低温胁迫对杂交稻及其亲本幼苗内源活性氧清除剂的影响

试验以４个杂交稻组合及其亲本幼苗为材料，在低温（２℃）胁迫下测定超氧物歧化酶（ ＳＯＤ）、过氧化物酶（ ＰＯＸ）活性，还原型谷胱甘肽（ ＧＳＨ）、抗坏血酸（ ＡＳＡ）含量以及脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（ ＭＤＡ）的变化。结果表明，低温使生物自由基清除剂相对含量（或活性）明显下降，ＭＤＡ相对含量随ＳＯＤ活性下降而增高，相关系数为－０．９１－０．９７。分离得到３条ＳＯＤ同工酶谱，迁移率（ Ｒｆ）分别为０．７６、 ０．６３和０．３６。认为生物自由基清除剂的活性和含量水平与杂交水稻的耐寒性有关。     

野生油菜种子氮磷含量及其超氧化物歧化酶活性初探

１８１份野生油菜种子的全氮全磷含量和超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性及其同工酶的测定结果表明；野生油菜种子粗蛋白含量变相为２５．１１％—３７．６７％，平均含量为３１．２６％；全磷含量变幅为０．２３％—０．５７％，平均含量为０．３９５％。野生油菜种子ＳＯＤ活性变幅为１６０７．５—１８０５．５酶单位／克干重，平均为１７０６．１。萌发过程中野生油菜ＳＯＤ活性的变化大于栽培油菜品种，ＳＯＤ同工酶谱带多１—２条。     

含ipt融合基因的根癌农杆菌转化大豆萌动种胚的研究：Ⅰ苗期子叶的…

本实验以大豆萌动种胚为受体，用含用３５Ｓ启动子－Ｇｕｓ基因－ｉｐｔ基因－Ｎｏｓ基因的融合基因根癌农杆菌ＬＢＡ４４０４进行转化。通过对转化及对照植株苗期子叶过氧化物酶同工酶及酯酶同工酶分析，结果表明酶谱有明显差异，过氧化物酶同工酶有两条差异带：Ｒｆ０．５０９及Ｒｆ０．７１２；酯酶同工酶有一条差异带：Ｒｆ０．５３１。综合分析，上述三条差异带都显示的转化植株占所分析的转化植株的１４．４％。此法可作为转基     

花生条纹病毒侵染对花生叶片内过氧化物酶活性及其同工酶的影响

研究表明，花生健康植株苗期叶片内的过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）相当稳定；接种条纹病毒后ＰＯＤ活性显著提高，两周内出现两个酶活性高峰，第一个酶活性高峰主要是由接种时造成的机械损伤所致；而第二个酶活性高峰与ＰＳｔＶ的侵染直接有关。第二个酶活性高峰出现的同时，ＰＯＤ同工酶谱发生了明显变化，原有的１条迁移率为０．３８的谱带变弱消失，而出现了４条清晰的新带     

铝对茶树等植物超氧化物歧化酶的影响

研究了不同物种耐铝力差异与超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活力的关系。结果表明，在非胁迫条件下，随着大麦、小麦种子初生根的伸长，ＳＯＤ活力逐渐下降；不同物种原初ＳＯＤ活力高低与其耐铝力相一致，即茶＞小麦＞大麦。在Ａｌ处理６～１８ｈ内，ＳＯＤ活力在Ａｌ＜０．２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ浓度范围内呈先升后降趋势。同功酶电泳结果表明，茶树根系ＳＯＤ比大麦和小麦多两条迁移率（Ｒｆ）小的同功酶谱带。     

盐胁迫下大豆初生叶愈伤组织SOD活性及其同工酶变化的研究

以大豆初生叶愈伤组织作为材料,分别于含０％,０．４％,０．８％,１．２５,１．６％ＮａＣｌ浓度的培养基中进行２４,４８,７２小时短时间培养和１６,２０,２４天长时间培养,研究了不同盐度及不同培养时间内ＳＯＤ活性及其同工酶的变化。结果表明;短时间培养时,随着盐度的升高和时间的延长,ＳＯＤ活性增强;长时间培养时,盐浓度越高,胁迫时间越长,ＳＯＤ活性越低,其同工酶也表现出规律性的变化。     

大豆属生物学研究：III.亚属间,种间超氧物歧化酶谱型分析

本试验通过对大豆属Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅ亚属８个种２３份材料和Ｓｏｊａ亚属１份野生材料，１份栽培材料的超氧物坡化酶谱型的分析，发现；１，供试材料中共出现１６条ＳＯＤ谱带。２．染色体组型与ＳＯＤ谱型有一定的关系，染色体组型相近的材料的ＳＯＤ谱型相似。３．一年生野生大豆（Ｇ．Ｓｏｊａ）与多年生野生大豆种Ｇ．ｔａｂａｃｉｎａ（２ｎ＝８０），Ｇ．ｌｏｍｅｎｔｅｌｌａ（２ｎ＝７８）的ＳＯＤ谱型比较接近，可供大豆属进     

含ipt融合基因的根癌农杆菌转化大豆萌动种胚的研究─Ⅰ苗期子叶的同工酶分析

本实验以大豆萌动种胚为受体，用含有３５Ｓ启动子—Ｇｕｓ基因—ｉｐｔ基因—Ｎｏｓ基因的融合基因根癌农杆菌ＬＢＡ４４０４进行转化。通过对转化及对照植株苗期子叶的过氧化物酶同工酶及酯酶同工酶分析，结果表明酶谱有明显差异，过氧化物酶同工酶有两条差异带：Ｒｆ０．５０９及Ｒｆ０．７１２；酯酶同工酶有一条差异带：Ｒｆ０．５３１。综合分析，上述三条差异带都显示的转化植株占所分析的转化植株的１４．４％。此法可作为转基因植株早期筛选的方法之一。     

美国大豆育种研究新进展

美国大豆育种研究新进展邱丽娟（中国农科院作物品种资源研究所）ＮＥＷＡＤＶＡＮＣＥＳＩＮＴＨＥＳＴＵＤＲＳＯＹＢＥＡＮＢＲＥＥＤＩＮＧＯＦＵ．Ｓ．Ａ．￥ＱｕＬｉｊｕａｎ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＣｒｏｐＧｅｒｍｐｌａｓｍＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ，Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ...     

花生种子SOD活性及热稳定性研究

８个花生品种ＳＯＤ活性及热稳定性研究的结果表明：花生种子ＳＯＤ活性高,每克鲜重含９００～１６００单位之间。在几个品种中,普通型（沭阳大站秧和沛县大拖秧）ＳＯＤ活性最高,平均为１５７６．８Ｕ／ｇＦＷ;珍珠豆型（赣榆小站秧和太仓拨藤）ＳＯＤ活性较低,平均为９５４．５Ｕ／ｇＦＷ。８个花生品种ＳＯＤ同工酶谱相同,均为６条Ｃｕ·Ｚｎ－ＳＯＤ带和１条Ｍｎ－ＳＯＤ带。其中Ｍｎ－ＳＯＤ以徐州６８—４活性最高,为２１９．７Ｕ／ｇＦＷ,其它几个品种Ｍｎ－ＳＯＤ活性在５６～１００Ｕ／ｇＦＷ。８个花生品种的ＳＯＤ都具有较高的热稳定性,在９０℃保温１０ｍｉｎ仍保留了２２％～４１％的活性,其中Ｍｎ－ＳＯＤ热稳定性高于Ｃｕ·Ｚｎ－ＳＯＤ。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.