几种化学诱抗剂对大豆细菌性斑点病诱导抗性的研究

选用水杨酸（ＳＡ）、壳聚糖、β－氨基丁酸（ＢＡＢＡ）和草酸４种诱抗剂处理绥农８和合丰２５,研究这些试 剂对大豆细菌性斑点病的诱导抗性。结果表明,４种诱抗剂均可诱导两个大豆品种对细菌性斑点病的抗性,其中 １０００μｇ／ｍＬＢＡＢＡ对合丰２５和绥农８诱抗效果最高,分别达８４．９２％和６９．４３％,诱抗效果因试剂的浓度及品种而 异,药剂施用方法也影响诱抗效果,各试剂在适宜浓度下对合丰２５的诱抗效果明显高于绥农８。     

大豆F_1代群体对孢囊线虫3号优势生理小种抗性遗传

本试验采用两个抗孢囊线虫品系84—783、CN210与当地感病的大豆品种绥农6号配制成84—783×绥农6号和绥农6号×CN210二个组合,在大豆孢囊线虫3号生理小种自然感染条件下,分析这些组合的F2代抗感病植株分离比例。结果表明,84—783、CN210的抗性基因对绥农6号的感病基因是隐性的,三对独立遗传的隐性基因控制84—783×绥农6号和绥农6号×CN210两个组合对大豆孢囊线虫3号生理小种的抗性。     

基因拷贝数变异分析法研究大豆胞囊线虫病抗性位点qSCN3-3抗性相关基因

基因拷贝数变异(CNVs)是引起大豆品种对胞囊线虫抗性差异的因素之一,以抗大豆胞囊线虫病种质东农L~(-1)0以及感病种质黑农37、绥农10和绥农14为试验材料,利用实时荧光定量PCR法对大豆胞囊线虫抗性QTL位点qscn3-3内27个编码基因进行拷贝数变异分析,F测验表明15个目的基因在不同品种间存在拷贝数变异;抗感病品种PCR产物丰度相对值分析结果表明9个目的基因拷贝数在抗感病种质间存在显著的差异,推测其功能是通过编码抗病蛋白和富亮氨酸蛋白来实现大豆对大豆胞囊线虫相关抗性。     

东农L-10对大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的遗传模型分析

为明确非小种特异性抗病大豆种质东农L-10对大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的抗性遗传模式,以东农L-10为共同父本,分别以感病品种黑农37、绥农10号和绥农14为母本,构建了3个F_(2∶10)重组自交系群体,利用酸性品红染色法对3个群体进行SCN 3号生理小种的抗性鉴定,结果表明:亲本间雌虫指数均存在较大差异,群体雌虫指数符合连续正态分布,后代中抗病株系不存在显著的超亲效应。利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对抗性鉴定数据进行遗传模型解析,发现东农L-10对抗大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的抗性符合主基因+多基因遗传模型,在不同遗传背景条件下,均存在2~3个主基因控制3号生理小种的抗性,以上研究结果为挖掘东农L-10的主效抗病位点和分子辅助选育高抗SCN 3号生理小种的大豆品种提供理论依据。     

黑龙江省大豆疫霉根腐病菌毒力类型分布及品种抗性评价

对2008～2009年从黑龙江北部、东部、中部、南部等大豆产区采集的典型大豆疫霉根腐病株和病土进行分离纯化,得到64个大豆疫霉菌株;用国际上通用的一套鉴别寄主进行毒力测定,将病原菌划分为10个毒力类型,在不同来源的发病样本范围内明确了不同菌株的毒力类型和分布.用下胚轴创伤接种方法鉴定了73个大豆品种对不同大豆疫霉根腐病菌菌株的抗性反应,结果有29个品种抗4个以上大豆疫霉根腐病菌株,占鉴定总数的39.7%;在被鉴定的新品系中抗性表现最好的是07-1-1,它对1、3、11、21、24分离物均表现为抗病.     

大豆根瘤菌与大豆品种共生匹配性研究

大豆与大豆根瘤菌的共生体系是共生固氮的代表,开展根瘤菌与大豆品种的匹配性组合研究,为发挥这一共生体系的固氮效率和指导大豆育种材料的选择等方面均具有重要的实践价值。选取不同种类与来源的大豆根瘤菌代表菌株18株,与11个我国主要的大豆核心种质品种进行共生匹配性试验,测定了其中5个大豆品种与14个根瘤菌所结瘤的固氮酶活性并进行统计分析。结果表明：不同的大豆根瘤菌菌株间存在明显的结瘤固氮差异,快生大豆根瘤菌表现出比慢生根瘤菌更严格的大豆品种匹配性;其中USDA110、USDA110-A、113-2、WHG12、HH103、B16比其他供试菌株表现出广谱的结瘤特性,且USDA110、USDA110-A、113-2、WHG12、DE333、2048菌株形成的根瘤具有较高的固氮酶活性。在供试大豆品种中,商951099、郑92116和北京黑豆表现出较高的结瘤、固氮特性;商951099和郑92116这对材料与所供试18株大豆根瘤菌均结瘤且差异性不明显,而绥农14和绥农20、合丰25和固新野生大豆这两对材料表现出明显结瘤差异性。因此,实践中应根据大豆品种和大豆根瘤菌菌株的匹配性关系,选用共生效果好的菌株接种,或选用与之匹配的大豆种质材料育种,以达到提高共生固氮功效的目的。     

“大豆大面积高产综合配套技术研究开发与示范”课题技术总结

一、高产优质抗病品种筛选与加工1品种大比武,按生态类型确定主栽品种为保证项目用种优良化,突出良种增产效果,在县第一良种场和莲花镇进行大豆品种大比武试验。参试品种有合丰25、绥农10、绥农14、东农42、东京一号、黑农35、黑农40、合丰35、垦农4、绥农15、绥农10等品?..     

大豆根瘤菌HH103ΩNopAAΩNopD双突变体构建及结瘤能力鉴定

大豆—根瘤菌的共生模式为大豆提供了丰富的氮源。根瘤菌Ⅲ型效应因子是影响共生结瘤的关键信号分子之一,通过对HH103ΩNopAA与HH103ΩNopD的结瘤鉴定表明两个突变体对绥农14和ZYD00006的宿主亲和性不同,而后通过三亲杂交方法在HH103ΩNopAA基础上构建HH103ΩNopAAΩNopD的双突变体。利用绥农14与野生豆ZYD00006对突变体进行结瘤鉴定,HH103ΩNopAAΩNopD的根瘤数与根瘤重与HH103ΩNopAA无显著性差异。而后利用前期收集的100份大豆资源进行结瘤鉴定,分析NopAA与NopD的突变在不同遗传背景下的大豆品种的结瘤特性,绝大多数品种根瘤数明显减少,部分品种根瘤数在接种单突变体与双突变体存在显著差异。该研究为后续解析NopAA与NopD的共生信号传导以及根瘤菌与大豆品种亲和性提供新的思路。同时可以根据基因型的差异,筛选与不同根瘤菌均有较高亲和性的大豆品种,为进一步培育高结瘤、高固氮的大豆品种提供支撑。     

高抗大豆霜霉病,灰斑病兼抗细菌性斑点病的抗源筛选

高抗大豆霜霉病、灰斑病兼抗细菌性斑点病的抗源筛选杨新春，杨滨山，杨淑霞，李宇科，李明（黑龙江省在科院绥化在科所·绥化市，１５２０００）１９９０～１９９５年，通过对１０８６份大豆品资进行抗霜霉病、抗灰斑病、抗细菌性斑点病的鉴定筛选，未发现高抗三病的品种...     

利用高世代回交群体对大豆小粒性状的基因型分析及QTL定位

利用野生型大豆ZYD00006（供体亲本）与主栽品种绥农14（轮回亲本）所构建的高世代回交导入系,经过严格的百粒重筛选鉴定,得到43个百粒重性状明显小于轮回亲本的导入系个体。利用这套选择群体结合随机对照群体和基因型分析,通过基于遗传搭车原理的卡方分析,检测到分布于7个连锁群上的9个与大豆小粒性状相关的QTL位点,对小粒性状表现为正效应,为大豆小粒性状分子辅助育种提供有用的分子标记。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.