Lunar soil: iron and titanium bands in the glass fraction

A study of absorption bands in simulated lunar glasses resulted in the discovery of a Ti(4+)-O(2-) charge transfer band at 0.26 micrometer and two Fe(2+)-Ti(4+) bands at 0.34 and 0.42 micrometer. These results indicate that the properties of lunar soil are somewhat affected by the glass content but are controlled by other factors.     

High-Temperature XAS Study of Fe2SiO4 Liquid: Reduced Coordination of Ferrous Iron

X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of Fe(2+) in Fe(2)SiO(4) liquid at 1575 kelvin and 10(-4) gigapascal (1 bar) shows that the Fe(2+) -O bond length is 1.98 +/- 0.02 angstroms compared with approximately 2.22 angstroms in crystalline Fe(2)SiO(4) (fayalite) at the melting point (1478 kelvin), which indicates a decrease in average Fe(2+) coordination number from six in fayalite to four in the liquid. Anharmonicity in the liquid was accounted for using a data analysis procedure. This reduction in coordination number is similar to that observed on the melting of certain ionic salts. These results are used to develop a model of the medium-range structural environment of Fe(2+) in olivine-composition melts, which helps explain some of the properties of Fe(2)SiO(4) liquid, including density, viscosity, and the partitioning of iron and nickel between silicate melts and crystalline olivines. Some of the implications of this model for silicate melts in the Earth's crust and mantle are discussed.     

Color center in amethyst quartz

Treatment with x-rays increased the intensity of color of natural amethyst up to fivefold, and an electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum was detected. The intensity of the spectrum was proportional to the intensity of the optical absorption near 545 mmicro. The EPR spectrum of the color center corresponded to a positive hole trapped on a substitutional Fe(3+) ion in the quartz structure. We ascribe the color to a charge-transfer transition, Fe(4+) + O(2)- --> Fe(3+) + O(1-).     

Magnetic resonance properties of some lunar material

Paramagnetic resonance spectra of Apollo 11 fines and rocks were measured at 9 and 35 gigahertz and at 4 degrees , 80 degrees , and 300 degrees K. At both frequencies the material has an intense absorption at g = 2, with a line width of approximately 950 gauss. Fe ions with strong exchange interactions produce this resonance. A comparison of the resonance absorption due to Fe(3+) showed that the energy of the crystal field interaction was approximately 0.1 per centimeter. Mn(2+) was identified in several samples, and an absorption at g = 1.89 was tentatively attributed to Ti(3+). The nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of (27)Al had a distribution of asymmetry parameters eta ranging from 0.25 to 0.75 and had nuclear quadrupole coupling constants e(2)qQ/h of approximately 3 megahertz.     

Spectroscopic observations of Mercury's surface reflectance during MESSENGER's first Mercury flyby

During MESSENGER's first flyby of Mercury, the Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer made simultaneous mid-ultraviolet to near-infrared (wavelengths of 200 to 1300 nanometers) reflectance observations of the surface. An ultraviolet absorption (<280 nanometers) suggests that the ferrous oxide (Fe2+) content of silicates in average surface material is low (less than 2 to 3 weight percent). This result is supported by the lack of a detectable 1-micrometer Fe2+ absorption band in high-spatial-resolution spectra of mature surface materials as well as immature crater ejecta, which suggests that the ferrous iron content may be low both on the surface and at depth. Differences in absorption features and slope among the spectra are evidence for variations in composition and regolith maturation of Mercury's surface.     

Spectral reflectivity of lunar samples

Twelve rock chips and two samples of fines all have electronic absorption bands in diffuse reflected light between 0.32 and 2.5 micrometers. Major bands occur between 0.94 and 1.00 micrometer and at 2.0 micrometers, and arise from Fe(2+) in clinopyroxene and to a lesser extent in olivine. A band at 0.95 micrometer and other details of curve slope and shape for the lunar surface fines match McCord's telescopic curve for an 18-kilometer area that includes the Apollo-il site. Results confirm mineralogical predictions based on telescopic data and support the feasibility of obtaining mineralogical information by remote and in glass content. reflectivity measurements.     

Ordering of V2+, Mn2+, and Fe3+ Ions in Zoisite, Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH)

The presence of very small amounts of Mn(2+), V(2+), and Fe(3+) ions in zoisite can be easily detected by the electron paramagnetic resonance technique at room temperature. The Mn(2+) and Fe(3+) ions are completely ordered and are probably located in the Ca(1)- and Al(II)-sites, respectively, whereas the V(2+) ions probably occupy both Ca(1)- and Ca(2)-sites, with a preference for the Ca(1)-site.     

光照强度对浮游植物丰度及吸收铁的影响1）

在小兴凯湖采集水样,滤掉浮游动物,对浮游植物进行为期12 d的实验室培养。试验设置了4个光照梯度和5个Fe浓度,分别进行对比试验。结果表明：随着Fe浓度的增加,浮游植物对Fe的吸收量也相应的增加。在低光照强度下,浮游植物对Fe的吸收规律不明显。在光强为4000 lx时,浮游植物吸收Fe量为0的培养瓶中浮游植物丰度降低了63．6 ind· L－1。在光强为8000 lx条件下,浮游植物丰度与吸收Fe量呈正相关关系。在光强为12000 lx时,吸收Fe量为0．091 mg· L－1的培养瓶中浮游植物丰度增加了2791．2 ind· L－1,说明了光照强度对藻类生长的限制作用明显高于培养液中营养元素对藻类生长的限制作用。     

Crystallization studies of lunar igneous rocks: crystal structure of synthetic armalcolite

Crystals of armalcolite, Mg(0.5)Fe(0.5)Ti(2)O(5), up to several millimeters in length have been grown from a glass initially having the composition of lunar rock 10017. A single-crystal x-ray study has confirmed that the crystals are isomorphous with pseudobrookite and has shown that the cations are strongly ordered, with the Ti(4+) ions occupying the 8f sites and the Fe(2+) and Mg(2+) ions randomly distributed over the 4c sites. An examination of karrooite, MgTi(2)O(5), has revealed a similar distribution of Mg(2+) and Ti(4+) ions. A reexamination of earlier x-ray and M?ssbauer data for pseudobrookite, Fe(2)TiO(5), has shown that it is more consistent with this type of ordering than with the inverse structure that has been generally assumed.     

Cu、Zn对烤烟幼苗吸收K、Ca、Fe的影响

研究了溶液培养条件下Cu．Zn对烟草幼苗吸收K．Ca、Fe的影响。结果表明，烟草幼苗对Cu．Zn的吸收随溶液中Cu^2 、Zn^2 浓度的升高而增加，Zn对Cu的吸收起抑制作用。Ca吸收随溶液Cu^2 浓度的升高而呈下降趋势，而随溶液Zn^2 浓度的升高而有增加趋势；K吸收随溶液中Cu^2 、Zn^2 浓度的增大在茎叶中有升高趋势，而在根部有下降趋势；幼苗对于Fe吸收随溶液中Cu^2 、Zn^2 浓度的增大而略有增加，但差异不显著。     

绿色木霉菌T23对微量元素吸收利用的初步研究

利用原子吸收光谱和常规生长量测定法,研究了木霉菌T23对7种微量元素Mn2+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Fe2+、Mo6+的吸收利用及7种微量元素对木霉菌T23生长的影响。结果表明:木霉菌T23对7种微量元素的吸收率存在明显差异,能够大量吸收Mg2+、Zn2+、Cu2+、Ca2+、Mn2+和Fe2+,基本不吸收Mo6+元素。在微量元素对木霉菌T23生长的影响方面,则表现为Ca2+、Mn2+、Zn2+可不同程度地促进木霉菌T23产孢,Cu2+、Mn2+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Zn2+在组合培养基中促进木霉菌T23菌丝生长,Mo6+抑制木霉菌T23的菌丝生长和产孢。     

铜组阳离子的分离和鉴定条件的探讨

教科书中的改进两酸两碱法,在 Cu~(2+)和 Co~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的分离以及 Co~(2+)的鉴定上不能得到满意的结果,其原因就是解蔽的条件控制得不适当。本文通过计算指出,在2M 的氨溶液中加入规定量的掩蔽剂 EDTA 时,Cu~(2+)、Co(2+)和 Cd~(2+)离子都优先生成 MY;计算进一步指出,只有在 pH=2的条件下(而不是 pH=6或者酸化条件)MY 才能明显地解蔽,Cu~(2+)可以被Na_2SO_3还原,同时在高浓度的 NH_4SCN 存在时,Co~(2+)也可以形成[Co(SCN)_4]~(2-)。在计算的基础上,我们选用了首先加入足量的 Na_2SO_3晶体和2滴 NH_4SCN,然后调 pH=2的方法分离 Cu~(2+);在 Cu~(2+)分离完全以后,仍然控制 pH=2,用过量的饱和 NH_4SCN 溶液鉴定Co~(2+)的方法,得到了满意的试验结果。     

不同固定液及染色方法对显示肥大细胞的影响

为寻求一种较好的显示肥大细胞的方法,采用硫堇染色法和硫堇-甲苯胺蓝染色法分别对用不同固定液固定的兔肠系膜中肥大细胞进行染色。结果显示:Carnoy氏液固定,硫堇染色可清楚显示肥大细胞,背景干扰小,阳性细胞多且可见肥大细胞的脱颗粒现象;硫堇-甲苯胺蓝法虽然也可显示肥大细胞,但背景干扰大,不利于对肥大细胞的观察;甲醛-乙醇固定,2种染色方法都可清楚地显示肥大细胞,但阳性细胞较少;中性甲醛则完全阻断肥大细胞的着色,2种染色方法都不能显示肥大细胞。兔肠系膜肥大细胞有沿血管分布的趋势。研究结果表明:Carnoy氏液及硫堇染液分别是兔肠系膜优良的固定液和染色液,可清楚显示肥大细胞。     

Opponent Color Responses in Retinal Ganglion Cells

The reduction of thionine in aqueous solution to leucothionine by ferrous ions in light can be sensitized by chlorophyll in the colloidal state, as obtained by diluting alcoholic solution with water.     

双波长双指示剂催化光度法测定牛奶中的痕量铁

以酸性介质中痕量铁(III)催化的双氧水氧化中性红和亚甲基蓝褪色原理为基础,建立了双波长双指示剂催化动力学光度法测定痕量铁的新方法。确定的最佳试验条件为HCl用量为0.5 m L,亚甲基蓝用量为3 m L,中性红用量为0.4 m L,3%的双氧水用量为0.5 m L,反应时间为8 min,反应温度为100℃,线性范围为0.4~20.0μg/L,回收率在85%~89%之间,将该方法与经典原子吸收光度法相比,具有反应时间短、准确度高、精确度好的优点,适合牛奶中痕量铁的检测。     

分光光度法测定饲料中微量铬的研究

[目的]探索分光光度法测定饲料中微量铬的效果。[方法]提出采用碘化钾(淀粉)分光光度法测定饲料中微量铬的新方法:样品用HNO3-HClO4湿消解后,用KMnO4将三价铬(Cr3+)氧化为六价铬(Cr6+),在pH值为3.0~4.0时,与KI作用后生成的I3-遇到淀粉形成灵敏度很高的蓝色配合物,在分光光度计波长为590 nm处测定其吸光度。[结果]改进后的方法操作简单、测定快速,测定结果的准确度和精密度与标准法一致,相对偏差小于2.0%。[结论]该研究为测量饲料中的微量铬提供了一种新方法。     

不同铁浓度对苹果砧木Fe3+还原酶活性的影响

通过营养液培养的方法,研究了不同铁浓度处理对4种苹果砧木植物铁含量以及根系Fe3+还原酶活性的影响.结果表明,缺铁导致砧木根系Fe3+还原酶活性增加.砧木种类不同,培养溶液中铁浓度不同,Fe3+还原酶活性也有所不同.随着培养液中铁浓度的增加,根中Fe3+还原酶活性逐渐降低.在缺铁胁迫条件下,各砧木根系中Fe3+还原酶活性达最高水平,即小金海棠＞M26＞八棱海棠＞SH40.在最适铁浓度水平下,SH40和八棱海棠根系中铁含量高于枝叶中铁含量,对缺铁较敏感,容易表现缺铁黄化现象.而小金海棠和M26根系中铁含量低于枝叶中铁含量,对缺铁不敏感,不易表现出缺铁黄化现象.     

Fe·Zn对上海青白菜种子萌发和幼苗生理生化的影响

[目的]研究Fe、Zn对上海青种子萌发和幼苗生理生化的影响。[方法]以上海青为材料,研究不同浓度的Fe、Zn污染对上海青种子萌发、幼苗生长、叶绿素含量和过氧化氢酶活性的影响。[结果]低浓度（≤0．05mmoL／L）的Fe^2＋、Zn^2＋对上海青白菜萌发率、鲜重、叶绿素含量无明显影响;浓度过高就会产生一定的抑制作用。随着Fe^2＋、Zn^2＋浓度增大,上海青白菜的鲜重、叶绿素含量呈逐渐下降趋势。随Fe^2＋浓度的增高,上海青白菜植株内的过氧化氢酶活性逐渐升高;Zn^2＋表现出先促进后抑制,在浓度为0．25mmol／L处酶活性最大。[结论]Fe、Zn胁迫对上海青种子的萌发影响不大,对幼苗的生长影响较大。     

Determination of manganese-53 by neutron activation and other miscellaneous studies on lunar dust

A highly sensitive determination of spallogenic (53)Mn (T = 2 x 106 yr) was accomplished in 0.99 g of lunar soil. The chemical yield of Mn is determined with "carrier-free" (52)Mn tracer. During a 23-day reactor irradiation the (53)Mn is transformed into (54)Mn (T = 300 days). Appropriate chemical recycling was done by ion exchange and distillation. Interferences of the (n,p) and the (n,2n) nuclear reactions were carefully studied. A (53)Mn disintegration rate of 30.3 +/- 5.5 dpm/kg results. This extremely economic method is proposed for further detailed lunar profile measurements. The Re content, which is of possible cosmochemical interest, was determined to be 11 ppb. Appropriate separation techniques were used. The rather weak and complex thermoluminescence properties made a more basic study advisable. Thermogravimetric analysis, mass spectroscopy, and Moessbauer spectroscopy were applied. The presence of ilmenite, metallic Fe etc., and of an unidentified Fe(2+)-containing compound was deduced. Natural thermoluminescence could not be proved with certainty in our surface sample. However, the complexity of the artificial thermoluminescence demands better defined mineral fractions. The fission track method was used to measure U distribution in glass spherules etc.     

Reduced radiative conductivity of low-spin (Mg,Fe)O in the lower mantle

Optical absorption spectra have been measured at pressures up to 80 gigapascals (GPa) for the lower-mantle oxide magnesiowüstite (Mg,Fe)O. Upon reaching the high-spin to low-spin transition of Fe2+ at about 60 GPa, we observed enhanced absorption in the mid- and near-infrared spectral range, whereas absorption in the visible-ultraviolet was reduced. The observed changes in absorption are in contrast to prediction and are attributed to d-d orbital charge transfer in the Fe2+ ion. The results indicate that low-spin (Mg,Fe)O will exhibit lower radiative thermal conductivity than high-spin (Mg,Fe)O, which needs to be considered in future geodynamic models of convection and plume stabilization in the lower mantle.