华山松木蠹象防治指标研究

在曲靖市海寨林场遭华山松木蠹象危害的华山松林分内设样地并作解析木观测，结果表明，华山松木蠹象危害指数与华山松材积损失率间有明显的相关关系，其相关关系可用一元回归方程表示为Y=-0.398654+0.055908X(X为华山松木蠹象危害指数，Y为华山松材积损失率)在此基础上，考虑不同的立木生长量、木材价格、防治费用和防治效果，进一步推算出华山松木蠹象防治指标的动态模型为X     

山西省首次发现华山松木蠹象蛀干害虫

笔者介绍了华山松木蠹象在山西省首次被发现的过程和发现地概况,描述了华山松木蠹象的形态特征与发生规律,分析了华山松木蠹象在中国与山西省的危害情况。并针对其在山西省的潜在危害性提出了预防建议,以期为今后防治华山松木蠹象提供理论参考。     

利用管氏肿腿蜂防治华山松木蠹象技术研究

首次将管氏肿腿蜂应用于华山松木蠹象的防治实践,结果表明:该蜂对华山松木蠹象有很强的搜寻能力。在室内管氏肿腿蜂对华山松木蠹象寄生率最高达71.43%,最低51.61%。在林内防治试验中,它对华山松木蠹象寄生率最高达41.67%,最低22.22%;防治效果均在25%以上,最高达38.27%。     

东川区华山松木蠹象监测及综合治理技术研究

指出了近几年来,华山松木蠹象(Pissodes yunnansensin Langor et Zhang)在东川区大面积发生,发生面积10000多亩,严重影响了东川林业的发展进程和林业生产安全。为了巩固、保护和发展现有的造林成果,使森林充分发挥生态屏障作用,提高生态环境质量,于2009~2011年对华山松木蠹象进行了监测及综合治理技术研究。通过对华山松木蠹象虫情动态及相关因子进行系统监测,掌握了华山松木蠹象在东川的生活史及以之相对应的物候、寄主生长发育情况,总结出了综合治理华山松木蠹象的预防和治理措施。     

两种护林神粉剂防治华山松木蠹象的林间套笼药效试验

在云南省会泽县国营者海林场受华山松木蠹象危害的华山松中幼林内设置试验区, 进行护林神2号、3号粉剂防治华山松木蠹象成虫的林间套笼药效试验。结果表明: 应用护林神2号粉剂防治华山松木蠹象成虫的效果为95 6 %; 护林神3号粉剂的防治效果为91 6 %。经u值检验, 二者差异不显著。     

华山松木蠹象发生与环境的关系研究

本文对华山松木蠹象为害木分级、蛹的空间分布型、抽样技术以及发生与环境关系进行了研究。结果表明,华山松木蠹象为害木可分为４ 级：正常木、初侵染木、近枯死木、枯死木。蛹的空间分布型为聚集分布。抽样部位以树干下部为最佳。用逐步回归分析方法,通过计算机处理调查数据得出,在９５ ％ 的可靠性下,影响华山松木蠹象种群数量的主要环境因子为林木生长势     

华山松木蠹象自然种群生命表初报

通过林间定期周年跟踪观察研究,编制出了华山松木蠢象自然种群生命表,并对影响华山松木蠢象自然种群的关键阶段进行了分析,计算出华山松木蠢象自然种群趋势指数,初步对华山松木蠹象种群变化趋势进行了预测.     

华山松木蠹象为害特性的初步研究

经对华山松木蠹象历时２年的调查和试验研究，初步了解了华山松木蠹象的分布、寄主域、为害特性、为害方式及为害部位。结果表明：该虫在滇东北、滇南、滇中及滇西地区均有分布；其寄主主要是松科的多种树种，该虫具有为害致死速度快，扩散蔓延速度快，只为害健康植株，成虫羽化历期长，防治难度大的特点。本项研究为制定一套经济有效的华山松木蠹象综合防治措施打下了基础。     

华山松木蠹象卵蛹及羽化孔空间分布型研究

对华山松木蠹象的卵、蛹及羽化孔的空间分布型研究，表明了该虫的卵、蛹、羽化孔在华山松上的分布均为聚集型，根据切比雪夫定理，应用最小二乘法求解，得出华山松木蠹象卵、蛹及羽化孔的空间分布模型。     

华山松木蠹象生物学特性观察

华山松木蠹象是危害华山松的一种重要害虫,为了探索防治措施,自1980年至1984年,对华山松木蠹象生物学特性进行了观察。本文详细记述了此虫种的形态特征、生活史及其生活习性。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.