不同种泡桐叶片愈伤组织诱导及其植株再生(英文)

在确定5种泡桐叶片诱导愈伤组织基本培养基为MS的基础上,通过不同的NAA和BA的组合,筛选出了毛泡桐(Paulownia tomentosa)、南方泡桐(Pauiownia australis)、白花泡桐(Paulownia fortunei)、兰考泡桐(Paulownia elongata)和豫杂一号泡桐(P.tomentosa x P. fortunei)叶片愈伤组织诱导、芽分化和根分化的最适培养基。MS+0.5NAA+4BA、MS+0.3NAA+2BA、MS+0.5NAA+4BA、MS+0.3NAA+6BA和MS+0.3NAA+8BA分别为五种泡桐树种叶片愈伤组织诱导的最适培养基,上述树种的叶片愈伤组织诱导芽分化最适培养基分别为MS+0.3NAA+12 BA、MS+0.3NAA+12 BA、MS+0.5NAA+12 BA、MS+0.5NAA+12 BA和MS+0.7NAA+12 BA,最后找出了5种泡桐芽诱导根的最适培养基分别为1/2MS+0.1NAA、1/2MS+0.1NAA、1/2MS、1/2MS+0.3NAA和1/2MS+0.5NAA。这些结果为开展泡桐基因工程研究和利用不同种泡桐叶片原生质体融合培育泡桐新品种提供了参考。     

外植体和基因型对泡桐体外植株再生的影响

利用叶片和茎段为外植体,研究了毛泡桐和白花泡桐胚性愈伤组织诱导、体细胞胚胎发生及植株再生情况。结果表明,白花泡桐叶片和茎段胚性愈伤组织诱导的最适培养基分别为MS+0.3mg/L NAA+14mg/L BA和MS+0.3mg/L NAA+8mg/L BA,毛泡桐叶片和茎段胚性愈伤组织诱导的最适培养基皆为MS+0.3mg/LNAA+17mg/L BA。从体细胞胚胎发育所需时间来看,2种泡桐叶片的体细胞胚胎发育能力均高于茎段。     

四倍体楸叶泡桐体外植株再生系统建立

将楸叶泡桐四倍体的叶片和叶柄分别置于含有不同质量浓度的6-BA(6～20 mg/L)和NAA(0.1～1.1 mg/L)的组合培养基上诱导再生植株,筛选最佳外植体与最适培养基,建立同源四倍体楸叶泡桐体外植株再生系统。结果表明,同源四倍体楸叶泡桐体外植株再生的最佳外植体是叶片;其幼苗叶片愈伤组织诱导的最适培养基为MS+14 mg/L 6-BA+0.3 mg/L NAA;愈伤组织芽诱导的最适培养基为MS+16 mg/L 6-BA+0.3 mg/L NAA;幼芽生根的最适培养基为1/2MS。     

云南萝芙木叶愈伤组织诱导与植株再生

研究了云南萝芙木叶愈伤组织的诱导及器官发生条件．结果表明：诱导愈伤组织的培养基为Ms＋2,4-D2．0mg／L＋6-BA0．5mg／L;诱导愈伤组织芽分化和增殖的培养基分别为MS＋6-BA3．0mg／L＋NAA0．05mg／L和MS＋6BA3.0mg／L＋NAA0．1mg／L;根分化的最适培养基为1／2 MS＋NAA0．8mg／L;生根苗经练苗后移栽,成活率达90N,生长良好．     

蜘蛛兰的组织培养

本试验以蜘蛛兰叶片为外植体,研究了蜘蛛兰愈伤组织诱寻和芽分化的最适NAA和6-BA的浓度组合以及诱导生根的最适NAA浓度．结果表明：①愈伤组织诱导最适培养基为MS NAA1mg／L 6-BA2mg／L：③愈伤组织诱导芽分化最适培养基为MS NAA1mg／L 6-BA2．5mg／L;③诱导生根的最适NAA浓度为1mg／L。     

农杆菌介导的杜仲叶片愈伤组织遗传转化体系

【目的】优化杜仲叶片愈伤组织的再生体系,研究愈伤组织对抗生素和抑菌剂的敏感性,探索影响农杆菌介导杜仲愈伤组织遗传转化的最适转化因子水平,构建农杆菌介导的杜仲愈伤组织瞬时转化体系,使杜仲成年植株外植体为受体的遗传转化成为可能,为杜仲基因功能的研究与定向改良奠定基础。【方法】以杜仲成年植株叶片为材料诱导愈伤组织,通过添加不同浓度植物生长调节剂与大量元素的MS培养基进行不定芽的诱导与增殖,确定最适培养基。在此基础上,在培养基中添加不同浓度抗生素及抑菌剂,研究愈伤组织对其敏感性。以获得的叶片愈伤组织受体系统为基础,通过L_(16)(4~5)的正交试验,探索不同转化因子对农杆菌介导叶片愈伤组织遗传转化的瞬时转化效率的影响,建立最适瞬时转化体系。使用获得的瞬时转化体系对愈伤组织进行遗传转化操作,筛选抗性芽,对抗性芽进行GUS组织化学染色与PCR检验。【结果】再生体系优化的结果表明,3/4大量元素浓度的MS培养基能够促进杜仲愈伤组织不定芽的诱导及生长;愈伤组织诱导不定芽的最适培养基为3/4MS+0. 27μmol·L~(-1)NAA+4. 4μmol·L~(-1)6-BA,诱导率为83%±10. 0%;不定芽复壮的最适培养基为3/4MS+0. 054μmol·L~(-1)NAA+4. 4μmol·L~(-1)6-BA,平均伸长长度为(2. 47±1. 33) cm。抗生素与抑菌剂敏感性试验表明,遗传转化的选择培养基中,抑菌剂头孢霉素的最适浓度为200 mg·L~(-1),筛选用的抗生素卡那霉素最适浓度为70 mg·L~(-1)。转化因子的正交试验表明,最适的农杆菌介导杜仲叶片愈伤组织遗传转化的转化因子组合为:预培养5天、侵染10 min和共培养3天。使用最适瞬时转化体系对约200个愈伤组织进行遗传转化操作,共筛选获得3个抗卡那霉素的抗性芽; GUS组织化学染色显示GUS基因在抗性芽中得到了表达,PCR检测证明这些抗性芽中存在NPTⅡ基因。【结论】杜仲叶片愈伤组织诱导不定芽的最适培养基为3/4MS+0. 27μmol·L~(-1)NAA+4. 4μmol·L~(-1)6-BA,不定芽复壮的最适培养基为3/4MS+0. 054μmol·L~(-1)NAA+4. 4μmol·L~(-1)6-BA。农杆菌介导的杜仲叶片愈伤组织瞬时转化体系为:预培养5天、侵染10 min和共培养3天,筛选培养基为3/4MS+0. 054μmol·L~(-1)NAA+4. 4μmol·L~(-1)6-BA+200 mg·L~(-1)Cef+70 mg·L~(-1)Km。利用此体系共获得3个抗性芽,PCR分析和GUS组织化学染色都表明T-DNA已整合到抗性芽基因组中。     

新西伯利亚黑杨组培再生体系的建立

以新西伯利亚黑杨叶片为外植体,建立了再生体系。筛选出组织培养的最适外植体愈伤组织诱导的最佳培养基配方为1／2MS＋6-BA1．0m·L^-1＋NAA0．5mg·L^-1;芽诱导的最佳培养基配方是1／2MS＋6．BA0．6mg·L^-1＋NAA0．25mg·L^-1;生根诱导的最佳培养基配方为1／2MS＋6．BA0．1m·L^-1。＋NAA0．1mg·L^-1。     

杏李种间杂交新品种“味王”胚培养与植株再生

以杏李品种“味王”幼胚为实验材料，探讨了幼胚愈伤组织诱导、丛生芽分化、生根的最佳实验条件，并成功地培育出了再生植株．结果表明：MS＋BA2．0mg／L＋NAA0．5mg／L为愈伤组织诱导的最佳培养基；MS＋BA1．5mg／L＋NAA0．5mg／L为丛生芽分化的最适培养基；MS＋NAA0．8mg／L为最理想的生根培养基；练苗在80％遮阳网下进行，移栽25d后成活率可达85％．     

不同浓度的外源激素对矮牵牛组织培养的影响

研究了不同浓度配比的NAA ,6 -BA对矮牵牛组织培养过程中愈伤组织增殖 ,芽分化和生根的影响。结果表明 :MS+NAA0 .2mg·L- 1+BA1.0mg·L- 1培养基对愈伤组织增殖效果最好 ;最佳的分化培养基为MS+BA1.0 - 1.5 +NAA0 .3- 0 .5 ;而生根的培养基可选 1/2MS +NAA0 .5 - 1.0。     

转基因杨树的组培快繁

1　植物名称转基因毛白杨 ( Pop ulus Tomentosa Carr)。2　材料类别已转入硅酸甘露醇脱氧酶基因的杨树愈伤组织。3　培养条件愈伤组织增殖培养基 :1Ms+KT 2 mg.L - 1(单位下同 ) +BA 1.0 +NAA 0 .5+IAA 0 .5　 2 MS+KT1.0 +BA2 .0 +NAA0 .5+IAA0 .5　 3MS+KT2 .0 +NAA0 .5　 4 MS+KT2 .0 +IAA0 .5　不定芽诱导分化培养基 :5MS+KT2 .0 +NAA0 .1　 6MS+KT1.0 +NAA0 .1　 7MS+KT2 .0 +NAA0 .0 1　 8MS生根生长培养基 :9MS+IBA0 .5　 10 1/ 2 MS+IBA1.0　以上培养基均附加 0 .6%琼脂粉和 3%蔗糖 ,高压灭菌 ,p H5…     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.