对山东玉米育种理念的思考

育种理念是育种中的重要因素,对其不同理解是用同一材料选育出不同品种的重要原因之一。与国外育种水平的差距不断引发育种理念的思考,加深理解育种理念将推动玉米育种的进步。根据目前状况,对山东省的玉米育种资源、育种技术方法、育种目标进行了论述,并对今后山东玉米育种策略进行了思考。     

我国水稻常规育种居世界领先地位的形成与展望

阐述了我国水稻常规育种的发展历程。从水稻矮化育种产生的影响，水稻杂种优势利用对水稻育种产生革命性变化，水稻超高产育种是“矮化育种”、“理想株形育种”、“杂优育种”的必然产物等几方面分析了我国水稻常规育种革命化进程。并对未来我国水稻育种工作进行了展望。     

从市场推广探讨玉米杂交种选育及种业产业化

分析了现阶段玉米育种的一些状况,普通玉米育种仍占育种的主体地位。总结了近些年育种者对普通玉米育种关注的问题,以及现阶段的市场推广对育种目标的要求,玉米育种目标应该同市场需求紧密相联系,论述了玉米种业产业化方面的问题。     

作物航天育种研究进展

从作物航天育种的意义、我国作物航天育种的研究历程、作物航天育种的主要成就、航天育种在油菜改良中的应用等方面,对航天育种研究进展进行了阐述,并对加速作物航天育种提出了几点建议。     

玉米商业化育种选育目标的探讨

根据目前许多育种工作者对商业化育种的理解,提出了商业化育种概念,同时结合玉米育种实际,提出进行玉米商业化育种要达到的目标以及宜采用的育种方法。     

水稻超高产育种的现状与展望

简要回顾了水稻超高产育种的背景及水稻育种发展的概况,对水稻超高产育种理论研究与育种实践的发展历史、现状及发展趋势进行了综合评述,并对目前各种水稻超高产育种理论的提出依据、育种手段方法和所需要达到的目标等方面进行了总结和分析,认为种质资源的创新是水稻超高产育种的物质基础,解决广适性是当前超级稻育种应重点解决的问题,并对超级稻发展中存在的问题进行了讨论。     

茶树抗性育种研究进展

本文主要从茶树抗寒性育种、抗旱性育种、抗病虫性育种等3个方面对茶树抗性育种研究进展进行了阐述,并对茶树抗性育种研究进行展望。     

作物分子育种应与常规育种紧密结合

在阐述了常规育种(选择育种、杂交育种、杂种优势育种、诱变育种等)和分子育种(基因工程育种、分子标记辅助育种、品种分子设计)的概念、内容及其应用、各自的优势与不足及两者的作用和地位之后,概括了常规育种的成就和分子育种的进展,并对两者的联系和结合以及应用前景进行了展望.     

育种与种子功能研究室

育种与种子功能研究室现设以下11个研究岗位:种质资源评价、创新与利用,分子育种,东北特早熟育种,东北早熟育种,东北中、晚熟育种,黄淮海中、北部地区育种,黄淮海南部地区育种,长江中下游地区育种,热带、亚热带地区育种,菜用和特用育种,种子生产。该研究室开展大豆遗传育种理论技术研究和材料创制,培育适宜在我国不同生态区种植的高产、优质、广适应性大豆新品种,满足大豆产业发展对品种的需求。     

吉林省超级稻育种研究现状与展望

通过对超级稻育种兴起和吉林省超级稻育种现状的阐述,进而明确超级稻育种研究对我国粮食安全生产的重大意义,最终确定吉林省超级稻育种方向、目标、研究重点和采取的技术路线。     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.