有机酸对高岭石, 针铁矿和水铝英石吸附镉的影响

Effects of organic acids （oxalic, acetic, and citric） on adsorption characteristics of Cadmium （Cd） on soil clay minerals （kaolinite, goethite, and bayerite） were studied under different concentrations and different pH values. Although the types of organic acids and minerals were different, the effects of the organic acids on the adsorption of Cd on the minerals were similar, i.e., the amount of adsorbed Cd with an initial solution pH of 5.0 and initial Cd concentration of 35 mg L^-1 increased with increasing concentration of the organic acid in solution at lower concentrations, and decreased at higher concentrations. The percentage of Cd adsorbed on the minerals in the presence of the organic acids increased considerably with increasing pH of the solution. Meanwhile, different Cd adsorption in the presence of the organic acids, due to different properties on both organic acids and clay minerals, on kaolinite, goethite, or bayerite for different pHs or organic acid concentrations was found.     

Effects of phthalic and salicylic acids on Cu(II) adsorption by variable charge soils

In the present study, the effect of two substituted benzoic acids on Cu(II) adsorption onto two variable charge soils was investigated, with the emphasis on the adsorption and desorption equilibrium of Cu(II). Results showed that the presence of organic acids induced an increase in Cu(II) adsorption onto the two soils. The extent of the effect was related to the initial concentrations of Cu(II) and organic acid, the system pH, and the nature of the soils. The effect of organic acids was greater for Oxisol than for Ultisol. Phthalic acid affected Cu(II) adsorption to a greater extent than salicylic acid did. The effect of organic acids varied with pH. The adsorption of Cu(II) induced by organic acids increased with increasing pH and reached a maximum value at approximately pH 4.5, and then decreased. It can be assumed that the main reason for the enhanced adsorption of Cu(II) is an increase in the negative surface charge caused by the specific adsorption of organic anions on soils because the desorption of Cu(II) adsorbed in organic acid systems was greater than that for the control. The desorption of Cu(II) absorbed in both control and organic acid systems also increased with increasing pH; it reached a maximum value at pH ∼5.25 for control and salicylic acid systems and at pH ∼5.1 for a phthalic acid system, then decreased. This interesting phenomenon was caused by the characteristics of the surface charge of variable charge soils.     

Effects of drying on the ion exchange capacity and cation adsorption properties of some New Zealand soils

Abstract

The effect of drying on the cation (CEC) and anion (AEC) exchange capacity, and on potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) adsorption by three New Zealand soils was investigated. Air‐drying resulted in no significant changes in these properties compared with the field‐moist samples. Oven‐drying at 105°C significantly decreased the CEC and increased the AEC of most soils compared with air‐dried samples. The decrease in CEC was related to increased solubility of organic matter and a decrease in surface area on which charge could be developed. The increase in AEC was attributed to a decrease in soil pH.

Potassium and Mg adsorption by two soils decreased following oven‐drying. This was consistent with the effect of drying on CEC. For the remaining soil, K adsorption increased following oven‐drying. This was attributed to K fixation.     

玉米秸秆还田及施磷量对黑土磷吸附与解吸特性的影响

以探究松嫩平原玉米连作条件下,秸秆还田与施磷量互作对黑土磷吸附与解吸特性的影响为目的。该试验采取二因素裂区试验设计,主因素为玉米秸秆还田方式,分别为秸秆不还田(S0)、秸秆翻埋还田(S1)和秸秆焚烧还田(S2);副因素为施磷水平,分别为0(P0)、34.50(P1)、69(P2)、103.50(P3)kg/hm~2(P_2O_5)。结果表明:1)Langmuir等温吸附方程最适合拟合黑土对磷的吸附特征。2)秸秆还田与施磷量均显著影响黑土对磷的吸附与解吸特性,且两者互作效应显著。在相同秸秆还田方式下,随着施磷量的增加,土壤对磷的吸附能力均逐渐降低,而土壤中磷的解吸量和解吸率均逐渐增加,其中以S0条件下差异最大,S2条件下次之,S1条件下差异最小。在相同施磷水平下,与S0处理相比,S1和S2均能降低土壤对磷的吸附能力,增加土壤中磷的解吸量和解吸率,其中以不施磷肥(P0)处理下差异最大,而在施高磷(P3)处理下差异不显著,此外,S1与S2在各施磷水平下差异均不显著。3)不同施磷处理下的标准需磷量(standardPrequirement,SPR)为71.02～91.67 kg/hm~2,其中以S1P2处理的SPR(73.58 kg/hm~2)与P2施磷水平(69 kg/hm~2)最相近,是松嫩平原黑土区较为适宜的施磷方式。     

亚硒酸盐和可变电荷土壤表面羟基离子的交换反应: Ⅰ.电解质种类及pH的影响

Hydroxyl release of red soil and latosol surfaces was quantitatively measured using a self-made constant pH automated titration instrument, to study the changes of hydroxyl release with different added selenite amounts and pH levels, and to study the effects of electrolytes on hydroxyl release. Hydroxyl release increased with the selenite concentration, with a rapid increase at a low selenite concentration while slowing down at a high concentration. The pH where maximum of hydroxyl release appeared was not constant, shifting to a lower valus with increasing selenite concentration. Hydroxyl release decreased with increasing electrolyte concentration, and the decrease was very rapid at a low electrolyte concentration but slow at a high electrolyte concentration. For NaClO₄, NaCl and Na₂SO₄ hydroxyl release was in the order of NaClO₄ > NaCl 》 Na₂SO₄, and the difference was very significant. But for NaCl, KCl and CaCl₂, the order of hydroxyl release was NaCl > KCl > CaCl₂, and the difference was smaller. The amount of hydroxyl release from Xuwen latosol was greater than that from Jinxian red soil. Hydroxyl release existed in a wider range of pH with Xuwen latosol than with Jinxian red soil, due to their difference in soil properties. However, both soils had similar curves of hydroxyl release, indicating the common characteristics of variable charge soils.     

土壤Cr(VI)在非线性Langmuir吸附条件下的径流流失试验与模拟

针对重金属铬(Cr)污染严重的现象,基于简单的二层非完全混合模型,将降雨时农田土壤与积水整个系统分为混合区及混合区以下两个部分,根据水量平衡原理和溶质质量守恒定律,研究土壤在非线性Langmuir吸附条件下,吸附性溶质Cr(VI)的径流流失规律。试验模拟的田间地表径流是由降雨引起的,根据降雨期间土壤与雨水相互作用情况,将降雨过程分为4个阶段分别求解进行研究。利用室内模拟降雨-径流试验所得数据进行模拟计算,并通过敏感性分析和模型参数对径流流失量的影响分析,阐明模型参数对土壤中吸附性溶质径流流失规律的影响。研究结果表明:此二层非完全混合模型能预测土壤在非线性Langmuir吸附条件下,吸附性溶质Cr(VI)的径流流失规律。该模型对入渗水溶质与土壤混合层溶质之间的非完全混合系数γ非常敏感,对土壤混合层溶质与地表积水-径流水溶质之间的非完全混合系数α不敏感,对Langmuir吸附方程中的参数B、C也不敏感。其中γ和α对模拟径流流失过程的影响主要作用于降雨前期,而Langmuir吸附方程中的参数B对模拟过程的影响作用于降雨前期,C也主要作用于降雨前期,但对后期的影响比其他参数更大。试验数据显示地表径流中溶质含量很低,说明该次试验中混合层溶质进入地表积水-径流层量很少,而模拟α值很小,与实际情况吻合,同时也说明,土壤中流失的污染物重金属Cr(VI)大多存在于地下排水中。     

pH对砖红壤和黄棕壤Cu~(2+)吸附与解吸的影响

对砖红壤和黄棕壤在不同浓度、不同pH下吸附和解吸Cu2+进行了测定。结果表明, 2种土壤Cu2+吸附量均随平衡液中Cu2+浓度增加而增大,两者关系较好地符合Langmuir吸附方程。Cu2+吸附量随pH升高而增加,Cu2+分配系数的对数与pH呈极显著的线性正相关,吸附一个Cu2+所释放H+的平均数砖红壤(1. 19)大于黄棕壤(1. 01)。可解吸Cu2+的数量随pH升高和吸附Cu2+的数量增加而增加,在pH4~6下,黄棕壤吸附Cu2+及可解吸Cu2+的比例(平均为10. 5% )大于砖红壤(平均为3. 1% )。由此认为, 2种土壤吸附Cu2+虽以专性吸附为主,但砖红壤的表面吸附点位较少,专性吸附点位的比例较高,对Cu2+的亲和性或专性吸附性大于黄棕壤。     

土壤温度和含水量互作对抑制剂抑制氮素转化效果的影响

为比较生化抑制剂组合对土壤氮素转化的抑制效果,揭示不同土壤温度和含水量互作对尿素水解抑制效应的影响。该文采用室内模拟培养方法,研究土壤含水量(60%和80%田间最大持水量,water holding capacity,WHC)和土壤温度(15、25和35℃)互作对生化抑制组合[N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide,NBPT)、N-丙基硫代磷酰三胺(N-(n-propyl)thiophosphoric triamide,NPPT)和2-氯-6(三氯甲基)吡啶(2-chloro-6(trichloromethyl)pyridine,CP)在黄泥田土壤中抑制氮素转化效果的影响。结果表明:土壤温度和含水量对生化抑制组合在黄泥田土壤中抑制尿素水解效应显著,以土壤温度影响更大。随着土壤温度增加,尿素水解转化增强,有效作用时间降低,硝化作用增强,脲酶和硝化抑制效应减弱;随着土壤含水量降低,尿素水解转化缓慢,有效作用时间延长,硝化作用减弱,脲酶和硝化抑制效应增强。不同土壤温度和含水量条件下,NBPT/NPPT或配施CP处理有效抑制黄泥田土壤脲酶活性,延缓尿素水解;CP或配施NBPT/NPPT处理有效抑制NH4+-N向NO_3~--N转化,保持土壤中较高NH_4~+-N含量长时间存在。新型脲酶抑制剂NPPT单独施用及与CP配施的土壤尿素水解抑制效果与NBPT相似。黄泥田土壤中生化抑制组合应用最佳的土壤温度和含水量分别为25℃和60%WHC。总之,针对不同土壤温度和含水量条件,在黄泥田土壤中应采用脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂相结合的施肥方式。     

铝(氢)氧化物对有机酸和磷酸根的竞争吸附研究

研究了磷 /草酸浓度比 (Cp/Cox)、草酸 (OX)与磷 (P)加入顺序、多种有机酸共存等条件下铝 (氢 )氧化物 (Al(OH)x)对有机酸和磷的吸附量变化。结果表明 :磷浓度一定时 ,随Cp/Cox减小 ,Al(OH)x吸附磷量降低 ,吸附OX量增高 ,吸附阴离子总量一般随浓度升高而增加 ;Cp/Cox相同时 ,5种加入方式吸P顺序为P/OX P -OX OX +P OX -P OX/P ;Cp/Cox不同时 ,Al (OH)x吸附配位体的总量也相应变化 ;几种有机酸共存时 ,Al(OH)x对体系中的各种阴离子均有吸附 ,且相互影响和制约 ,总吸附量取决于离子种类和浓度 ,3种有机酸影响P吸附量的顺序为柠檬酸 (CA) 草酸 (OX) 酒石酸 (Tar) ;Al (OH)x加磷后随平衡时间延长 ,先吸附的OX和CA对吸附P量的影响逐渐减弱 ,它们的相对亲合力越来越成为主导因素。     

不同pH值混合螯合剂对土壤重金属淋洗及植物提取的影响

为了得出混合螯合剂（MC）淋洗去除重金属的最佳pH值以及对后续植物提取重金属的影响,用Ca(OH)2将pH值为2.75的MC提高至pH值5、7和9,对重金属污染土壤进行了盆栽淋洗试验,而后种植东南景天（Sedum Alfredii）,测定淋出液及植物重金属含量。另外,通过浸提试验研究了含有不同阳离子的MC对重金属淋洗效果的影响。结果表明,pH值为5和7的MC显著提高了Cd、Pb和Cu的淋出率。与Na+、K+离子相比,Ca2+的存在能够提高MC对重金属的淋洗去除。pH值7和9的MC淋洗土壤后提高了东南景天的生物量,但是降低东南景天中Cd和Zn的浓度,导致其植物提取率低于无淋洗剂对照。在化学淋洗+植物提取联合技术中,Cd和Zn主要靠植物提取去除,植物提取率分别可达土壤Cd的30%～40%和土壤Zn的6.5%～6.9%;而Pb和Cu主要靠混合螯合剂淋洗去除,去除率分别为2.3%～2.6%和1.6%～2.0%。综合来说,如果需要同时去除Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu,降低土壤重金属有效态含量,用pH值9的MC淋洗土壤联合植物提取较为合适。     

Effect of soil organic matter, electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio on tensile strength of aggregates

The properties of soils affected by salinity and processes involving degradation of soil structure have been partly recognized. However, the effects of saline and sodic conditions on mechanical and physical properties of soils have been studied to a lesser extent. In this research, the effects of electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) on soils possessing various amounts of organic matter were assessed under laboratory conditions. The soils contained a uniform clay type, predominantly Illite. The major difference of the soils was their amount of organic matter content. The treatments consisted of solutions with definite EC and SAR (two levels of EC: 0.5 and 4 dS/m and three levels of SAR: 0, 5 and 15). The amount of tensile strength was dependent on organic matter, EC, and SAR in a way that with the increase of SAR, the tensile strength decreased. In similar SAR, treatments with higher EC exhibited greater tensile strength. Also, the soils with higher organic matter showed greater tensile strength. The analysis of variance showed the significant difference (at 1%) between the mean of parameters analyzed (soil type, sampling depth, EC, and SAR). The order of averages of tensile strength were: permanent pasture (Agropyron elengatum)Festuca arusdinaceae)相似文献   

Effects of phosphoroamides on ammonia volatilization and nitrite accumulation in soils treated with urea

Summary We compared the effects of N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), N-(diaminophosphinyl)-cyclohexylamine (DPCA), phenylphosphorodiamidate (PPD), and hydroquinone on transformations of urea N in soils. The ability of these urease inhibitors to retard urea hydrolysis, ammonia volatilization, and nitrite accumulation in soils treated with urea-decreased in the order NBPT > DPCA PPD > HQ. When five soils were incubated at 30°C for 14 days after treatment with urea (1 mg urea N g^–1 soil), on average, the gaseous loss of urea N as ammonia and the accumulation of urea N as nitrite were decreased from 52 to 5 % and from 11 to 1%, respectively, by addition of NBPT at the rate of 10 g g^–1 soil (0.47 parts of NBPT per 100 parts of urea). The data obtained support previous evidence that NBPT is more effective than PPD for reduction of the problems encountered in using urea as a fertilizer and deserves consideration as a fertilizer amendment for retarding hydrolysis of urea fertilizer in soil.     

Effect of pH on Potentially Toxic Trace Elements (Cd,Cu, Ni,and Zn) Solubility in Two Native and Spiked Calcareous Soils: Experimental and Modeling

The effect of soil pH on solubility of the potentially toxic trace elements (PTEs) [cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn)] was assessed using two native and spiked calcareous soils. Multiple PTEs solutions were added to soils and equilibrated (aged) for 40 days. Then, PTEs solubility was measured at different pH level (1–3 units below and above the pH of native soils). In native soils, all PTEs displayed a V-shaped pH-dependent solubility pattern with important releases at pH 4 and 10 (native soil 1) and 5 and 11 (native soil 2). In spiked soils, the general tendency for the pH where solubility started was in the order Cd > Ni > Zn > Cu. Solubility of added trace elements increased with a decrease in pH. Solubility of PTEs occurred at a lower pH in the soil with a higher carbonate content than the other soil (both native and spiked). In order to predict the effect of soil pH on solubility of PTEs, surface complexation and ions exchange models of PHREEQC program were used. The model simulated the PTEs solubility in soils very well. Comparison of experimental and simulated data indicated that ions exchange and surface complexation were the main mechanisms for predicting PTEs solubility in soils. Environmental implications concerning PTEs mobility might be derived from these findings.     

生物炭对淹水土壤中溶解性有机质含量及组成特征的影响

为了探究生物炭对土壤中溶解性有机质(DOM)的影响,采用向水稻土中添加生物炭的厌氧泥浆培养试验,分析添加生物炭后对不同培养阶段的厌氧泥浆中水溶性有机碳(DOC)含量、DOM组成、荧光光谱特性及土壤中Fe(III)还原特征的影响。结果表明:添加生物炭可增加水稻土中DOC含量及影响紫外光谱特征值(SUVA₂₅₄),引起DOM组分种类和相对含量变化,不同类型土壤间的变化存在差异,酸性水稻土中的作用更为明显。水稻土中Fe(III)的还原效率在添加生物炭下得到促进,同时对土壤的初始pH也产生一定影响。相关分析结果揭示添加生物炭可通过调节SUVA₂₅₄、DOM组成和体系pH,从而影响厌氧水稻土中的硝酸盐还原、铁还原及产甲烷过程。     

温度对土壤吸附有机肥中可溶性有机碳、氮的影响

可溶性有机碳、氮(Soluble organic carbon or nitrogen,SOC和SON)可被土壤吸附.土壤可溶性有机碳、氮组分复杂,土壤对可溶性有机物吸附的不均一性会导致可溶性有机物组分的变化,大部分疏水性化合物被吸附,而亲水性化合物被释放进入溶液中[1].因此,可溶性有机碳、氮在土壤中的吸附,直接影响其在土壤-水系统中的迁移和行为[2-3].林地土壤中含有相当数量的可溶性有机养分,因此,关于林地土壤对可溶性有机养分的吸附特性,国外研究者已开展了不少研究.研究表明,可溶性有机碳吸附特性与土壤性质如pH、表面积、有机碳、铁铝氧化物和黏粒含量等因素有关[4-5].关于农业土壤对可溶性有机碳的吸附特性的影响,国内也开展了一些研究,主要集中在pH、铁铝氧化物含量等对吸附影响方面[6-9].     

施肥和淹水管理对水稻土氨氧化微生物数量的影响

全程氨氧化细菌(Completeammoniaoxidizers,Comammox)的发现被认为是氮循环研究的重要进展,但复杂土壤中Comammox与氨氧化细菌(Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AOB)和氨氧化古菌(Ammonia-oxidizingarchaea,AOA)共存的环境驱动机制尚不清楚。针对紫色水稻土长期定位试验的植稻淹水(夏季植稻施肥并且全年淹水)管理、休耕冬干(不植稻、不施肥,仅在夏季植稻期间淹水,冬季排水落干)管理,研究了施肥和水分管理对水稻土硝化潜势及氨氧化微生物类群丰度的影响。结果表明,植稻淹水土壤的硝化潜势显著高于休耕冬干,分别为25.0 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)、2.11mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),相差可达12倍之多。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,两种管理方式下水稻土中均能检测到Comammox、AOA和AOB,并且其数量均为ComammoxAOAAOB。植稻淹水中Comammox丰度分别为AOA的8.5倍、AOB的77.3倍,而休耕冬干中Comammox丰度分别为AOA的4.1倍、AOB的490.3倍。相比于休耕冬干管理,植稻淹水刺激了Comammox分支A(Clade A)、AOA和AOB的生长,三者增长倍数分别为9、3、42,但Comammox分支B(Clade B)的降幅高达两倍之多。这些结果表明,与休耕冬干管理相比,28年长期植稻淹水,可能导致水稻土氨氧化微生物类群长期处于低O_2胁迫,并选择性促进了Comammox Clade A和AOA的生长,高强度施肥则显著促进了AOB生长,而Comammox Clade A和AOA则具有更广的铵态氮底物适应范围。未来应通过稳定性同位素示踪DNA技术,明确水稻土中数量上占优势的Comammox的功能意义及其与AOA和AOB的相对重要性。     

不同种植模式对土壤微生物区系及烟叶产量与质量的影响

为探明不同烤烟(nicotiana tobacumL.)种植模式对土壤微生物区系及烟叶产量和质量的影响,采用磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acids,PLFAs)方法研究了连作烟、轮作烟、麦套烟和麦茬烟等4种烤烟种植模式下耕层(0～25cm)土壤微生物的群落动态,并探讨了烟叶产质量的变化。研究结果表明,在绿肥翻压期,土壤微生物总PLFAs的含量以麦茬烟处理最低;在烟草团棵期,轮作烟处理最高且与其他处理差异显著;而在现蕾期和成熟期,各处理之间无显著差异。各微生物类群的PLFAs含量及其在不同处理间的差异均随生育期而异,其中真菌PLFAs含量在各处理间的差异不显著。真菌和细菌的PLFAs比值及革兰氏阳性细菌与阴性细菌的比值显示,整个土壤微生物及细菌部分的群落结构均受烤烟种植模式和生育期的影响。其中,土壤微生物群落结构的变化以麦茬烟处理最明显。各微生物类群在成熟期的主成分分析结果显示,烤烟种植模式之间存在明显分异,与连作烟相比,麦茬烟的土壤微生物群落结构与之类似,而轮作烟和套作烟则变化较大。此外,不同种植模式显著影响烤后烟叶的经济性状及化学成分。与连作烟相比,种植模式改变后有利于烟叶等级结构、均价及产值的提高,并显著增加烟叶中的钾含量,但不利于烟叶中糖分的积累,各植烟模式中以麦套烟和麦茬烟的综合效益较好。该研究结果有助于了解烤烟种植对土壤生物环境的影响,并为中国北方烟区烤烟种植制度的优化提供依据。     

Effects of seedbed properties on crop emergence. 5. Effects of aggregate size,sowing depth and simulated rainfall after sowing on harmful surface-layer hardening

Abstract

Rapid, uniform crop establishment is a precondition for efficient crop production. In order to develop guidelines for seedbed preparation and sowing, extensive experiments were carried out in plastic boxes placed in the field directly on the ground for studies of the effects of seedbed properties on crop emergence. This paper deals with the effects on emergence of cereals caused by surface-layer hardening, induced by simulated rainfall (irrigation) after sowing followed by dry weather. The experimental crop was spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Soils for the experiments (Eutric Cambisols, silt loam or clay loam in most cases) were collected from the surface layer of farm fields in various parts of Sweden. On soils with high silt content, irrigation after sowing often caused slumping and subsequent hardening of the whole seedbed. On clay soils, usually only a shallow surface crust formed. The earliest irrigation had the most negative effects on crop emergence. On a silt loam soil with unstable structure, irrigation with only 5 mm reduced emergence to under 20%. Later or heavier irrigation was often less negative, as it allowed the plants to emerge before the surface layer dried and hardened. Deep sowing greatly increased the negative effects on emergence, whereas soil aggregate size usually had negligible effects. It was concluded that when sowing in practice, seedbed preparation and sowing depth should be chosen to promote the fastest possible emergence. Sowing immediately before rain should be avoided, as should shallow sowing that requires rain for the seed to germinate.     

Effects of conocarpus biochar on hydraulic properties of calcareous sandy soil: influence of particle size and application depth

A laboratory column experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of 400°C biochar at application rate of 15 g kg^?1 (21.9 t ha^?1) with different particle sizes (<0.5 mm (S₁), 0.5–1 mm (S₂) and 1–2 mm (S₃)) and application depths (0–2 cm depth (D₀), 4–6 cm depth (D₅) and 8–10 cm depth (D₁₀)) on hydro-physical properties of sandy loam soil. The results indicated that applying biochar decreased the waterfront and saturated hydraulic conductivity of sandy loam soil. The cumulative evaporation was the highest and amounted to 40.9 mm in the non-treated soil, but it recorded the lowest amount of 32.2–35.5 mm in the biochar-treated soil. Applying biochar caused significant increases in the amount of conserved and retained water with the highest amount of water conserved in soil treated with S₂ biochar at D₅. Moreover, the cumulative water infiltration through the soil was significantly reduced by S₁ and S₂ biochars at D₀. The values of saturated hydraulic conductivity for biochar treatments were significantly lower than those for the control, with the lowest values for S₁ at D₀ and D₅. These results suggest positive improvement for the hydro-properties of coarse-textured soils following biochar addition, especially with finer particles of biochar.