood in a decrystallized state.     

Genome-wide search for segregation distortion loci associated with the expression of complex traits in Populus tomentosa

Segregation distortion of molecular markers has been reported in a broad range of organisms. It has been detected in an interspecific BC1 Populus pedigree established by controlled crossing between clone “LM50” (Populus tomentosa) and its hybrid clone “TB01” (P. tomentosa×P. bolleana). The study with a total of 150 AFLP markers (approximately 18.9% of the total loci) exhibited significant deviation from the Mendelian ratio (1:1) (p<0.01). Twenty-five percent of the markers were mapped on the pa-rental specific genetic linkage maps of clones “LM50” and “TB01” with a pseudo-test-cross mapping strategy. Twelve linkage groups had markers with skewed segregation ratios, but the major regions were on linkage groups TLG2, TLG4 and TLG6 in the linkage map of clone “LM50”. We also analyzed the association between distorted loci and expression of complex traits with Map-maker/QTL software. A total of 16 putative QTLs affecting 12 traits were identified in the distorted regions on seven linkage groups. Therefore we could detect the distribution of skewed loci along the entire genome and identify the association between quantitative traits and segregation loci via genetic mapping in an interspecific BC1 P. tomentosa family. Furthermore, the genetic nature and pos-sible causes of these segregation distortions for differentiation between female and male parents were also discussed.