玉米对土壤深层标记硝态氮的利用

采用将15N标记的硝态氮注射于土壤剖面110cm处的田间微区试验法,在施氮和不施氮两种条件下研究玉米对深层累积硝态氮的利用程度。结果表明,对于试验土壤在施氮和不施氮的条件下,玉米对注射于土壤剖面110cm处15N标记的硝态氮的回收率分别为11.9％和6.7％;土壤耕层施用氮肥促进了玉米中下层根系的发育,提高了对深层标记NO3--N的回收率;在偏旱气候年份,土壤深层110cm处标记的硝态氮没有发生明显向下迁移,仅以标记区域为中心向上和向下扩散了20cm左右。研究结果还表明,通过植物利用土壤深层累积NO3--N,避免硝态氮进一步向浅层地下水迁移具有一定的可行性。     

旱地春玉米地表覆盖对土壤硝态氮残留的影响

在山西晋中旱塬进行了6年定点定位田间春玉米试验,研究了旱地不同地表覆盖栽培模式对土壤硝态氮残留累积的影响。结果表明,不同覆盖耕作处理对春玉米吸氮量有显著影响,地表覆盖处理春玉米吸氮量均显著高于无覆盖处理,比无覆盖处理增加10.04%~26.29%;种植春玉米6a后,无覆盖(CK)、渗水地膜覆盖(S)、渗水地膜与行间秸秆覆盖(SJ)、普通地膜覆盖(P)、普通地膜与行间秸秆覆盖(PJ)和秸秆覆盖(J)处理中0—300cm土层硝态氮储量依次为818.32,555.42,450.25,421.49,511.49,399.96kg/hm2,CK处理NO3--N主要分布于60-220cm土层,S、SJ、P、PJ和J处理NO3--N主要分布于160—300cm土层;不同降水年型,地表覆盖均能降低氮素在土壤中的累积,但其累积深度有所不同;干旱年份,地表覆盖处理增加0—100cm土层土壤硝态氮的累积,有效降低深层土壤硝态氮的累积;丰水年,地表覆盖处理增加了深层土壤中的硝态氮累积,甚至部分肥料氮已被淋洗到玉米根区以外。因此,应采取合理的覆盖耕作措施减少土壤剖面中NO3--N的累积量。     

黄土高原南部夏季不施肥种植玉米对旱地土壤残留养分的利用

夏季降水是造成我国西北黄土高原区旱地土壤硝态氮淋溶的主要原因。通过田间长期定位试验研究了冬小麦收获后,不施肥种植夏玉米而利用土壤残留养分阻止硝态氮淋溶的效应。结果表明,小麦播前施氮量增加,夏玉米收获期生物量和子粒产量增加,但磷肥用量增加对其影响不明显。小麦播前施氮量增加,夏玉米氮磷钾累积增加,施磷量增加,氮钾素累积降低,磷素累积无显著变化。土壤剖面含水量随小麦播前施氮量增加而降低,不同施磷量土壤剖面水分累积量的差异显著减少。不施肥种植夏玉米可以有效阻止和减少土壤剖面硝态氮淋溶,但在小麦播前施氮240和320kg·hm^-2时仍有较明显淋溶,其累积峰逐渐向深层土壤转移,造成氮素损失。施磷时,土壤剖面0-220cm硝态氮累积量下降,220cm以下土层变化不明显。     

设施菜田不同施氮处理对硝酸盐迁移和积累的影响

在设施菜地条件下,研究了氮肥减施及配施抑制剂处理在黄瓜生长期对土壤NO3--N迁移累积的影响。结果表明,氮肥减施处理可显著降低土壤表层和整个土体的NO3--N含量。常规施氮量时0~40 cm土层的NO3--N含量均高于其它处理,减氮30%后0~40 cm土层未出现NO3--N显著积累现象;氮肥配施抑制剂处理不同程度降低了土壤NO3--N含量,且抑制硝态氮向下层土壤淋失,其中抑制剂组合的效果最好。氮肥配施抑制剂,可以有效控制NO3--N在土壤和植物体内的过量累积,减少硝态氮淋溶损失。     

填闲作物消减蔬菜生产棚室土壤硝态氮潜力研究

为了明确填闲作物对棚室蔬菜土壤NO3--N的消减潜力,揭示不同填闲作物消减土壤剖面累积NO3--N的特征,并为探索阻控棚室蔬菜土壤氮素淋溶损失机制及预防地下水污染提供理论依据,本研究以华北平原传统的棚室蔬菜轮作体系作为研究对象,在蔬菜休闲期采用种植深根型填闲作物甜玉米、甜玉米+牛膝间作和白菊花的田间原位修复技术。结果表明:甜玉米和甜玉米+牛膝处理的总含氮量和吸氮量较高,分别为20.11、19.62 t·hm-2和240.34、287.56 kg·hm-2,显著高于白菊花的5.81 t·hm-2和57.13kg·hm-2;根长密度和根干重均随土壤剖面深度的加深而降低,其中白菊花处理的根长密度与根干重在0~30 cm土层显著高于其他处理,30 cm土层以下的根干重在各处理间无差异,根长密度在数值上表现为间作甜玉米甜玉米白菊花间作牛膝;甜玉米对土壤剖面0~200 cm土层的消减量高达907.87 kg·hm-2,显著高于白菊花的891.16 kg·hm-2和甜玉米+牛膝间作的879.93 kg·hm-2。因此,在蔬菜作物轮作的间歇期,种植填闲作物能有效地降低硝态氮在土壤中的累积,控制土壤剖面硝态氮向下淋溶。     

不同施氮水平对深层包气带土壤氮素淋溶累积的影响

为研究深层包气带土壤中氮素的迁移规律,采用田间小区试验,研究了不同施氮水平(142.5、285和427.5kg/hm2)对夏玉米种植期间0～500cm包气带土壤中氮素淋溶累积的影响。结果表明,不同施氮水平对NO3--N、NH4+-N和总氮有显著影响,施氮越多,NO3--N、NH4+-N和总氮在土壤中的淋溶累积也就越多,夏玉米生育期间土壤中氮素的淋溶累积含量随着夏玉米生长逐渐减少。在0～200cm土层中,收获后不同施肥水平土壤中NO3--N和总氮累积量随施氮量增加而增多,285kg/hm2施氮水平NH4+-N累积量最多,427.5kg/hm2施氮水平NH4+-N累积量最少,但相差不超过0.1kg/hm2,收获后土壤中氮素累积量有损失。夏玉米生育期间不同施氮水平对土壤NO3--N、NH4+-N和总氮的影响深度主要为0～145cm。粉砂壤土中氮素更易累积,砂质壤土中氮素较易随水分淋溶至下层。142.5kg/hm2施氮水平可有效减少NO3--N在土壤中的淋溶损失,降低土壤中NH4+-N和总氮的含量,对地下水构成的潜在污染风险最小。北京地区地下水埋深较深,NO3--N不易淋溶至地下水,但长期大量施用氮肥、田间土壤大孔隙的存在等会加速NO3--N向深层土壤迁移,对地下水水质构成威胁。     

夏季休闲期不同年限日光温室土壤硝态氮淋溶状况

连续2 a（2006和2007年）研究了夏季休闲前后陕西杨凌示范区13个日光温室0～200 cm土壤剖面氮素的动态变化,以评价夏季休闲期间日光温室栽培下土壤累积硝态氮的淋溶情况。结果表明：日光温室蔬菜收获后不同年限温室0～200 cm土壤剖面累积了大量的硝态氮,2006和2007年不同年限日光温室土壤剖面硝态氮的平均残留量分别为 667.6和781.8 kg/hm2。休闲近2个月后,休闲期间降雨量低的2006年（65 mm）不同温室土壤硝态氮含量及电导率与休闲前相比明显增加;而降雨量高的2007年（214 mm）,土壤剖面残留的硝态氮及电导率显著降低,说明发生硝态氮的淋溶,13个日光温室0～200 cm 土壤剖面硝态氮较夏季休闲前降低量在223.8～658.0 kg/hm2之间,平均为298.5 kg/hm2。不同年限日光温室0～200 cm 土壤剖面硝态氮降低量相比,1998年温室＞2004年温室＞2002年温室,其中1998年的温室土壤剖面硝态氮降低量平均达355.1 kg/hm2。可见,夏季休闲期间的降雨量是影响日光温室栽培土壤累积大量硝态氮发生淋溶损失的主要因素。     

灌溉对土壤硝态氮淋吸效应影响的研究

在陕北米脂县无定河谷地沙壤质土壤上进行了灌水量对土壤硝态氮的淋失和作物吸收效应影响的研究( 简称淋吸效应) 。结果表明,灌水量在0～4000m3/hm2范围内,与玉米产量和玉米吸N 量之间的关系均呈线性相关。土壤剖面中NO3--N 遗留量主要集中分布在0 ～60cm土层内,出现的高峰在40cm ;在0 ～80cm 土层内的NO3--N 遗留量随灌水量的增加而降低;80 ～320cm 土层内的NO3--N 与灌水量之间无明显相关,320 ～400cm 土层内NO3--N 是随灌水量的增加而增高。不同深度的土壤剖面中NO3--N 遗留量与灌水量之间均呈双曲线相关;氮素损失率以未灌溉和灌水量4000m3/hm2处理的为最低,据此提出了土壤NO3--N 淋吸效应的概念。     

施氮与灌水对夏玉米土壤硝态氮积累、氮素平衡及其利用率的影响

通过田间裂区试验研究了不同施氮量(N 0、150、210和270 kg/hm2)和灌水量(900、1200、和1500 m3/hm2)对夏玉米土壤硝态氮分布累积、氮素平衡以及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,夏玉米收获期各处理土壤硝态氮在表层(0—20 cm)含量最高,在0—200 cm剖面均呈现先减少后增加再减少的变化趋势;土壤剖面NO3--N累积量随施氮量的增加而增加,且施氮处理硝态氮积累量显著高于不施氮处理。作物吸氮量、氮素表观损失量均与施氮量和总氮输入量呈显著相关,氮素输入量每增加1 kg,作物吸氮量仅增加0.301 kg,而表观损失量增加0.546 kg,是作物吸氮量的1.8倍左右。随施氮量的增加土壤剖面中NO3--N的损失量逐渐减少。夏玉米子粒吸氮量和收获指数随施氮量的增加有增加的趋势;氮肥回收效率和氮肥农学效率均以处理W1500N150最高,分别为46.15%和12.98kg/kg;氮肥生理效率以处理W1200N150最大,为34.49 kg/kg。本试验条件下,以水氮处理W1500N150的土壤硝态氮残留量、表观损失量较低,夏玉米氮肥回收效率和农学效率较高。     

不同施氮情况下小麦玉米间作土壤硝态氮的动态变化

本文主要研究了0、210、420和630kg/hm2（NO、N1、N2和N3）4种不同施氮量对小麦玉米间作土壤硝态氮(NO-3-N)含量动态变化的影响。结果表明,0～200cm土层硝态氮的含量整体表现为N3>N2>N1>N0。各生育时期低氮水平下0～60cm土层,中、高氮水平下的0～80cm土层土壤硝态氮含量变化显著。0～60cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量随作物生育时期的变化呈“双峰”曲线,峰值分别出现在小麦挑旗期和玉米大喇叭口期,而60～200cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量的变化呈“单峰”曲线,峰值出现在玉米大喇叭口期。N0处理硝态氮累积量各生育时期变化差异较小。小麦与玉米共生期内0～200cm土层硝态氮含量表现为玉米带>小麦带,差异最大的时期为小麦灌浆期和玉米大喇叭口期。土壤硝态氮向深层的运移量随施氮量增加而增加,与N0相比,施氮后100～200cm土层硝态氮累积量小麦带增加了1053～6253kg/hm2,玉米带增加了1791～7039kg/hm2。优化氮肥施用比例,适当降低小麦播前施氮量可减小土壤硝态氮深层淋溶的风险。     

Alysimeter study of the effects of a ryegrass catch crop, during a winter wheat/maize rotation, on nitrate leaching and on the following crop

The effects of an intercrop catch crop (Italian ryegrass) on (i) the amounts and concentrations of nitrate leached during the autumn and winter intercrop period, and (ii) the following crop, were examined in a lysimeter experiment and compared with that from a bare fallow treatment. The catch crop was grown in a winter wheat/maize rotation, after harvest of the wheat, and incorporated into the soil before sowing the maize. A calcium and potassium nitrate fertilizer labelled with ¹⁵N (200 kg N ha^?1; 9.35 atom per cent excess) was applied to the winter wheat in spring. Total N uptake by the winter wheat was 154 kg ha^?1 and the recovery of fertilizer-derived N (labelled with ¹⁵N) was 60%. The catch crop (grown without further addition of N) yielded 3.8t ha^?1 herbage dry matter, containing 43 kg N ha^?1, of which 4.1 % was derived from the ¹⁵N-labelled fertilizer. Two-hundred kg unlabelled N ha^?1 was applied to the maize crop. During the intercrop period the nitrate concentration in water draining from the bare fallow lysimeters reached 68 mg N1^?1, with an average of 40 mg N1^?1. With the catch crop, it declined rapidly, from 41 mg N I^?1 to 0.25 mg N I^?1, at the end of ryegrass growth. Over this period, 110 kg N ha^?1 was leached under bare fallow, compared with 40 kg N ha^?1 under the catch crop. ¹⁵N-labelled nitrate was detected in the first drainage water collected in autumn, 5 months after the spring application. The quantity of fertilizer-N that was leached during this winter period was greater under bare fallow (18.7% of applied N) than when a catch crop was grown (7.1 %). In both treatments, labelled fertilizer-N contributed about 34% of the total N lost during this period. With the ryegrass catch crop incorporated at the time of seedbed preparation in spring, the subsequent maize grain-yield was lowered by an average of 13%. Total N-uptake by the maize sown following bare fallow was 224 kg N ha^?1, compared with 180 kg ha^?1 with prior incorporation of ryegrass; the corresponding values for uptake of residual labelled N were 3% (bare fallow) and 2% (ryegrass) of the initial application. Following the maize harvest, where ryegrass was incorporated, 22.7% of the previous year's labelled fertilizer addition was present in an organic form on the top 30 cm of lysimeter soil. This compares with 15.7% for the bare fallow intercropping treatment. Tracer analyses showed overall recoveries of labelled N of 91.7% for the winter wheat/ ryegrass/maize rotation and 97% for the winter wheat/bare fallow/maize rotation. The study clearly demonstrated the ecological importance of a catch crop in reducing N-leaching as well as its efficient use of fertilizer in the plant-soil system from this particular rotation. However, the fate of the organic N in the ploughed-down catch crop is uncertain and problems were encountered in establishing the next crop of maize.     

黄土高原旱地夏季休闲期~(15)N标记硝态氮的去向

夏季休闲是黄土高原旱地小麦常见的蓄纳雨水、恢复地力的措施。随着氮肥用量的增加,一季小麦收获后,旱地土壤剖面累积的硝态氮量不断增加,休闲期间降雨量高,残留硝态氮的去向是值得研究的问题。利用~(15)N标记法研究小麦收获后残留肥料氮在黄土高原旱地(陕西长武)夏季休闲期间的去向,即小麦收获后在微区土壤表层(0~15 cm)施入~(15)N标记的硝态氮肥(30 kg hm~(-2)(以纯氮计),约相当于当地小麦一季作物收获后土壤残留肥料氮量),休闲结束后,采集0~200 cm土壤样品,测定了土壤全氮、硝态氮含量及其~(15)N丰度。结果表明,小麦收获(即休闲开始)时0~200 cm土壤剖面硝态氮累积量在205~268 kg hm-2之间(平均244 kg hm~(-2)),累积量较高。夏季休闲期间降水量为157 mm,属欠水年,但休闲结束后,~(15)N标记肥料氮向下迁移已达80 cm土层,下移深度在45~65cm之间,说明,旱地休闲期间硝态氮的淋溶作用不可忽视。夏季休闲结束后,加入的~(15)N标记肥料氮平均损失率为28%,损失机理值得进一步研究。     

Soil nitrogen availability as affected by fallow-maize systems on two soils in Kenya

Simple methods for the measurement of nitrogen (N) availability are needed to assess the effect of low-input, organically based land management systems on the N supply of tropical soils. Our objectives were to determine the effect of contrasting land-use systems (LUS) on soil N availability and to identify measures of N availability that correlated with maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield. The LUS at the two sites in Kenya involved growth of a maize crop following 17 months of either: (1) Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. tree growth (sesbania fallow), (2) natural regrowth of vegetation without cultivation (natural fallow), (3) three crops of unfertilized maize (maize monoculture), or (4) bare uncultivated soil (bare fallow). Soil was collected before the post-fallow maize crop was sown. The LUS had no effect on total soil N or amount of N in the heavy fraction soil organic matter (SOM) (>150 μm, >1.37 Mg m^–3). Sesbania and natural fallows, as compared to maize monoculture, increased the N in light fraction SOM (>150 μm, <1.13Mgm^–3), N in intermediate fraction SOM (>150 μm, 1.13 to 1.37 Mg m^–3), ammonium-N and aerobic N mineralization at a depth of 0–15 cm. Maize yields were highest following the sesbania fallow. Nitrate-N, inorganic-N (ammonium plus nitrate) and anaerobic N mineralization correlated with maize grain yield at both sites. The relationship between maize yield and pre-season nitrate-N improved when the depth of soil sampling was increased to 1 m at one site (an Alfisol), but did not improve at the site with anion adsorption in the subsoil (an Oxisol). The sesbania fallow was more effective than the natural fallow in increasing available soil N. Maize yield was better related to pre-season nitrate than N in size-density fractions of SOM. Received: 5 May 1997     

畦灌不同施肥模式对夏玉米田间水氮分布的影响

为了探究夏玉米畦灌条件下适宜的灌溉施肥模式,在大田试验条件下对不同施肥方式(液施和撒施)、液施不同施肥时机和不同入畦流量下土壤水氮空间分布状况及其变化趋势进行了研究。结果表明,灌后2d土壤水分空间分布差异明显小于硝态氮,适当增大入畦流量有助于改善沿畦长方向土壤水分空间分布均匀性。灌后2d不同处理间作物有效根系层土壤硝态氮和土壤水分的贮存效率(土壤有效根系层土壤硝态氮占0—100cm土层中硝态氮的比重)变化都不明显。入畦流量相同时,液施情况下硝态氮沿畦长分布均匀性(介于86.1%~96.9%之间)高于撒施(介于89.3%~89.7%之间)。基于入畦单宽流量为4L/(s·m)、灌水至畦长33%处时均匀施肥的畦灌施肥模式,玉米根系层中土壤水氮含量比重较高,而且土壤水分与土壤硝态氮沿畦长分布均匀性最好,从而形成了有助于作物吸收的均匀的土壤水氮空间分布状态。     

不同耕作方式下秸秆还田对晋中玉米田水分时空分布及产量的影响

为探讨保护性耕作和秸秆还田有机结合对春玉米休闲期蓄水保墒效果、生育期土壤水分时空变化、贮水量季节变化、产量及水分利用效率的影响,设置不同耕作方式(免耕、深松、翻耕)结合秸秆还田(100%秸秆还田、秸秆不还田)6个处理组合,2016-2018年在山西晋中连续2年进行定位试验研究。结果表明:(1)春玉米冬闲期不同耕作处理下土壤贮水量差异显著,且随着时间推移贮水量都有降低趋势,免耕和深松处理分别较翻耕土壤贮水量平均增加10.4,9.3 mm。在玉米的整个生育时期,免耕和深松处理土壤贮水量分别比翻耕提高4.8%,1.2%。(2)平均2年土壤含水量大小顺序为免耕>深松>翻耕,各处理平均土壤含水量分别为23.0%,21.8%,21.5%。丰水年不同耕作方式土壤含水量垂直变化在各生育时期差异较大,干旱年其变化的差异较小。(3)免耕与100%秸秆还田组合下玉米产量和水分利用效率最高,2年平均产量和WUE(水分利用效率)分别为12 679.9 kg/hm²和25.8 kg/(hm²·mm),翻耕与100%秸秆还田处理组合最低。无论是否秸秆还田,免耕和深松处理在春玉米冬闲期土壤蓄水保墒效果、生育期土壤水分状况、产量与水分利用效率均优于翻耕处理;在秸秆还田下免耕和深松耕作方式对玉米田水分的集蓄保用有良好的效果,以免耕秸秆还田效果最佳,可在晋中地区春玉米生产中推广应用。     

华北平原旱地不同熟制作物产量、效益和水分利用比较

针对华北平原地下水超采严重,通过研究雨养旱作条件下不同熟制的产量、投入产出和水分利用效率,探索华北平原缺水区雨养旱作条件下的节水种植制度,可为地下水超采提供技术支撑。以当地主栽种植模式冬小麦和夏玉米一年2熟种植和春玉米一年1熟种植为研究对象,通过大田试验对雨养旱作条件下冬小麦、夏玉米和春玉米3种作物构成的2种种植制度的产量、耗水、投入、产出进行分析。试验于2007—2013年在中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站进行,该站为华北平原高产农区的典型代表。试验共设2个处理,T1为冬小麦-夏玉米一年2熟制,T2为春玉米一年1熟制。T1中的冬小麦生育期为每年的10月中上旬至翌年的6月中旬,夏玉米为6月中下旬至10月上旬,冬小麦品种大部分年份为‘科农199’,夏玉米品种为‘郑单958’。T2中春玉米的生育期为每年的5月中下旬至当年的9月上中旬,品种为‘农大108’、‘浚单20’、‘郑单958’和‘先玉335’。试验区从2007年9月至2013年6月一直未灌溉,为雨养旱作条件。研究结果表明,雨养旱作条件下,冬小麦产量基本稳定;夏玉米和春玉米产量随年型不同波动较大,尤其是夏玉米产量受播种时土壤含水量的影响较大,很多年份由于干旱少雨,玉米出苗时间推迟,导致玉米产量大幅度降低。T1比T2虽然具有明显的产量优势,增产34.1%,但由于冬小麦生产投入较高,T1的净收益比T2低279.97元·hm-2。3种作物的生产投入中,农资和机械投入比例最大,劳动力投入占很小比例,农资投入中,化肥投入最高;3种作物的产投比分别为1.42、2.66和3.42,雨养旱作条件下冬小麦的产投比最低,春玉米最高。从作物的耗水结构分析,冬小麦生育期降雨较少,以消耗雨季储存于土壤中的土壤水分为主,春(夏)玉米生育期降雨较多以消耗降雨为主。目前,生产上正在自发地压缩冬小麦的种植面积,春玉米一年1熟种植面积迅速增加。因此,在保证区域粮食安全的条件下,通过调整农业种植结构可以控制水资源的过度开采,保证农业持续发展。     

Reintroduction of a native Glomus to a tropical Ultisol promoted grain yield in maize after fallow and restored the density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important crop in central Thailand where fallow is widely practiced and farmers are interested in crop rotation and beneficial soil biota. A pot experiment using a Typic Paleustult (topsoil + subsoil) from the National Corn and Sorghum Research Centre, Nakhonratchasima Province, Thailand was undertaken over three successive crops to evaluate effects of agronomic practices on populations of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and to determine whether reintroduction of a local Glomus was beneficial to maintain maize yield. The three crops and their treatments were: (1) preceding crop: maize grown in all pots; (2) subexperiment 1: agronomic practices [maize, fallow ± soil disturbance, fallow with solarization, non–AM host (cabbage)]; and (3) subexperiment 2: maize ± Glomus sp. 3 at three rates of P fertilization (0, 33, 92 kg P ha^–1). The AM‐fungal community was established under the preceding crop. In subexperiment 1, the three fallow treatments decreased (30%–40%) the total AM spore number in the topsoil whereas there was no change under maize or cabbage. Glomus, the dominant genus, showed sensitivity to fallow. In subexperiment 2, inoculation with Glomus sp. 3 enhanced total AM spore number and root colonization when applied following the three fallow treatments. Furthermore, inoculation promoted grain yield; at nil P following fallow ± soil disturbance, at 33 kg P ha^–1 following fallow without soil disturbance, and following solarization. Two treatments, maize following maize and maize following cabbage, did not respond to inoculation with Glomus sp. 3. Overall, the results suggest that reintroduction of Glomus sp. 3, a local AM fungus in this soil, may overcome negative effects of fallow and promote effectiveness of P fertilizer. Further work is needed to evaluate the benefits of other indigenous AM species that persist under modern fertilization practices.     

华北平原不同种植制度对粮食作物氮素利用和土壤氮库的影响

冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟是华北平原粮食作物的主要种植制度,存在氮肥利用率低、土壤氮素过量累积问题。为探索华北平原氮素高效利用的适宜种植制度,采用15N示踪技术,基于3 a田间定位试验,对一年两熟冬小麦-夏玉米的常规水氮和优化水氮、两年三熟冬小麦-夏玉米-春玉米与冬小麦-夏大豆-春玉米及一年一熟春玉米3种种植制度的作物产量、15N利用率、氮素去向和土壤氮库表观平衡进行研究。结果表明,两年三熟的冬小麦-夏玉米-春玉米产量为32 248.52 kg/hm2,分别比一年两熟和一年一熟提高22.16%和52.88%;15N利用率为33.36%,比一年一熟提高26.12%。3种植制度的氮肥去向最高为土壤残留,其次为作物吸收和损失,两年三熟冬小麦-夏玉米-春玉米的作物吸氮量最高为151.82 kg/hm2,土壤氮库表观盈余量为21.22 kg/hm2,显著低于其他种植制度。综合分析,冬小麦-夏玉米-春玉米两年三熟在稳产高产和提高氮素利用率上具有可持续的潜力,是华北平原未来较为理想的种植制度。