基于细水雾作用的原木楞堆温度场的相关性研究

对落叶松原木楞堆做细水雾灭火实验,测定实验过程中楞堆各点的温度,利用SPSS软件对定点间温度场进行相关性分析、线性回归分析。研究结果表明：原木楞堆前部温度与其后部温度、左侧温度变化存在两元线性回归方程,前部温度的线性相关性较大;原木楞堆右侧温度与其顶层温度、中层温度、底层温度变化存在三元线性回归方程,中层温度线性相关性最大,上层温度线性相关性最小。利用回归性准确预测整个楞堆温度场变化,对保障林区贮木场的安全生产具有一定的实际意义。     

贮木场楞堆火灾的实验研究

贮木场火灾被公认为最难扑救的火灾之一,它是森林火灾中较常见且危险性较大的一种事故。本文重点研究贮木场楞堆燃烧的特性。实验是在符合ISO9705的标准单室(3.6m×2.4m×2.4m)内进行的,通过对两个相同材质的楞堆进行火灾实验模拟,测得楞堆燃烧过程中的热释放速率、质量损失速率以及室内温度场等参数。分析实验结果,为制定防火规范和计算机模拟提供实验依据。研究结果表明,贮木场楞堆燃烧温度场和热释放速率呈一直线平稳燃烧态势。     

森工贮木场楞堆火灾模拟模型分析与评价

计算机模拟方法是当今研究贮木场楞堆原木火灾发生、发展规律的重要手段。为此,从贮木场楞堆原木燃烧的特点出发,对当前国际上最新的14种火灾模型分析和比较得出了其适用范围和特点。并根据贮木场楞堆原木火灾的特性,提出了采用FDS模型模拟贮木场楞堆原木火灾比较合适、准确和科学。     

室温变化对有机废弃物腐熟温度的影响

文章研究了有机废弃物腐熟堆沤处理过程中温度变化与环境温度的关系,测定三个室温水平下(分别为15℃,20℃,30℃)的堆体温度变化情况,分析堆体温度与室温之间的相关性.结果表明有机废弃物腐熟过程中温度变化与环境温度没有相关性.笔者认为只要室温达到微生物菌剂启动温度15℃腐熟即可进行,在广东、广西、海南地带不受季节影响,全...     

贮木场楞堆火灾场景模拟设计

近年来,迅速发展的火灾计算机模型是了解火灾过程的有效工具。FDS(Fire Dynamics Simulator)作为一款免费的场模拟软件,可以对整个火灾过程进行动态模拟,为了研究楞堆火灾发生后蔓延的情况,利用FDS建立楞堆火灾蔓延模型,可为以后进一步的研究打下基础。     

贮木场原木楞堆火灾信息探测方法的评价研究

本项研究结合各种火灾信息探测方法的特点,运用AHP法构建了贮木场最佳火灾探测方案及评价指标体系。研究结果表明,楞堆燃烧阴燃阶段和燃烧蔓延阶段是最佳火灾探测时期;由于外界自然环境的影响,在楞堆阴燃阶段,抗干扰性在火灾探测方案中占有重要的位置;在燃烧蔓延阶段,由于释放大量的热,耐热性占据了重要的位置;对于贮木场火灾探测,及时性指标占有很重要的位置;在所有火灾探测方法中,复合式火灾探测方法是最佳火灾探测方法,其次为感烟探测法,再次为感温探测法和气体探测法。     

木材堆垛技术要点

木材贮存期间,采取科学合理的堆垛(归楞)保管措施,以保证木材质量,防止或减少降等、变质情况的发生。一、实楞1.完全实楞。原木紧密地堆放在楞腿上。优点是楞堆中原木间空隙小,干燥缓慢,适于原木湿存法;楞中原木径级不受限制;适于机械化作业,归楞方便。这种楞堆结构的缺点是人力编捆困难;楞头楞尾不放垫木时易散堆,作业不安全。2.垫木实楞。楞首和楞尾的每层原木间加垫木,楞堆中间部分密实堆放,不设垫木。楞首楞尾的高度一般是堆内原木长度的1.5倍。3.分层实楞。楞堆横向用垫木隔成若干层、每层间的高度等于3~5根原木的直径。二、捆楞1.平捆…     

关于测定原木楞堆密实系数新方法的探讨

贮木场的楞堆密实系数(充实系数)是设计和改建贮木场时必不可少的参数之一。它与贮木场的各个方面有着密切联系,这一系数的精确与否将会影响到贮木场的人机安全和经济效益。本文针对怎样才能在即节省大量人力、物力,又能获得大量所需数据,得到准确的,原木楞堆密实系数的新方法进行研究。提出了图片法,并对图片法进行了检验。为我国林区在新建、改建或扩建贮木场时提供了测定原木楞堆密实系数的新方法。     

苗木喷雾机风送系统优化设计及气流场试验

针对国内多风管苗木喷雾机风送距离短、机型体积与载重量大的问题,对苗木喷雾机风送系统中的多出口装置结构进行优化模拟和试验验证。设计了多排八出口、多排六出口和双排八出口3种多出口装置,采用模拟和试验相结合的方法,得出多出口装置型式对出口风速和风压的影响规律。结果表明:试验与模拟风速数据大致相似,3种装置出口风速试验值和模拟值的拟合优度分别为0.596 6,0.968 8,0.696 3,验证数值模拟方法的可行性;多排六出口装置出口风压最高,平均风压为662 Pa,各出口风压与风速变化趋势基本一致;多排六出口装置出口风速比八出口高,出口风速范围在29.52～34.85 m/s,各出口风速均匀性更好;在风机3 000 r/min转速下,风管出口风速在喷雾距离0～1.5 m范围内衰减较快,在5 m处风速衰减到1.5 m/s左右;在相同风管高度间隔时,风速边界随风管出口数量增多而增大,与出口风速无关;风送系统外流场在4 m距离内风场垂直面的雾滴沉积分布均匀性较好,5 m距离以上均匀性较差。综合考虑喷雾机整机尺寸和承载能力,多排六出口风送系统更合理,气流射程和雾滴沉积分布能满足5 m的作业要求。     

南方人工林地阴燃火温度变化特征研究

阴燃火具有隐蔽性强、持续时间长、目测难度大等特点,它不但能烧毁树根和地下微生物从而导致树木死亡,而且在一定条件下会复燃,进而引发更大森林火灾,对森林生态系统的破坏性极大,当前对其温度变化特征尚缺乏深入了解,其科学问题亟待解决。笔者以南京市栖霞区丁山的地表可燃物为研究对象,针对不同燃烧条件(可燃物类型、风速、可燃物含水量),开展野外调查实验、燃烧床火烧实验、模型模拟等,通过室内外实验和数据统计,分析地表可燃物的阴燃温度变化特征和转换为明火的临界温度及其温度变化过程。结果表明:枯立木燃烧的温度最高,阴燃最高值可以达到690℃,腐殖质阴燃产生的温度和持续性远高于其他可燃物类型,因此复燃的概率高于枯立木、枯枝落叶、鲜活植物等可燃物阴燃后复燃概率;森林可燃物阴燃温度上升速度随风速的增大而逐变快;地表可燃物阴燃下温度上升速度与可燃物含水量成反比,即含水量越大,森林可燃物阴燃温度上升速度越慢,当含水量超过42.3%,可燃物能够复燃的概率极低。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.