疑山郭公虫对纵坑切梢小蠹捕食作用研究

研究了疑山郭公虫对纵坑切梢小蠹成虫捕食量及对纵坑切梢小蠹繁殖过程和繁殖率的影响.在室温为22～24 ℃条件下,繁殖期疑山郭公虫平均每天可捕食纵坑切梢小蠹成虫0.61±0.043头.在实验室内,先将纵坑切梢小蠹引入云南松新鲜木段,7 d后再引入疑山郭公虫成虫.结果表明:疑山郭公虫成虫对纵坑切梢小蠹成虫的产卵过程形成干扰,从而导致后者繁殖率下降.疑山郭公虫幼虫可以捕食木段内纵坑切梢小蠹幼期各虫态,捕食率为8.3%.在野外,将疑山郭公虫成虫放到受到纵坑切梢小蠹危害的树干上,再用尼龙网将其包裹起来.研究结果表明,疑山郭公虫对树干内纵坑切梢小蠹幼期(幼虫和蛹)的捕食率大体为10.6%.疑山郭公虫对繁殖期纵坑切梢小蠹的影响主要包括捕食繁殖期纵坑切梢小蠹成虫、干扰纵坑切梢小蠹繁殖过程以及捕食纵坑切梢小蠹幼虫等.研究初步认为,疑山郭公虫对纵坑切梢小蠹种群增长具有明显控制作用.     

松纵坑切梢小蠹虫防治方法

松纵坑切梢小蠹属鞘翅目小蠹科切梢小蠹属．是一种钻蛀树干为害很严重的森林害虫。该虫主要发生在立地条件差、林地卫生条件不好或其它各种原因导致树木生长衰弱的林分。小蠹虫主要包括柏肤小蠹、纵坑切梢小蠹．柏肤小蠹为害侧柏、桧柏等;纵坑小蠹虫主为害油松、黑松等。     

应用聚集信息素监测与防治纵坑切梢小蠹效果初报

为了防控纵坑切梢小蠹对红松的危害,在抚松县林业局红松母树林利用人工合成信息化学物质———聚集信息素对纵坑切梢小蠹进行监测与防治,结果表明:利用聚集信息素诱捕器对纵坑切梢小蠹的诱捕数量比人工调查查获数量提高50倍以上,监测准确率可达到100%,持续防治4 a后的林间诱集量下降率为81.6%。纵坑切梢小蠹在抚松县的扬飞期从5月中旬开始,高峰期出现在6月中旬,至7月中旬扬飞量明显减少,至9月上旬扬飞期基本结束。     

化学药剂防治纵坑切梢小蠹试验

为有效控制纵坑切梢小蠹的危害,了解梢转梢、梢转干期化学药剂防治该虫效果,在白沙地做了化学药剂防治纵坑切梢小蠹药效试验.在施药剂量为15 kg/hm2条件下,纵坑切梢小蠹死亡率为:梢转梢期,灵秀1号14.81%、川宝47.13%、吡虫啉20%、护林神25.30%、对照9.23%;梢转干期,灵秀1号43.59%、川宝73.33%、吡虫啉47.25%、护林神56.82%、对照9.72%.     

楚雄市西山公园松小蠹综合法治理技术示范

<正>松小蠹是一种毁灭性蛀干害虫,有纵坑切梢小蠹(Tomicus pi- niperda Linnaeus)和横坑切梢小蠹(Tomicus minor Hartih)两种, 均属鞘翅目小蠹虫科切梢小蠹属。该虫在适生条件下,特别是在树势衰弱的云南松纯林条件下扩散蔓延最快,易造成大面积枯立木,导致大面积云南松林被毁灭,是威胁云南松林生长的最大     

纵坑切梢小蠹分子生物学研究进展

纵坑切梢小蠹是欧亚大陆的主要森林害虫之一。文章系统综述了目前国内外分子生物学技术。包括PCR扩增后电泳分析、PCR-RAPD、PCR—RFLP分析和DNA序列分析等技术在纵坑切梢小蠹研究中所取得的一些重大成果,重点介绍了纵坑切梢小蠹起源及与近缘种的遗传学关系等最新研究进展。     

纵坑切梢小蠹对加勒比松的为害

对纵坑切梢小蠹在白云山不同变种加勒比松的为害状况进行了初步调查，掌握了该虫为害松树的特征如：侵入孔部位、侵入孔直径、侵入孔道长度、为害梢直径、为害梢长度等，发现纵坑切梢小蠹对疏叶型本种加勒比松的春梢为害较严重。     

两种切梢小蠹生态学特性比较研究

纵坑切梢小蠹和横坑切梢小蠹是中国主要的森林蛀干害虫。在云南,两虫经常在云南松等松类树种上共同危害,造成重大生态和经济损失。这两种小蠹的种群结构因地区而异,其性比、成虫在枝梢上聚集危害的时间及其在树冠上的空间分布规律基本相同,但在树干上的空间分布规律有很大差异。通过研究并比较这两种小蠹的种群结构、性比、季节分布及空间分布等生态学特性差异,对防治有重要意义。     

纵坑切梢小蠹的研究进展

纵坑切梢小蠹Tomicus piniperda(L.)是一种严重危害松属植物（Pinus)的钻蛀性害虫。它具有隐蔽性强、破坏性大的特点，本文着重总结了近年来国内外在纵坑切梢小蠹的生物学、生态学和综合治疗方面的研究进展，并提出了目前值得继续研究的问题。     

松纵坑切梢小蠹和横坑切梢小蠹在云南松蠹害木上的分布

经对36株蠹害木作解析,发现纵坑、横坑切梢小蠹虫在云南松蠹害木上的虫种分布、虫口密度,因危害程度——枯萎木、濒死木和树木部位不同而异。林内衰弱的松树先受纵坑切梢小蠹的侵害,导致松树成片枯死主要是后来侵害的横坑切梢小蠹虫。     

纵坑切梢小蠹的危险性分析

纵坑切梢小蠹Tomicus piniperda Linn。是我国近年来严重危害松属植物的害虫这一，尤其在云南省造成大面积云南松枯死，危害相当严重。根据其寄主林木的经济价值、危害的严重程度及进一步传播蔓延的可能性等，对其危险性进行了分析与评估。结果表明，纵坑切梢小蠹在我国南方地区属于中度危险的森林有害生物。     

Breeding efficiency in Tomicus piniperda and shoot damage after late autumn thinning of young Pinus sylvestris stands

The breeding of the pine shoot beetle (Tomicus piniperda) after thinning of young Scots pine stands in late autumn, and subsequent shoot damage, were studied in southern, central and northern Finland during three successive years (1977–79). No distinct increase in the attack density or beetle population was observed on the felled trees during the study period. Shoot damage on the standing trees remained low, and was not considered to have any marked negative effect on tree growth or further development of the pine stand. No noticeable difference was found between the different parts of the country. The economic importance of beetle damage resulting from late autumn thinnings was estimated to be low.     

云南切梢小蠹的室内饲养及隐蔽期生活习性的观察方法

云南切梢小蠹(Tomicus yunnanensis Kirkendall and Faccoli)是云南松(Pinus yunnanensis Franchet)的主要害虫之一[1],该虫于20世纪80年代首次在滇中地区大面积危害,以后蔓延至云南省15个州(市)65个县,迄今已导致6万多公顷云南松林死亡[2-5].2008年以前,该虫曾经长期被认为是纵坑切梢小蠹(Tomicus piniperda L.)[1].与大多数小蠹相似,云南切梢小蠹钻蛀在树皮与边材之间,终生潜伏生活,只有新成虫羽化后的短暂时间飞离树身,在林中活动、觅食、交配,另筑坑道入侵新寄主[6-7].     

Susceptibility of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa (Dougl. ex Laws.), to mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins,attack in uneven-aged stands in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming USA

Mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins can cause extensive tree mortality in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws., forests in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming. Most studies that have examined stand susceptibility to mountain pine beetle have been conducted in even-aged stands. Land managers increasingly practice uneven-aged management. We established 84 clusters of four plots, one where bark beetle-caused mortality was present and three uninfested plots. For all plot trees we recorded species, tree diameter, and crown position and for ponderosa pine whether they were killed or infested by mountain pine beetle. Elevation, slope, and aspect were also recorded. We used classification trees to model the likelihood of bark beetle attack based on plot and site variables. The probability of individual tree attack within the infested plots was estimated using logistic regression. Basal area of ponderosa pine in trees ≥25.4 cm in diameter at breast height (dbh) and ponderosa pine stand density index were correlated with mountain pine beetle attack. Regression trees and linear regression indicated that the amount of observed tree mortality was associated with initial ponderosa pine basal area and ponderosa pine stand density index. Infested stands had higher total and ponderosa pine basal area, total and ponderosa pine stand density index, and ponderosa pine basal area in trees ≥25.4 cm dbh. The probability of individual tree attack within infested plots was positively correlated with tree diameter with ponderosa pine stand density index modifying the relationship. A tree of a given size was more likely to be attacked in a denser stand. We conclude that stands with higher ponderosa pine basal area in trees >25.4 cm and ponderosa pine stand density index are correlated with an increased likelihood of mountain pine beetle bark beetle attack. Information form this study will help forest managers in the identification of uneven-aged stands with a higher likelihood of bark beetle attack and expected levels of tree mortality.     

Bark Beetle Demography in a Jeffrey Pine Stand as Influenced by Mechanized Thinning and Prescribed Fire

Forest thinnings implemented with cut-to-length and whole-tree harvesting systems followed by underburning were evaluated for their effects on bark beetle prevalence in pure, uneven-aged Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.) interspersed with isolated California white fir (Abies concolor var. lowiana [Gord.] Lemm.). Based on pitch tube counts in a stand with a moderate bark beetle population in its pine component, the Jeffrey pine beetle (Dendroctonus jeffreyi Hopkins) generally preferred larger trees before treatment implementation, but after exhibiting mixed pretreatment tendencies concerning stand density demonstrated a posttreatment proclivity toward higher density. Cut-to-length thinning followed by underburning increased the pine beetle population while whole-tree thinning unaccompanied by burning reduced it. Tree mortality was induced by the bark beetle infestation but was not its sole cause. Pitch tube abundance on white fir far exceeded that on Jeffrey pine, and the greatest influence on the fir engraver (Scolytus ventralis LeConte) population was the prevalence of its host tree. The responses presented herein to these thinning and burning practices, which are being increasingly utilized in forest restoration efforts in the western USA, provide natural resource managers insight into potential forest health outcomes when implemented in Jeffrey pine and similar dry site forest types.     

Response of bark beetles and their natural enemies to fire and fire surrogate treatments in mixed-conifer forests in western Montana

Four treatments (control, burn-only, thin-only, and thin-and-burn) were evaluated for their effects on bark beetle-caused mortality in both the short-term (one to four years) and the long-term (seven years) in mixed-conifer forests in western Montana, USA. In addition to assessing bark beetle responses to these treatments, we also measured natural enemy landing rates and resin flow of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) the season fire treatments were implemented. All bark beetles were present at low population levels (non-outbreak) for the duration of the study. Post-treatment mortality of trees due to bark beetles was lowest in the thin-only and control units and highest in the units receiving burns. Three tree-killing bark beetle species responded positively to fire treatments: Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae), pine engraver (Ips pini), and western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis). Red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens) responded positively to fire treatments, but never caused mortality. Three fire damage variables tested (height of crown scorch, percent circumference of the tree bole scorched, or degree of ground char) were significant factors in predicting beetle attack on trees. Douglas-fir beetle and pine engraver responded rapidly to increased availability of resources (fire-damaged trees); however, successful attacks dropped rapidly once these resources were depleted. Movement to green trees by pine engraver was not observed in plots receiving fire treatments, or in thinned plots where slash supported substantial reproduction by this beetle. The fourth tree-killing beetle present at the site, the mountain pine beetle, did not exhibit responses to any treatment. Natural enemies generally arrived at trees the same time as host bark beetles. However, the landing rates of only one, Medetera spp., was affected by treatment. This predator responded positively to thinning treatments. This insect was present in very high numbers indicating a regulatory effect on beetles, at least in the short-term, in thinned stands. Resin flow decreased from June to August. However, resin flow was significantly higher in trees in August than in June in fire treatments. Increased flow in burned trees later in the season did not affect beetle attack success. Overall, responses by beetles to treatments were short-term and limited to fire-damaged trees. Expansions into green trees did not occur. This lack of spread was likely due to a combination of high tree vigor in residual stands and low background populations of bark beetles.     

Influence of ozone and nitrogen deposition on bark beetle activity under drought conditions

Four years of severe drought from 1999 through 2003 led to unprecedented bark beetle activity in ponderosa and Jeffrey pine in the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains of southern California. Pines in the San Bernardino Mountains also were heavily impacted by ozone and nitrogenous pollutants originating from urban and agricultural areas in the Los Angeles basin. We studied bark beetle activity and bark beetle associated tree mortality in pines at two drought-impacted sites in the San Bernardino Mountains, one receiving high levels of atmospheric pollutants, and one with more moderate atmospheric input. We also investigated the effects of nitrogen addition treatments of 0, 50 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ at each site. Tree mortality and beetle activity were significantly higher at the high pollution site. Differences in beetle activity between sites were significantly associated with ozone injury to pines, while differences in tree mortality between sites were significantly associated with both ozone injury and fertilization level. Tree mortality was 9% higher and beetle activity 50% higher for unfertilized trees at the high pollution site compared to the low pollution site. Tree mortality increased 8% and beetle activity increased 20% under the highest rates of nitrogen additions at the low pollution site. The strong response in beetle activity to nitrogen additions at the low pollution site suggests that atmospheric nitrogen deposition increased tree susceptibility to beetle attack at the high deposition site. While drought conditions throughout the region were a major factor in decreased tree resistance, it appears that both ozone exposure and atmospheric nitrogen deposition further increased pine susceptibility to beetle attack.     

Risk rating for mountain pine beetle infestation of lodgepole pine forests over large areas with ordinal regression modelling

The mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins is endemic to lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann, forests in western Canada. However, the current beetle epidemic in this area highlights the challenges faced by forest managers tasked with prioritizing stands for mitigation activities such as salvage harvesting and direct control methods. In western Canada, the operational risk rating system for mountain pine beetle is based on biological knowledge gained from a rich legacy of stand-scale field studies. Due to the large spatial (millions of hectares affected) and temporal (over 10 years) extents of the current epidemic, new research into large-area mountain pine beetle processes has revealed further insights into the landscape-scale characteristics of beetle infested forests. In this paper, we evaluated the potential for this new knowledge to augment an established system for rating the short-term risk of tree mortality in a stand due to mountain pine beetle. New variables explored for utility in risk rating include direct shortwave radiation, site index, diameter at breast height, the temporal trends in local beetle populations, Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification and beetle–host interaction variables. Proportional odds ordinal regression was used to develop a model for the Vanderhoof Forest District in west-central British Columbia. Prediction on independent data was assessed with the area under the receiver operator curve (AUC), indicating good discriminatory power (AUC = 0.84) for predicting levels of mountain pine beetle-caused pine mortality.     

人工剪梢防治微红梢斑螟对松树生长的影响评价

为了评价人工剪梢防治微红梢斑螟对松树生长的影响,分别在当年5月份和7月份对微红梢斑螟危害过的马尾松、湿地松幼林实施人工剪梢防治微红梢斑螟幼虫.结果表明:人工剪梢防治微红梢斑螟对松树生长的影响与剪梢时间和树种有关.人工剪梢防治对马尾松、湿地松地径生长均有一定的促进作用,其中5月份剪梢的马尾松地径增长最明显,达14.87%...