长白落叶松树冠半径分布特征及其对竞争的响应

目的 研究林木树冠形态对外界环境适应的可塑性机理。 方法 以小兴安岭地区的长白落叶松为研究对象,利用详细的树冠半径调查数据,研究长白落叶松的树冠偏冠现象,分析树冠偏冠与林木大小和竞争之间的关系。 结果 在单木水平上,不同林龄样地中林木的树冠变异系数的平均值均大于20%,大部分林木的树冠半径变异系数较大,只有不到1/5的林木的树冠半径变异系数小于15%。不同林龄样地中长白落叶松偏冠距离的平均值在0.35～0.51 m之间,各样地中林木偏冠距离的最大值均在1.2 m以上,其中成熟林中林木偏冠距离的最大值达到1.73 m。树冠的偏冠方向没有特定的方向偏向,是均匀分布的。在幼龄林中,林木的偏冠距离与胸径、冠长、平均树冠半径呈显著正相关,树冠偏冠距离随树木增大而增大。在中龄林和近熟林中,偏冠指数与胸径、树高和平均树冠半径呈显著负相关,与高径比呈显著正相关,树冠偏冠程度随树木增大而减小。在成熟林中,偏冠程度与林木大小的相关性不显著。在幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林中,树冠偏冠与竞争压力呈显著正相关,在成熟林中树冠偏冠与竞争压力的相关性不显著。基于树冠中心坐标计算的林分平均竞争指数均小于基于树干坐标计算的林分平均竞争指数。 结论 长白落叶松树冠偏冠距离一般随着林龄的增大而变大,在不同发育阶段受到不同程度竞争的影响,树冠偏冠在一定程度上降低了林分平均竞争指数,减少了林分竞争压力。     

树冠侧面积的测算

<正> 一、测定树冠侧面积的意义树冠的大小是树木利用太阳光能合成有机质的能力的一个尺度、是影响树木生长量大小和发挥生态效能的重要指标,营林工作者对此十分关注。由于树冠的大小、林冠层的厚薄直接影响地表径流强度和水土保持能力,水土保持工作者对树冠大小也很注重。造林、园艺和果树工作者关于树种栽植的起始密度问题的确定首先考虑的是该树种树冠的大小。而林业育种工作者却认为树冠的大小与树干一样重要,是树木最重要的形态指标,森保工作者在预报虫害的等级和林木对虫害的承受力(是否成毁灭性灾害),都要     

基于三维激光扫描点云的树冠面积快速精准计算方法

指出了树冠面积是计算树木生物量的一种重要因子,也是园林设计需要用到的基础数据.三维激光扫描技术使得精确测量树冠成为可能,但是现有的树冠面积计算方法存在效率低、精度差等问题.提出了一种基于点云数据的树冠面积快速精准计算方法,只需将点云坐标转换成极坐标,再计算一系列扇形的面积总和.利用4株不同树种的样木进行了实验,结果表明:此方法明显优于传统的圆近似法和凸包多边形法,面积相对误差小于5％,满足林业调查的精度需求.     

林木树冠研究进展

林木树冠是树木碳水化合物形成的主要场所,对于树木的生长发育具有重要的影响。该文从林木的树冠结构、树冠分级及其树冠条件与树木生长之间的关系等方面进行了论述,以期为林木树冠的研究提供借鉴。     

民勤荒漠沙枣树分形特征

以甘肃民勤荒漠成年沙枣树为研究对象,对不同径阶的标准木进行了全株破坏性取样。直接测量了树木的总生物量(含根、茎、枝、叶)、树冠形状、叶面积。并运用分形理论和方法,研究了叶片、树冠、整株树木的分形特征及其与生物学、生态学、环境、生长势的联系。结果表明:1)叶片周界分维数DLp均值=1.048。DLp与叶片圆度Rd呈反相关。叶片面积分维数DLa均值=1.337。DLa与叶片圆度Rd成正比。DLa反映了被调查的民勤沙枣的品种属性、栽培性质、生态学特性;2)树冠空间曲面分维数D(S-L)均值=2.304。树冠体积分维数D(V-L)均值=2.308。D(S-L)与树冠叶面积饱和值K2呈正相关。生长中庸的林木,D(S-L)≈2.2~2.3,与此相对应的K2≈0.6~0.7。D(S-L)与树冠垂直投影面的叶面积指数LAI值呈正相关。分维数D(S-L)平均值对应的LAI≈3。在一定范围内,D(S-L)随树木生长势的上升而增大,随立地条件的改善而增大。树冠分维数反映了树木的生长势和立地条件的优劣;3)整株树木分维数D(Wt-L)均值=2.410,D(Wt-L)的值映射出沙枣的中旱生植物、阳性植物、高光合植物特征。     

偏冠对树冠垂直投影面积计算的影响

目的 针对树冠结构复杂、形状不规则等问题,实现树冠垂直投影面积自动计算并提高树冠投影区域面积计算精度。 方法 以研究区453棵杉木为研究对象,精确测量每木8向冠幅。以Visualstudio和ArcGIS混合编程,进行树冠测量半径的坐标转换,采用Bezier曲线进行边界平滑,实现树冠垂直投影面积自动提取,并与传统计算方法进行对比分析。利用“圆度”来衡量树冠偏冠,并计算树冠偏冠指数与树冠垂直投影面积计算的相关性。 结果 本研究提出的树冠垂直投影面积计算方法能够计算出树冠真实面积,计算过程中测量冠幅半径数量越多,计算结果越接近真实冠幅面积,相比于椭圆的计算方法,把树冠视为正圆所得面积更接近真实面积。不同树冠垂直投影面积计算方法的结果和树冠垂直投影面积差值与树冠偏冠指数呈显著正相关。 结论 基于树冠投影区域形状的面积计算相较于传统的面积计算方法更加准确,为林业遥感冠幅提取精度验证提供了一种新思路。     

人工同龄纯林树冠面积比例系数计算及林分标准密度(立木株数)确定的研究

人工同龄纯林树冠面积比例系数计算及林分标准密度（立木株数）确定的研究熊奎山（甘肃省林业勘察设计研究院兰州７３００２０）关键词人工同龄纯林,树冠面积比例系数,林分标准密度确定Ｒｅｉｎｅｋｅ（１９８３）指出：具有完满立木度的同龄纯林,具有相同的单位面积株...     

林分标准密度确定方法的研究

根据现实人工同龄纯林为正方形和品字形排列方式，通过数学原理推导及举例计算，对不同的林木排列方式需不同的树冠面积比例系数，避免在确定林分标准密度时造成偏差。     

基于无人机可见光影像的亚高山针叶林树冠参数信息自动提取

树冠是树木获取光能并进行能量转换的主要场所,在监测树木长势,估算树木生物量等方面具有重要作用。及时准确获取树冠参数信息有助于研究树木生长状况和森林变化动态,有效改善森林经营管理。无人机遥感具有快速机动、云下飞行、影像分辨率高、成本低等优势,非常适合于亚高山针叶林树冠遥感影像的获取。论文以贡嘎山雅家埂局部范围亚高山针叶林为研究对象,采用固定翼无人机获取可见光遥感影像,基于面向对象方法自动提取了亚高山针叶林的东西冠幅、南北冠幅、单元面积树木数和郁闭度等参数。以目视解译结果作为参考数据进行验证,东西冠幅和南北冠幅的提取精度分别是0.765 1和0.855 6,单元面积树木数和郁闭度的提取精度分别是0.99和0.92。研究结果表明,基于无人机遥感影像的树冠参数信息自动提取方法高效可靠,能够满足亚高山针叶林生长状况快速评价与动态遥感监测的需求。     

长白落叶松人工林树冠形状的模拟

以长白山地区 2 6a生长白落叶松人工林为研究对象 ,采用枝解析的方法 ,测定了 2 5株林木 (直径 10 5～2 4 9cm)的树冠变量 ,并建立了预测树冠外侧形状的冠形模型。基于枝条着枝深度 (DINC)和林木变量所建立的树冠形状模型包括 :基径、枝长、着枝角度和弦长等预估模型。对于大小相同树木的主要枝条来讲 ,这些树冠变量是随着DINC的增加而增大 ;而林木的胸径 (DBH)和树高 (HT)变量很好地反映了不同大小树木的冠形变化。冠形预测模型预测效果良好 ,充分体现了树冠结构的变化趋势 :树冠形状在树冠的中上部呈抛物线体 ,而在树冠的下部则为近圆柱体。文中所建模型 ,可以合理地描述长白落叶松人工林的树冠形状及其变化规律。     

The contribution of structural indices to the modelling of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) and birch (Betula spp.) crowns

Crown dimensions are important for the quantification of tree interactions in some growth models. This study investigates the potential for structural indices and other spatial measures to improve the prediction of crown radius and crown length for birch (Betula spp.) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) in forests in Wales. Crown dimensions were measured for 125 birch and 154 spruce in six fully stem-mapped research plots. These data were used to test the performance of a crown radius model and a crown length model which estimated crown dimensions on the basis of allometric relationships with stem dimensions. Spatial data from the six plots were used to calculate the structural indices mean directional index, diameter correlation index, species mingling, dbh and height dominance, and dbh differentiation, as well as the Hegyi competition index, and basal area of neighbours and larger neighbours, for each crown measurement sample tree, using various numbers of nearest neighbours. Two non-spatial indices, BAL and BALMOD, were also calculated for all sample trees for comparison. These spatial and non-spatial variables were then incorporated into modified crown dimension models. Model performances, in terms of efficiency and relative bias, were compared to determine whether the inclusion of spatial or non-spatial variables resulted in any improvements over models using tree dimensions alone. Crown length and radius were found to be correlated with most of the spatial measures studied. Models incorporating spatial variables gave improvements in performance over allometric models for every data set, and performed more consistently than models containing non-spatial variables. The greatest improvements were achieved for suppressed birch in unthinned forests which had irregularly shaped and strongly displaced crowns. The spatial variable contributing to the most efficient model for each data set varied widely. This points to the complexity of tree spatial interactions and indicates that there is a great deal of scope for investigating other structural indices and crown dimension model forms.     

An empirical model of crown shyness for lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia [Engl.] Critch.) in British Columbia

Crown shyness or canopy disengagement, the phenomenon wherein gaps around trees develop from swaying, whipping and shading, has been identified in the literature since the 1920s. Recent results by researchers at the University of Alberta have clearly described many of the processes involved for lodgepole pine [e.g. Rudnicki, M., Silins, U., Lieffers, V.J., Josi, G., 2001. Measure of simultaneous tree sways and estimation of crown interactions among a group of trees. Trees 15, 83–90; Rudnicki, M., Lieffers, V.J., Silins, U., 2003. Stand structure governs the crown collisions of lodgepole pine, Canadian Journal of Forestry Research 33, 1238–1244; Rudnicki, M., Silins, U., Lieffers, V.J., 2004. Crown cover is correlated with relative density, tree slenderness, and tree height in lodgepole pine. Forest Science 50, 356–363; Fish, H., Lieffers, V.J., Silins, U., Hall, R.J., 2006. Crown shyness in lodgepole pine stands of varying stand height, density, and site index in the upper foothills of Alberta. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research 9, 2104–2111]. However, explicit models of crown shyness are sparse in the literature. This paper describes the development of empirical models of crown shyness in lodgepole pine for British Columbia (BC). We measured crown area and neighbour locations on 60 trees growing in 13 stands in central BC. We estimated potential crown area (A_V) using stem maps and Voronoi polygons constrained by estimates of maximum crown width, and then related observed crown area (A_C) to A_V and additional individual tree variables. One of the nine prediction equations was coded into a spatially explicit tree growth model modified to evaluate the effects of crown shyness at the stand level. Crown shyness models validated well against two independent sources and when linked with a light model tRAYci [Brunner, A., 1998. A light model for spatially explicit forest stand models. Forest Ecology and Management 107, 19–46], increased the below-canopy light by 0.07–0.11.     

Quantifying branch,crown and bole development in Populus tremuloides Michx. from north-eastern British Columbia

Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) from 14 aspen stands ranging in age from 5 to 142 years were destructively sampled to provide branch, crown and bole growth information. Analysis of crown development processes such as branch angle, branch extensional growth, branch crookedness and annual height growth suggested a significant increase in relative branch growth with height and age which was linked to the temporal decline of height growth. Crown class dependent crown length (%) and crown area relationships were observed indicating crown size followed the sequence: open grown trees > dominants > suppressed trees. A significant shift in crown development from vertical to lateral crown expansion was observed as aspen mature.     

Applicability of non-destructive substitutes for leaf area in different stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) focusing on traditional forest crown measures

Since individual tree leaf area is an important measure for productivity as well as for site occupancy, it is of high interest in many studies about forest growth. The exact determination of leaf area is nearly impossible. Thus, a common way to get information about leaf area is to use substitutes. These substitutes are often variables which are collected in a destructive way which is not feasible for long term studies. Therefore, this study aimed at testing the applicability of using substitutes for leaf area which could be collected in a non-destructive way, namely crown surface area and crown projection area. In 8 stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.), divided into three age classes and two thinning treatments, a total of 156 trees were felled in order to test the relationship between leaf area and crown surface area and crown projection area, respectively. Individual tree leaf area of the felled sample trees was estimated by 3P-branch sampling with an accuracy of ±10%. Crown projection area and crown surface area were compared with other, more commonly used, but destructive predictors of leaf area, namely sapwood area at different heights on the bole. Our investigations confirmed findings of several studies that sapwood area is the most precise measure for leaf area because of the high correlation between sapwood area and the leaf area. But behind sapwood area at crown base and sapwood area at three tenth of the tree height the predictive ability of crown surface area was ranked third and even better than that of sapwood area at breast height (R² = 0.656 compared with 0.600). Within the stands leaf area is proportional to crown surface area. Using the pooled data of all stands a mixed model approach showed that additionally to crown surface area dominant height and diameter at breast height (dbh) improved the leaf area estimates. Thus, taking dominant height and dbh into account, crown surface area can be recommended for estimating the leaf area of individual trees. The resulting model was in line with many other findings on the leaf area and leaf mass relationships with crown size. From the additional influence of dominant height and dbh in the leaf area model we conclude that the used crown model could be improved by estimating the position of the maximum crown width and the crown width at the base of the crown depending on these two variables.     

Tree morphology responds to neighbourhood competition and slope in species-rich forests of subtropical China

Trees are able to respond to their local biotic and abiotic environment with morphological adjustments which improve resource acquisition and, thus, growth. In forests, light is broadly recognised as one of the major factors determining growth, and morphological responses comprise changes in crown architecture and stem stature. On sloping terrain, the interplay of phototropism and gravitropism may further affect morphological growth characteristics. However, different tree species are expected to show species-specific responses. In this study, we analysed three growth characteristics of tree individuals belonging to four species of two functional groups (evergreen: Schima superba, Castanopsis eyrei, deciduous: Quercus serrata var. brevipetiolata, Castanea henryi) in a species-rich Chinese subtropical forest. Crown projection area, relative crown displacement and stem inclination were related to biotic (local species richness, functional richness, competition, stand age) and abiotic (slope aspect and inclination, soil depth) variables in the local neighbourhood of the tree individuals. We hypothesised that (i) there are species-specific differences in the morphological response of crown architecture and stem stature and (ii) that crown size and asymmetry as well as stem inclination are influenced by both, biotic and abiotic factors. In contrast to our expectations we were unable to reveal any species-specific differences in any of the three growth characteristics. The results of mixed effects models showed that crown area was mainly affected by the target tree's dbh and biotic variables related to neighbours (competition, functional diversity), whereas stem inclination was mainly influenced by slope. Relative crown displacement was influenced by both, biotic and abiotic variables. We conclude that growth responses resulting in crown displacement and stem inclination seem to be an important mechanism to ameliorate foraging for light in our study area, but that these responses appear to be species-independent. The interplay of stem inclination and crown displacement allows for a plastic response of tree individuals in biotically and abiotically heterogeneous environments. Our results indicate that forest management in this region should focus on functionally diverse stands which are promoting crown area positively resulting in increased growth rates of individual trees.     

Accuracy and precision of crown profile,volume, and surface area measurements of 29-year-old Japanese cypress trees using a Spiegel relascope

The crown profile, volume, and surface area obtained from 25 trees in a stand of 29-year-old Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.) using a Spiegel relascope were compared with those obtained by direct measurement after tree felling. In 17 of the 25 trees, the crown profile measured with the relascope was identical to the crown profile obtained by direct measurement. For the 17 trees, the mean relative errors of crown volume and surface area tended to be unbiased. On the other hand, the crown profiles obtained by the two methods were different in five of the 25 trees, while it could not been judged whether the crown profiles obtained by the two methods were identical or different in three of the 25 trees. However, for each group of five or three trees, the mean relative errors of crown volume and surface area were also unbiased. Moreover, for both crown volume and surface area, no significant differences were detected in variance of error among the groups of 17, five, and three trees. Therefore, the discrepancy between crown profiles obtained by the two methods for the five and three trees might be negligible in terms of the accuracy and precision of crown volume and surface area measurements. The standard errors for both crown volume and surface area were larger in each of the five and three trees than in the 17 trees. However, even for the five and three trees, the crown volume and surface area obtained using the relascope were more precise than those based on the assumption that crown form was a cone or paraboloid. We concluded that using a Spiegel relascope would enable us to obtain an accurate and precise crown profile, volume, and surface area of Japanese cypress trees for practical use, especially when the main objective of measurement is determining crown volume or surface area.     

杨树新无性系冠层特性与生长关系研究

对 5年生黑杨无性系的冠层特性与材积生长之相关性进行了研究。材积生长与全树总叶面积TLA、树冠表面积TCA和冠型率CSR呈极显著正相关而与叶面积指数LAI、冠层密度CLD呈负相关。冠层内上、中层的叶面积对材积生长起了决定性作用 ,下层叶面积与材积生长关系不大。水平方向 ,冠层内、外部叶面积特性对材积生长贡献较大 ,而中部叶面积特性贡献小。阐明了杨树生长的理想冠层特性。     

四川盆周西缘天台山退化天然阔叶林主要乔木树种单木树冠特征

对地处四川盆周西缘山地的彭州市林场天台山林区的退化天然阔叶林中的红桦、房县槭、卵叶槭、野樱桃、稠李、灯台、椴树、五角枫和花楸等主9种主要乔木树种进行了树冠调查,并选择其平均木进行树干和枝解析,测定各单木树冠特征,包括全树高、平均冠幅、冠长、冠长率、一级枝数、二级枝条数、一级枝条着生密度、一级枝条年生长数、树冠曲线、树冠体积(大小)、树冠密度等。通过SPSS拟合其树冠曲线,利用V=∫baπf2(h)d(h)求得树冠体积,定义并计算了9个树种的树冠密度(枝密度)。研究结果表明:(1)阔叶树树冠曲线表现出稳定的抛物线特征;(2)各阔叶树树冠体积变化较大,符合其各自生物学特征;(3)阔叶树枝密度能反映其树冠生长状态,可作为树冠特征指标使用。     

Predicting mortality for five California conifers following wildfire

Fire injury was characterized and survival monitored for 5677 trees >25 cm DBH from five wildfires in California that occurred between 2000 and 2004. Logistic regression models for predicting the probability of mortality 5-years after fire were developed for incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin), white fir (Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.), sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Douglas), Jeffrey pine (P. jeffreyi Balf.), and ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa C. Lawson). Differences in crown injury variables were also compared for Jeffrey and ponderosa pine. Most mortality (70–88% depending on species) occurred within 2 years post-wildfire and had stabilized by year 3. Crown length and crown volume injury variables predicted tree mortality equally well; however, the variables were not interchangeable. Crown injury and cambium kill rating was significant in predicting mortality in all models. DBH was only a significant predictor of mortality for white fir and the combined ponderosa and Jeffrey pine models developed from the McNally Fire; these models all predicted increasing mortality with increasing tree size. Red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens) was a significant predictor variable for sugar pine, ponderosa pine, and Jeffrey pine; ambrosia beetle (Trypodendron and Gnathotrichus spp.) was a significant predictor variable for white fir. The mortality models and post-fire tree survival characteristics provide improved prediction of 5-year post-wildfire tree mortality for several California conifers. The models confirm the overall importance of crown injury in predicting post-fire mortality compared to other injury variables for all species. Additional variables such as cambium kill, bark beetles, and tree size improved model accuracies, but likely not enough to justify the added expense of data collection.