红麻贮存防霉变技术研究──Ⅰ．致霉菌分离鉴定

从不同贮存条件下霉变红麻上分离、鉴定，并在无菌麻杆上接种能再次致霉的霉变菌计３２种，分别隶属结合菌亚门、子囊菌亚门和半知菌亚门中的４纲、８目、２０属。其优势种为毛壳菌、交链孢、曲霉、根霉、弯孢、镰孢等。     

红麻贮存防霉变技术研究：Ⅰ.致霉菌分离鉴定

从不同贮存条件下霉变红麻上分离、鉴定，并在无菌麻杆上接种能再次致霉的霉变菌计３２种，分别隶属结合菌亚门、子囊菌亚门和半知菌亚门中的４纲、８目、２０属。其优势种为毛壳菌、交链孢、曲霉、根霉、弯孢、镰孢等。     

芦笋茎枯病菌鉴定及寄主范围研究

芦笋茎枯病是危害芦笋的毁灭性病害,对病株进行病原菌分离鉴定和病菌寄主范围研究。根据病原菌形态、致病性,确认该病原菌属半知菌亚门、球壳孢目、茎点霉属、天门冬拟茎点霉[Phomopsis asparagi(Sacc.)Bubak],研究结果表明,病菌寄主范围狭窄,除侵染芦笋外,较少侵染其他植物。     

野生兰属植物菌根真菌的分离和表型鉴定

为鉴定野生兰属植物内生菌根真菌种类,以6种代表性兰属植物春剑、春兰、蕙兰、送春、建兰、莲瓣兰为材料,采用常规分离方法,从其内生菌根中分离得到30个菌株。通过菌落特征和光学显微特征观察,将30种内生菌根真菌初步鉴定为镰刀菌属、毛壳菌属、柱孢霉属和瘤菌根菌属4个种类。     

茶树镰刀菌的分离鉴定和遗传多样性研究

本试验采用形态学观察、分子生物学检测手段对首次分离自福建周宁金萱茶树发病叶片上的菌株进行鉴定。结果显示PDA培养基上菌落中央凸起,菌丝致密呈棉絮状,培养基背面为酒红色。通过镜检观察,分生孢子呈镰刀形,两端渐尖,弯曲,有3~5个隔阂,多数为3个隔阂。选用ITS、β-Tub、LSU作为候选基因,进行PCR扩增和测序,所得结果在Gen Bank中进行同源性比对分析,经形态学观察和致病性鉴定分离的菌株为镰刀菌属的三线镰刀菌。据悉,该菌作为茶树叶部的病原菌在闽东地区系首次报道,研究结果为今后茶叶病害鉴定和防治提供了理论依据。     

六堡茶真菌多样性分析和优势真菌的分离筛选

为解析新工艺下六堡茶的安全性和优越性,本试验研究选取9种广西梧州六堡茶,通过高通量测序技术发现4个门、6个纲、6个目、8个科、8个属的真菌类群,其中曲霉属、芽生葡萄孢酵母属及节担菌属为优势菌属。从9个样品中共分离20株优势菌,鉴定为琉球曲霉和塔宾曲霉,其中琉球曲霉CHA 12的淀粉酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶、脂肪酶以及酯酶活性相对较高,其发酵液和茶叶中未检出常见的毒素。安全、稳定的功能优势菌为新工艺下高品质六堡茶奠定了基础。     

玉米茎腐病病原禾谷镰孢拮抗菌筛选及分子鉴定

禾谷镰孢引起的玉米茎腐病会导致玉米产量锐减,筛选高效的拮抗菌株对防治玉米茎腐病尤为重要。采用稀释培养法从土壤中分离得到810株细菌,通过平板对峙法和16S rDNA分子测序方法进行拮抗菌的筛选和分子鉴定,共分离出禾谷镰孢拮抗菌23株,占分离细菌总数的2.84%,抑菌圈直径10.12～27.56 mm。拮抗细菌主要分布在厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)3个门及芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)和节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)5个属中,其中,芽孢杆菌属细菌数量最多且拮抗能力较强,暹罗芽孢杆菌(Bacillus siamensis)的拮抗活性最强,具有较大的生防潜力。实验分离的23株菌株对禾谷镰孢有较好的拮抗活性,在玉米茎腐病防控中具有潜在的应用价值。     

对辽宁省玉米种子携带的真菌研究

以辽宁省广泛栽培的32个玉米品种的种子为材料进行种子带菌分析,采用保湿培养检验法和分离培养检验法分别对种子表面附带真菌及内部寄藏真菌进行分离和鉴定。在供试的32个玉米品种种子上共分离得到14属真菌,分别为枝顶孢属(Acremonium)、刺毛霉属(Actinomucor)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris)、毛壳属(Chaetomium)、附球菌属(Epicoccum)、镰孢菌属(Fusarium)、串棒霉属(Gonatobotrys)、毛霉属(Mucor)、黑孢菌属(Nigrospora)、青霉属(Penicillium)、根霉属(Rhizopus)及木霉属(Trichoderma)。种子表面附带真菌以镰孢菌分离频率最高,可高达90%以上;其次是曲霉菌、青霉菌及木霉菌。而在内部寄藏真菌中则以曲霉菌和青霉菌分离频率较高;其次是镰孢菌和毛壳菌,其它各属则仅在一个或几个玉米品种中分离得到。     

巴西橡胶树危险性病害棒孢霉落叶病简介

病害名称及病原菌：巴西橡胶棒孢霉落叶病，又称巴西橡胶棒孢霉叶斑病。多主棒孢[Corynespora cassiicola（Berk＆Curt.）Wei]，属于半知菌亚门，丝孢纲，丝孢目，暗色菌科，棒孢属真菌。     

甘蔗内生菌分离鉴定及功能多样性研究

为探究甘蔗内生菌多样性组成及相关特性,本研究采用稀释涂板法分离并结合形态观察和分子标记(gyrB,rpoB, ITS, 16S rDNA)进行鉴定。结果表明,从12个栽培品种(系)和5个野生种无性系的根、茎、叶组织中共分离到细菌589株、放线菌34株和真菌46株;细菌中固氮菌有41株,溶磷菌有98株,解钾菌有52株,对黄曲霉和禾谷镰刀菌具有拮抗作用分别有44株和35株。内生细菌分属21个属,其中芽孢杆菌属、伯克氏菌属、肠杆菌属和泛菌属为优势属;内生真菌分属于枝顶孢属、链格孢属、曲霉属、镰刀菌属、枝孢属等17个属,而放线菌仅为链霉菌属。具有潜在植物益生功能的菌株主要集中在芽孢杆菌属、伯克氏菌属、肠杆菌属、假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、类芽孢杆菌属及泛菌属。本研究显示甘蔗栽培品种(系)和野生种无性系均含有丰富的内生菌资源,且栽培品种(系)所含内生菌在数量和多样性上均高于野生种无性系;12个栽培品种(系)间所分离到的内生细菌大部分相同,但也存在差异。通过初步的功能鉴定,筛选出一些具有应用潜力的益生微生物,为开发相应功能的生物菌剂奠定基础。     

Taxonomy,nomenclature and phylogeny of three cladosporium-like hyphomycetes,Sorocybe resinae,Seifertia azaleae and the Hormoconis anamorph of Amorphotheca resinae

Using morphological characters, cultural characters, large subunit and internal transcribed spacer rDNA (ITS) sequences, and provisions of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, this paper attempts to resolve the taxonomic and nomenclatural confusion surrounding three species of cladosporium-like hyphomycetes. The type specimen of Hormodendrum resinae, the basis for the use of the epithet resinae for the creosote fungus {either as Hormoconis resinae or Cladosporium resinae) represents the mononematous synanamorph of the synnematous, resinicolous fungus Sorocybe resinae. The phylogenetic relationships of the creosote fungus, which is the anamorph of Amorphotheca resinae, are with the family Myxotrichaceae, whereas S. resinae is related to Capronia (Chaetothyriales, Herpotrichiellaceae). Our data support the segregation of Pycnostysanus azaleae, the cause of bud blast of rhododendrons, in the recently described anamorph genus Seifertia, distinct from Sorocybe; this species is related to the Dothideomycetes but its exact phylogenetic placement is uncertain. To formally stabilize the name of the anamorph of the creosote fungus, conservation of Hormodendrum resinae with a new holotype should be considered. The paraphyly of the family Myxotrichaceae with the Amorphothecaceae suggested by ITS sequences should be confirmed with additional genes.     

不同植被对煤矿复垦区域土壤真菌多样性和酶活性的影响

为了评价不同植被对煤矿废弃地复垦区土壤生态修复的效果,本研究开展了桃树、杉树、李树等植被对复垦区土壤酶活性和真菌种群多样性的影响分析。结果表明：（1）不同植被下,脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和转化酶的活性差异显著。脲酶在对照中最高,桃树最低;酸性磷酸酶活性对照最高,杉树（0~20、40~60 cm）和桃树（20~40 cm）土壤中最低,且一般情况下酶活性随土层加深而降低,具有表聚性,但不同植被和不同土层的转化酶活性的变化表现不同;该区域土壤的pH随土层加深增高,最高为5.67,均呈酸性,除对照外,均表现出一定程度的差异性。（2）不同植被下,所有土壤样品的真菌种群优势门均为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、担子菌门（Basidiomycota）、毛霉菌门（Mucoromycota）,季也蒙酵母属（Meyerozyma）和芽枝霉属（Cladosporium）为所有土壤样品都具有的优势属,而孢霉属（Mortierella）仅在柳树土壤中不是优势属,青霉菌属（Penicillium）、绿核菌属（Ustilaginoidea）是李树土壤中的优势属;盘菌属（Tricharina）是杉树土壤中的优势属;刺毛四枝孢（Tetracladium）是对照土壤中的优势属。通过综合非度量多维尺度分析（Non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS）表明,不同植被的土壤真菌群落组成差异较大,柳树0~20 cm、杉树20~40 cm、对照40~60 cm土壤中的真菌数量和多样性较丰富,其中桃树土壤中的真菌丰富度和多样性相对较低。本研究结果可以为其他煤矿复垦区域土壤生态修复研究提供借鉴。     

Briarane Diterpenoids Isolated from Gorgonian Corals between 2011 and 2013

The structures, names, bioactivities and references of 138 briarane-type diterpenoids, including 87 new compounds, are summarized in this review. All the briarane-type compounds mentioned in this review article were obtained from gorgonian corals including the genus Briareum, Dichotella, Junceella and Verrucella. Some of these compounds showed potential bioactivities.     

Unusual Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Egg Case of the Bolas Spider <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mastophora corpulenta</Emphasis> Banks (Araneae,Araneidae)

Bolas spiders of the genus Mastophora are very uncommon orb-weaver spiders, famous for their unusual predatory behavior. Being strictly nocturnal and very cryptic, they are extremely difficult to reveal, which explains their rarity in world arachnological collections. After a recent finding of an adult female of Mastophora corpulenta Banks (one of especially rare representatives of the genus), a few egg cases of this species became available, which seem to be very different from those of more common spiders due to their unusual hardness and coloration. We characterized some spectral, structural, and mechanical properties of this unusual silk material, by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 3D profilometer imaging, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). For comparison, similar studies were performed for egg cases of the Southern black widow Latrodectus mactans Fabricius, since spiders of the genus Latrodectus are known to produce silk fibers of comparable toughness. Some similarities were observed between the silks produced by Mastophora corpulenta and Latrodectus mactans in terms of the size and chemical composition of egg cases. At the same time, SEM imaging and AFM force characterization revealed striking differences between them, due to the fact that Mastophora egg cases, unlike those produced by more common Araneae species, includes a solid (fused) wall, lacking evident porous structure, which results in their outstanding stiffness and strength.     

Advances in the Study of the Structures and Bioactivities of Metabolites Isolated from Mangrove-Derived Fungi in the South China Sea

Many metabolites with novel structures and biological activities have been isolated from the mangrove fungi in the South China Sea, such as anthracenediones, xyloketals, sesquiterpenoids, chromones, lactones, coumarins and isocoumarin derivatives, xanthones, and peroxides. Some compounds have anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties, but the biosynthesis of these compounds is still limited. This review summarizes the advances in the study of secondary metabolites from the mangrove-derived fungi in the South China Sea, and their biological activities reported between 2008 and mid-2013.     

Assessing sub-Saharan Erythrina for efficacy: traditional uses, biological activities and phytochemistry

The genus Erythrina comprises more than 100 species, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. In Africa, 31 wild species and 14 cultivated species have been described. In sub-Saharan Africa, Erythrina species are used to treat frequent parasitic and microbial diseases, inflammation, cancer, wounds. The rationale of these traditional uses in African traditional medicine was established by screening several species for biological activities. Promising activities were found against bacteria, parasites (Plasmodium), human and phytopathogenic fungi, some of which were multidrug resistant (MDR) micro organisms. Some species also exhibited antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities and enzymes inhibitory properties. Most of the species chemically investigated were reported to contain flavanones, prenylated isoflavones, isoflavanones and pterocarpans. Some phytochemicals (vogelin B, vogelin C, isowightcone, abyssinin II, derrone) were the active principles as antibacterials, antifungals, antiplasmodials and inhibitors of enzyme borne diseases (PTP1B, HIV protease, DGAT). This review highlights the important role of Erythrina species as sources of lead compounds or new class of phytotherapeutic agents for fighting against major public health (MDR infections, cancer, diabetes, obesity) in sub-Saharan Africa.     

The history and distribution of nodulating Paraburkholderia,a potential inoculum for Fynbos forage species

Legumes in the Fynbos vegetation of the Western Cape of South Africa have emerged as candidates for domestication, particularly for their adaptation to acidic and infertile soils. However, South African rhizobia have been shown to be very diverse and unique, and a detailed understanding of them is essential to success in forage breeding programs that seek to exploit these “new” legumes. Symbionts of legumes in South Africa that belong to traditional rhizobial genera have been shown to have a unique origin for their symbiotic loci in comparison to members sampled from other regions of the world. Some of the legume tribes in the Fynbos have also been shown to associate predominantly with unique species in the Betaproteobacterial genus Paraburkholderia. The rhizobial members of this genus have two main centres of diversity, of which South Africa is one. In this centre, the legume hosts are principally from the Papilionoideae subfamily while hosts from the mimosoid clade (now in the Caesalpinioideae) are abundant in the South American centre. Not only do these rhizobia differ in terms of host, but their symbiotic loci also show separate origins. The dominance and uniqueness of the Paraburkholderia symbionts, in the context of indigenous South African legumes, makes understanding the history and factors that affect the distribution of this genus essential if successful adaptation and effective nodulation of these legumes in Agriculture are to be achieved globally.     

Studies on synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of derivatives of a new natural product from marine fungi as inhibitors of influenza virus neuraminidase

Based on the natural isoprenyl phenyl ether from a mangrove-derived fungus, 32 analogues were synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory activity against influenza H1N1 neuraminidase. Compound 15 (3-(allyloxy)-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde) exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity, with IC(50) values of 26.96 μM for A/GuangdongSB/01/2009 (H1N1), 27.73 μM for A/Guangdong/03/2009 (H1N1), and 25.13 μM for A/Guangdong/ 05/2009 (H1N1), respectively, which is stronger than the benzoic acid derivatives (~mM level). These are a new kind of non-nitrogenous aromatic ether Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors. Their structures are simple and the synthesis routes are not complex. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis revealed that the aryl aldehyde and unsubstituted hydroxyl were important to NA inhibitory activities. Molecular docking studies were carried out to explain the SAR of the compounds, and provided valuable information for further structure modification.     

中国外来观赏鱼的常见种类与影响探析

调查总结了我国常见外来观赏鱼的种类及分类地位、起源尧引进途径和引种所带来的问题，查明我国常见的外来观赏鱼有26科74属103种，其中丽鱼科(Cichlidae)、脂鲤科(Characidae)、鲤科(Cyprinidae)分别为33、17、14种；来源于美洲、亚洲、非洲的种类分别占51.5%、31.6%、14.0%。鉴于我国在观赏鱼的引进方面存在盲目性要要引种主要用于观赏尧科普，但若重于引进而疏于管理袁可能导致外来物种逃逸到自然环境中，造成潜在的环境生态影响。因此，结合我国的实际，提出应对外来观赏鱼类生物入侵的措施和建议，以期为我国预防和控制观赏鱼物种入侵提供参考。     

部分栽培稻和野生稻种子谷蛋白的电泳分析

 供试的不同属、不同种及不同生态型的水稻材料的种子各蛋白经SDS-PAGE电泳后可分辨为3类多肽，分子量分别为l8～23 kDa．30～36 kDa和49～100 kDa。不同属的材料各蛋白带型明显不同； 同属内基因组相同或相近种的各蛋白有特征多肽，AA基因组的有约Mt.50 kDa的多肽2～3条，CCDD基因组的有约Mt.23 kDa的多肽一条；籼型和粳型稻间带型存在差异，而爪哇稻、粳稻、籼稻间，前二者略近，并以粳型陆稻与爪哇稻最近似。同一生态型的各品种，除细弱带偶尔有差异外，带型基本一致。由此可见，水稻各蛋白电泳分析作为方法之一， 对于属间和稻属内各种及种内分类是有意义的。