UV-B辐射增强对水稻蛋白质及核酸的影响研究

盆栽试验研究UV B辐射增强对水稻蛋白质及核酸的影响结果表明 ,UV B辐射增强抑制水稻生长 ,降低水稻生物量和水稻叶片可溶性蛋白质及核酸含量。随UV B辐射的增强 ,水稻叶片蛋白水解酶和核糖核酸酶活性上升 ,硝酸还原酶活性下降 ,叶片总游离氨基酸含量增加。     

滤减UV-B辐射强度对植烟环境小气候要素的影响

以烤烟（Nicotiana tabacum L.）品种‘K326’为试验材料,采用盆栽方法,以覆盖3种不同厚度透明薄膜滤减UV-B辐射的处理方式进行试验。在成熟初期,于试验设定时间点分别测定50cm和150cm高度处烤烟环境小气候要素,应用多元统计岭回归分析方法分析了滤减自然条件下25%（T1）、50%（T2）和65%（T3）的UV-B辐射强度对各要素的影响。结果表明：叶片周围空气温度（Ta）、光合有效辐射（PAR）和饱和水汽压亏缺（VPD）的日变化曲线总体呈上升趋势,而二氧化碳浓度（Ca）、相对湿度（RH）则呈下降趋势。岭回归分析表明,滤减UV-B辐射对植烟环境小气候要素作用显著,具体表现在T1、T2、T3处理对Ca和RH总体上均具有抑制作用,滤减50%的UV-B辐射对叶片周围Ca的抑制作用最大;滤减UV-B辐射对Ta有明显的促进作用,滤减50%的UV-B辐射对Ta促进作用最强;相对于自然条件而言,滤减65%的UV-B辐射更有利于烟叶对辐射能的吸收和利用;T1处理对VPD具有明显的促进作用,T2处理在不同高度上对VPD作用方向不一致,T3处理的抑制效应则表现不明显,即在不同处理的UV-B辐射强度水平下,植烟环境小气候要素对UV-B辐射的响应存在一定的差异。     

UV-B辐射增强对水稻多胺含量及其相关酶活性的影响

试验研究表明,处理前期(7～14d)UV-B辐射增强使“汕优63”水稻精氨酸脱羧酶(ADC)、鸟氨酸脱羧酶(ODC)和S-腺苷蛋氨酸脱羧酶(SAMDC)活性分别增加165.74％、104.60％和89.60％,“南川”(NC)运3种酶活性分别增加59.91％、41.30％和23.68％,新品系“IR_(65600-85)”在UV-B辐射胁迫下多胺脱羧酶活性表现与前2品种略不同,即ADC和ODC活性分别提高115.93％、14.45％,而SAMDC活性下降33.01％。处理后期(21～28d)随UV-B辐射累积量的增加,这3种酶活性均有所下降,其中ODC和SAMDC活性降幅大于ADC,其中“汕优63”ADC、和ODC活性分别比对照增加89.72％、3.71％,“南川”则分别增加73.95％、27.38％,“IR_(65600-85)”ADC活性增加94.41％,ODC、活性却下降13.57％。处理后期(21～28d)3类水稻“汕优63”、“南川”和“IR_(65600-85)”SAMDC分别下降40.06％、19.20％和38.21％。多胺氧化酶(PAO)活性变化趋势则相反,即处理前期(7～14d)呈不同程度下降趋势,处理后期(21～28d)则呈极显著上升趋势,其结果引起多胺(PA)含量特别是腐胺(Put)含量明显上升。水稻对UV-B辐射增强的反应具有基因型差异。     

不同类型水稻籽粒灌浆过程内源激素含量变化的研究

研究不同类型水稻籽粒灌浆特性及其与内源激素的关系结果表明,籽粒灌浆前期强势粒灌浆速率均高于弱势粒,后期则相反。新株型稻“IR_(65600-85)”强、弱势粒属异步灌浆型,导致弱势粒充实度更差。籽粒灌浆过程中内源激素含量变化为灌浆前期强势粒IAA及ABA含量较高,ABA/IAA、ABA/GA_(1 3)和ABA/(IAA GA_(1 3) ZR_S ABA)值均较高,而弱势粒则相反,尤以“IR_(65600-85)”弱势粒更突出,籽粒充实度最差,结实率较低。     

增强UV-B辐射对光氧化水稻812HS光合特性和生长的影响

为了解光氧化水稻的光合特性对UV-B辐射的反应,以籼稻两用不育系812S(野生型)及其光氧化突变株系812HS为材料,在自然条件下,采用40 kJ·m^-2·d^-1剂量的UV-B增强辐射处理植株65 d,分别在幼苗期、分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期进行相关生理指标检测和分析。结果表明,与自然光照条件相比,增强UV-B辐射使812HS的分蘖数和有效分蘖数减少,植株矮化,但对其生长抑制程度弱于普通水稻;812HS的叶绿素含量在分蘖期显著降低,但降低幅度低于普通水稻,抽穗期后叶绿素含量显著增加,尤其是在灌浆期,812HS叶绿体含量的增加幅度较普通水稻极显著多出34.3个百分点。增强UV-B辐射处理后,812HS的PSⅡ原初光转化效率(F_v/F_m)在分蘖期的提高幅度比普通水稻大,而在拔节期和灌浆期则明显低于普通水稻。PSⅡ失活的原因是质体醌PQs和PSI蛋白复合体对UV-B辐射敏感,电子从Q_A^-向QB^-传递过程受阻,致使快还原型库PQ受影响,说...     

镧对UV-B辐射胁迫下大豆幼苗叶绿素含量的影响

采用水培实验方法研究了La对紫外辐射（UV—B2 0．15WM^-2,0．45Wm^-2）胁迫下大豆（Glycine max）幼苗叶绿素含量及叶绿素a／b值的影响。实验结果表明：与CK相比，无UV—B胁迫时20mgL^-1LaCl3能明显提高大豆幼苗的叶绿素含量，且叶绿素a的增幅（12．77％）大于叶绿素b（0．00）；UV—B处理使大豆幼苗叶绿素含量降低，且T2处理（0．45Wm^-2）中的下降幅度（12．18％）大于T1（0．15Wm^-2）处理，叶绿素a的降幅大于叶绿素b。但适量浓度的La溶液有抑制叶绿素含量降低的作用；在叶绿素含量变化动态图中，20mgL^-1LaCl2处理组叶绿素含量均高于CK组，也高于60mgL^-1LaCl3处理组，La＋UV—B处理组叶绿素含量与UV-B处理组走势近似。但降幅小于后者，即La具有提高大豆幼苗叶绿素含量、缓解UV—B辐射伤害的作用。     

UV-B辐射和稻瘟病菌胁迫对水稻幼苗苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性和类黄酮含量的影响

本文通过盆栽试验研究增强UV-B辐射和稻瘟病菌联合作用对水稻幼苗叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性(PAL)和类黄酮含量的影响。试验采用3个UV-B辐射强度(2.5 kJ·m^-2、5.0 kJ·m^-2和7.5 kJ·m^-2)、2个稻瘟病菌生理小种(Y98-16T和Y99-63C)对水稻(品种为“黄壳糯”和“合系41”)幼苗叶片进行处理, 测定水稻幼苗苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性和类黄酮含量的变化。结果表明: “黄壳糯”幼苗叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性和类黄酮含量在2.5 kJ·m^-2和5.0 kJ·m^-2 UV-B辐射条件下显著增加, 而在7.5 kJ·m^-2 UV-B辐射条件下显著降低; 2.5~7.5 kJ·m^-2 UV-B辐射导致“合系41”的类黄酮含量显著增加, 5.0 kJ·m^-2 UV-B辐射导致“合系41”的苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性显著增加, 其他UV-B辐射条件下“合系41”的苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性增加不显著。接种稻瘟病菌Y98-16T导致“合系41”的苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性和类黄酮含量显著增加, “黄壳糯”的苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性降低, 类黄酮含量增加; 而接种稻瘟病菌Y99-63C显著降低了“黄壳糯”和“合系41”的苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性和类黄酮含量。UV-B辐射和稻瘟病菌联合作用导致“黄壳糯”苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性和类黄酮含量总体表现出降低的趋势, 而“合系41” 苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性和类黄酮含量一定程度上具有稳定或上升的趋势。总的来讲, UV-B辐射和稻瘟病菌联合作用导致“黄壳糯”敏感性增加, 而“合系41”抗性增强。     

低能氮离子束与UV-B增强对水稻光合及蒸腾速率的影响

为进一步探索缓解增强UV-B辐射对植物光合系统损伤效应的方法,该文研究了在3种不同剂量低能氮离子束的作用下,增强UV-B辐射对水稻光合作用日变化以及光合色素含量的影响。结果表明,增强UV-B辐射(16.46 kJ/m2·d)降低了水稻孕穗前期叶片的净光合率（Pn)、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）以及叶绿素a（Chla）和叶绿素b（Chlb）的含量,而提高了水分利用率（WUE)、类胡萝卜素的含量以及叶绿素a与b（Chla/Chlb）的值。与单独增强UV-B辐射处理相比,剂量为3.0×1017 N＋/cm2的低能氮离子束和增强UV-B辐射复合处理显著的提高了Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci以及光合色素含量等指标。因此,剂量为3.0×1017 N＋/cm2的低能氮离子束处理可能缓解了增强UV-B辐射对水稻造成的损伤。研究结果可为深入探索离子束生物技术和多种诱变源对水稻生理特性的综合效应提供参考。     

不同施氮水平对矮化富士苹果幼树生长、氮素利用及内源激素含量的影响

【目的】矮化中间砧是目前我国苹果栽培中主要的致矮手段,但在提早结果的同时存在树势早衰的现象,而有关矮化中间砧的果树氮素需求规律及其氮素与树体生长和内源激素之间的关系研究较少。本文研究氮素施用量对矮化中间砧苹果幼树的生长、氮素吸收利用及内源激素的影响,以期为苹果矮化中间砧的果树栽培中氮肥的科学施用和高效利用以及防止树体早衰提供理论依据。【方法】利用15N同位素示踪技术,以三年生宫藤富士/SH6/平邑甜茶(Borkh cv.Fuji/SH6/M.hupehensis Rehd)为试材,于春梢萌芽前,设置3个氮肥施用水平(N 50、100、200 kg/hm2,分别以N50、N100、N200表示),同时每棵树施15N-尿素0.5 g。于春梢旺长期、春梢缓长期,采用酶联免疫法测定茎尖和细根的激素含量;植株停止生长时,测其春、秋梢长度,并整株解析,称量各部分鲜重、干重,测植株全氮及其15N丰度。【结果】研究结果表明,不同施氮水平与植株生长及氮素吸收利用密切相关,春、秋梢长度、树体鲜重及植株全氮均以N50处理最低,N100次之,N200最高,但15N的利用率趋势正好相反,为N50N100N200;细根鲜重以N100处理(34.06 g)最高,N200(28.36g)次之,N50(22.47g)最低。施氮水平对茎尖和细根的赤霉素(GA)、玉米素核苷(ZRs)、脱落酸(ABA)和吲哚乙酸(IAA)的含量变化及其比值有较大影响。春梢旺长期和春梢缓长期茎尖、细根中的IAA和GA含量均为N50N100N200,而ZR和ABA的含量则随氮肥用量的增加而降低,表现为N50N100N200;春梢缓长期与春梢旺长期相比,除细根中GA含量(N50、N100、N200处理分别为5.13、5.68、6.17 ng/g,Fw)有所升高外,各器官的IAA、GA、ZR的含量均明显降低,且差异显著;两时期茎尖和细根的ZR/GA、ABA/GA比值均以N50处理最大,N100处理次之,N200处理最小;同一器官不同处理间(IAA+GA+ZR)/ABA比值也存在差异,N200处理显著高于其他处理。【结论】氮肥施用量在50 kg/hm2到200 kg/hm2范围内,随着氮肥用量的增加矮化中间砧苹果幼树的生长促进型激素含量、植株全氮和植株生物量显著增加,但15N利用率显著降低,且ZR/GA、ABA/GA比值逐渐降低。本试验条件下施氮量为N100 kg/hm2是矮化中间砧苹果幼树的适宜施氮量,有利于提高氮素利用率,促进细根生长,同时可延缓树势衰老,促进成花,保证苹果矮化密植集约化栽培中的氮肥充足和均衡供应。     

不同育秧方式下水稻秧苗内源激素特征及其与植株发根力的关系

以杂交稻组合冈优22、Ⅱ优162和K优047为材料,设置湿润育秧、旱育秧和塑盘水育3种育秧方式,分别测定了秧苗根系和发根节内源激素特性,分析了内源激素与秧苗发根力的相关关系。结果表明,旱育秧的发根力强于湿润育秧和塑盘秧;冈优22在3种育秧方式下的发根能力均最强,II优162在旱育秧方式下发根力强于K优047,但在湿润育秧和塑盘育秧方式下弱于K优047;旱育秧根系和发根节的ABA含量低于湿润育秧和塑盘水育秧,GA含量则最高;根系ABA含量与总根长呈显著负相关,GA含量与总根长、根重和根数呈显著或极显著正相关。     

Water use efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under intermittent ponding and different intensity of puddling

Abstract

To increase the water use efficiency (WUE) of rice, two sets of experiments were carried out from 1997 – 1999. Experiment one: Irrigation period of rice was divided into three stages: early (S₁, 10 – 35 days after transplanting, [DAT]); middle (S₂, 36 – 60 DAT) and late (S₃, 61 – 85 DAT). Intermittent ponding (IP) was imposed at single, two stages or the entire growing period. Continuous ponding (CP) in all three stages was taken as control. Though the highest grain yield (6.71 mg ha^?1) was obtained under control, this regime was responsible for the lowest WUE. In contrast, IP in all stages was responsible for maximum WUE with minimum yield level. Imposition of IP in S₁ resulted in higher (0.529 kg m^?3) WUE along with insignificant reduction in yield over control. Experiment two: Three puddling practices were: (i) High intensity puddling (HIP); (ii) Moderate intensity puddling (MIP); and (iii) Low intensity puddling (LIP). On average, HIP resulted in the lowest value (6.5 mm d^?1) of percolation rate. Both grain yield (6.93 mg ha^?1) and WUE (0.597 kg m^?3) attained highest value under HIP. A decrease in puddling intensity under MIP and LIP lowered the yield by 2.97 and 17.75% respectively. In the case of WUE, the reduction was 16.27 and 54.66%.     

Positional difference in potassium concentration as diagnostic index relating to plant K status and yield level in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Plant tissue testing is used as a guide for rice (Oryza sativa L.) fertilization and has been extensively used in the diagnosis of potassium (K) deficiency. However, little attention has been paid to the variation in the diagnostic index of K status in different parts of the rice plant. Here, we assessed the feasibility by testing K concentrations of whole plants, leaf blades and leaf sheaths to develop a suitable diagnostic index of plant K status and yield level in rice under different K application rates. The results showed that this research could satisfy the requirements of K status diagnosis, based on the quadratic-plus-plateau relationship between K application rates and grain yield. The K concentrations of the leaf blades and leaf sheaths on the main stem showed differences based on position. Leaf blade K concentrations significantly decreased from the top of the plant to the bottom in the effective tillering and jointing stages. Conversely, K concentrations in the lower leaf blades exceeded those in the upper leaf blades in the booting and full heading stages. K concentrations in the leaf sheath were significantly reduced with declining leaf position except during the jointing stage under high K treatments. Leaf sheath/leaf blade K concentration ratios increased significantly more in lower tissues than in upper plant tissues. Correlation analysis showed that the K concentrations of all sampled plant tissues were positively correlated to plant K uptake and grain yield. However, K concentrations of the whole plant were more useful as a diagnostic index at the effective tillering stage than at other growth stages. Leaf sheaths in lower positions were preferable to upper leaf sheaths and all leaf blades for evaluating plant K status, although their K concentrations were greatly influenced by plant growth stage. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that the ratio between the K concentrations of the first and fourth leaf blades (LBKR_1/4) was grouped into significantly exponential curves (P < 0.01) to describe the relationship between plant K uptake and relative grain yield. Thus, LBKR_1/4 could be an ideal indicator of rice plant K status and yield level, as it eliminated the effects of plant growth stage.     

Combined effects of soil waterlogging and compaction on rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth, soil aeration, soil N transformations and 15N discrimination

 The combined effects of soil compaction and soil waterlogging on the growth of two rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L., cultivars Kanto 168 and Koshihikari) and soil N transformations were studied in pots. Although waterlogging eliminated initial differences in mechanical resistance between compacted and loose soils, Kanto 168 and Koshihikari roots had, respectively, less biomass and a lower porosity if soil was compacted prior to waterlogging. The cause for this was probably established before waterlogging. Redox values showed that upland soils were well aerated. Loose waterlogged soils contained oxic sites, but compacted waterlogged soils did not. Potential denitrification was stimulated by waterlogging and, to a larger extent, by plant presence. Waterlogging lowered potential nitrifying capacities, by competition between plants and micro-organisms for NH₄ ⁺ rather than by oxygen shortage. Compaction prior to waterlogging benefited the potential nitrifying capacity of soils with either cultivar and the potential denitrifying capacity for soils with Koshihikari. Compaction had no effect on nitrification or denitrification in upland soils. N recoveries were low, especially in pots without plants, as a result from sampling strategy and N loss. On day 42/43 after potting, total δ¹⁵N values of waterlogged pots were positive, whereas after 22 days all pots had negative total δ¹⁵N values. Final δ¹⁵N values of plant parts from waterlogged and upland soils were positive and negative, respectively. Although the δ¹⁵N values generally accorded well with the other results, they did not support higher N losses from compacted waterlogged soils than from loose waterlogged soils with plants, as suggested by potential denitrifying activities. Received: 4 February 2000     

水稻雄蕊导管发育研究

本文以水稻粤泰保持系为材料，采用ATPase定位方法研究了单核至三核花粉期雄蕊导管的发育。单核边位花粉期，分化的导管胞质变浓厚、细胞核染色质浓缩、核转变为新月形并出现凋亡小体；此外，导管内物质也可以大分子形式直接撤离。单核边位晚期，雄蕊导管发育成熟。在二核和三核花粉期，导管内重新出现具有ATPase活性的物质，同样的现象也存在于农垦58s可育花药成熟导管中。以上结果暗示水稻雄蕊导管分化存在程序性死亡及非程序性死亡多种途径，水稻成熟导管内具有ATPase活性物质可能是一种普遍现象。     

Asymmetric warming effects on N dynamics and productivity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Climate warming exhibits strong diurnal variations, with higher warming rates being observed at nighttime, which significantly affects rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and grain yield. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of asymmetric warming (all-day warming, AW; daytime warming from 07:00 to 19:00, DW; nighttime warming from 19:00 to 07:00, NW, and a control, CK) on rice nitrogen (N) dynamics and productivity. Two rice bucket warming experiments were performed in Nanjing in Jiangsu Province, China, using the free air temperature increase (FATI) technique. The daily mean temperatures in the rice canopy in the AW, DW and NW plots were 2.0, 1.1 and 1.3ºC higher than those in the rice canopy in the CK plots, respectively. The results indicated that the total N accumulation of rice was 8.27–40.53% higher in the warming treatment than in the control during the jointing, anthesis and maturity stages. However, there was no significant difference detected among the three warming treatments. The warming treatment substantially decreased N translocation efficiency, leading to the retention of more N in the plant stems during grain filling. The warming treatment also decreased the N harvest index, N utilization efficiency based on grain yield and N utilization efficiencies based on biomass in both growing seasons. The warming treatment significantly increased the aboveground biomass (9.26–16.18%) in the jointing stage but decreased it (2.75–9.63%) in the maturity stage. Although DW increased the carbon (C) gain by photosynthesis and NW increased the C loss by night respiration, the daytime higher-temperature treatment affected rice photosynthesis and reduced its photosynthetic rate and product. This effect may be one of the primary reasons for the insignificant difference in the aboveground biomass between the DW and NW treatments. In the AW, DW and NW plots, the grain yield was reduced by an average of 10.07, 5.05 and 7.89%, respectively, across both years. The effective panicles and grains per spike tended to decrease in the warmed plots, whereas irregular changes in the 1000-grain weight were observed. Our results suggest that under the anticipated climate warming, rice productivity would further decline in the Yangtze River Basin.     

Cytosolic glutamine synthetase is present in the phloem sap of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The presence of glutamine synthetase (GS) in the rice sieve tube was examined. Proteins in the rice phloem sap from leaf sheaths were separated by sodium dodecylsulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, transferred to polyvinylidine difluoride membranes and immunoblotted with anti-GS1 antibody. A cross-reacting band, thought to be GS1, was detected in the phloem sap. Moreover, the phloem sap contained a significant amount of GS transferase activity. Previous studies have shown that the concentrations of substrates and cofactors in the rice phloem sap are sufficient for cytosolic GS reaction. These data suggest that physiologically active GS1 is present in rice phloem sap, which might convert glutamate to glutamine in vivo .     

Cadmium concentrations in the phloem sap of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) treated with a nutrient solution containing cadmium

To obtain direct evidence for the translocation of cadmium (Cd) via the phloem, we measured the Cd concentrations in the phloem sap of 5-week-old rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv. Kantou) treated with a nutrient solution containing Cd. The phloem sap was collected from the leaf sheaths through the cut ends of stylets of the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål.). Cd concentrations in the phloem sap from the plants treated with 10 and 100 µM Cd for 3 d were 4.6 ± 3.4 and 17.7 ± 9.8 µM, respectively. Detection of Cd in the phloem sap indicated that Cd was translocated via sieve tubes in rice plants. Cd concentrations in the xylem exudate collected from the cut basis of the leaf sheaths of the plants treated with 10 and 100 µM Cd for 3 d were 18.9 ± 6.4 and 64.2 ± 14.6 µM, respectively. Cd concentrations in the phloem sap were significantly lower than those in the xylem exudate, indicating that Cd is not concentrated during the transfer from xylem to phloem. To our knowledge, this is the first determination of Cd concentrations in the phloem sap of plants, and the first direct proof that Cd is translocated via sieve tubes in rice plants.     

Quantification of zinc transport via the phloem to the grain in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) at early grain-filling by a combination of mathematical modeling and 65Zn tracing

Zinc (Zn) is an essential nutrient for human beings, and most Zn intake occurs through vegetables or cereals such as rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains. Recently, we detected Zn as well as cadmium, which may be partitioned to rice grains, in the phloem saps from the uppermost internodes of rice and in the xylem saps from the cut stems at early grain-filling. To quantify Zn transport to the grains via the phloem and xylem, a mathematical model previously developed for cadmium transport to rice grains was applied. We examined the translocation of zinc into the grains of rice plants at early grain-filling by feeding zinc-65 (⁶⁵Zn) via a root-bathing medium, through culm cuts above and below the flag-leaf nodes, and through the flag leaves. The estimate made using the mathematical model and experimental data for three types of ⁶⁵Zn transport suggests that the grain Zn may be accumulated predominantly via the phloem through two means of transport, phloem transport of stored Zn from the leaves and, more importantly, xylem-to-phloem transfer at the nodes from Zn as it is being absorbed. The Zn transport via the phloem to the grains is more selective than that of cadmium, a non-nutrient element, as also evidenced by the greater transport of cadmium to the glumes via the xylem.