Diverse psychotomimetics act through a common signaling pathway

Three distinct classes of drugs: dopaminergic agonists (such as D-amphetamine), serotonergic agonists (such as LSD), and glutamatergic antagonists (such as PCP) all induce psychotomimetic states in experimental animals that closely resemble schizophrenia symptoms in humans. Here we implicate a common signaling pathway in mediating these effects. In this pathway, dopamine- and an adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-regulated phospho-protein of 32 kilodaltons (DARPP-32) is phosphorylated or dephosphorylated at three sites, in a pattern predicted to cause a synergistic inhibition of protein phosphatase-1 and concomitant regulation of its downstream effector proteins glycogen synthesis kinase-3 (GSK-3), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and c-Fos. In mice with a genetic deletion of DARPP-32 or with point mutations in phosphorylation sites of DARPP-32, the effects of D-amphetamine, LSD, and PCP on two behavioral parameters-sensorimotor gating and repetitive movements-were strongly attenuated.     

Mating behavior: facilitation in the female rat after cortical application of potassium chloride

Mating behavior in ovariectomized female rats treated with estrogen can be greatly enhanced by subcutaneous injections of progesterone. Application of potassium chloride to the cortex of females previously treated with estrogen can also induce greatly increased sexual receptivity as indicated by the lordosis response. This facilitation of mating behavior by a treatment known to cause functional decortication suggests that mechanisms mediating female mating behavior are under tonic inhibition by an inhibitory system which involves the cerebral cortex.     

甘蔗开花生物学特性及花粉活力研究

在温室内观察甘蔗开花动态,用TTC法测定甘蔗花粉活力,联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定柱头可授性。结果表明:花穗上小蠡花开放顺序,一般是自上而下,由外至内;ROC22和科五花粉活力于开花第1天达到80%以上,第2天有小幅度上升,之后迅速降低,第7天仅采到少许花粉,但活力仍在32%左右。甘蔗雌蕊柱头开花前1天具有可授性,自交授粉后的1~2 d内保持强可授性,之后柱头迅速变黑枯萎;未授粉柱头花开后的9 d内一直保持靓丽的艳红色,具强可授性。柱头可授性的最佳时期为开花后第1~9天,甘蔗的最佳授粉期为母本开花2 d后再授以父本花粉,4 d内即可完成杂交过程。     

17β-Estradiol Regulates Cultured Immature Boar Sertoli Cell Proliferation via the cAMP-ERK1/2 Pathway and the Estrogen Receptor β

Estrogen plays an important role in regulating Sertoli cell number in the testis. The objective of the study was to identify whether 17β-estradiol affected the proliferation of cultured, immature boar Sertoli cells via the estrogen receptor β （ERβ） and the cAMP-extracellular signal-regulated kinase （ERK1/2） pathway. Low levels （10-10-10-8 mol L-1） of 17β-estradiol increased cell number, but high levels （10-7-10-6 mol L-1） decreased it （P〈0.05）. Sertoli cell number began to recover for an additional 24 h in the medium without 17β-estradiol （10-6 mol L-l） （P〉0.05）. The effects of 17β-estradiol （10-9 mol L-1） peaked at the first 24 h （P〈0.05）. 17β-estradiol activated ERK1/2 from 5 min to 24 h, but the activiy of ERK1/2 began to decrease after 4 h. Both PD98059 and U0126, two ERK inhibitors, blocked cell division （P〈0.05）. 17β-estradiol （10-10-10-6 mol L-1） dose-dependently increased cAMP production （P 〈 0.05）, and both 17β-estradiol （10-9 mol L-1） and forskolin, which increases cAMP levels, induced cell proliferation and activated ERK1/2 （P〈 0.05）. Rp-cAMP, an antagonist of cAMP, blocked this 17β-estradiol activity （P〈 0.05）. Two estrogen receptor antagonists, ICI 182780 and ERβ antagonist （ERβAnt）, reduced Sertoli cell number, cAMP production and ERK1/2 activation （P〈 0.05）, but ERaAnt did not （P〉 0.05）. Therefore, 17β- estradiol mainly promotes pig Sertoli cell proliferation via ERβ to induce cAMP production and ERK activation to promote cell proliferation.     

小鼠子宫内膜雌激素受体表达规律的研究

为探讨雌激素对子宫内膜容受性的影响,实现主动干预子宫内膜容受性、提高体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)的成功率,本研究利用免疫组化法检测了雌激素受体在小鼠发情周期子宫内膜中的表达规律.结果显示,自然发情受孕组、自然发情假孕组(对照组)和超数排卵组小鼠在见栓后第2天,子宫内膜上雌激素受体(ER)表达量3组之间差异不显著(P＞0.05);之后的第4、6、8天,超数排卵组雌激素受体表达量显著高于其他2组(P＜0.05);自然发情受孕组小鼠子宫内膜中ER的表达在第4、6天时显著高于自然发情假孕组(P＜0.05),在第8天时,自然发情受孕组小鼠子宫内膜中的ER阳性率与自然发情假孕组差异不显著(P＞0.05).与自然发情受孕组相比,自然发情假孕组和超数排卵组小鼠子宫内膜容受性下降,窗口期开放延迟,而自然发情假孕组和超数排卵组差异不明显(P＞0.05).以上结果表明,雌激素通过ER对小鼠胚胎着床及窗口期子宫内膜容受性变化具有调节作用.     

蓖麻油致小鼠生殖损伤作用研究

采用蓖麻油灌胃后,对小鼠动情周期、雌二醇(E2)、孕酮(P)等性激素水平以及蓖麻油引起的未怀孕体质健壮小鼠的卵巢、输卵管和子宫结构的变化进行研究,探讨了蓖麻油对雌性小鼠的生殖毒性作用机理。结果表明,高于40mg/(kg.d)浓度处理组的小鼠动情期缩短,动情间期延长且不规则。蓖麻油使小鼠血清中的孕酮水平有一定的升高,但对雌二醇水平无明显影响。蓖麻油引起的子宫膨大与正常对照未孕雌鼠子宫相比,其内腔扩大,子宫壁明显变薄;肌肉层比对照组薄,肌纤维排列疏松、紊乱;子宫基质层较薄,其内腺体减少;黏膜上皮增厚。所以,蓖麻油致雌鼠生育能力的降低,可能是通过多个作用靶点进行的。     

小菜蛾三个普通气味受体基因的克隆及表达谱

【目的】克隆小菜蛾（Plutella xylostella）触角中3个气味受体基因,明确这3个气味受体在不同组织中的表达分布,进而推测这3个基因的功能,为进一步深入研究奠定基础。【方法】通过新一代高通量测序技术对小菜蛾成虫触角进行转录组测序,获得小菜蛾的转录组数据信息,通过对高质量序列的拼接组装、基因鉴定和功能注释,并通过Blastx基于数据库进行相似性比对分析,预测小菜蛾的气味受体候选基因;设计引物通过克隆得到3条普通气味受体基因的全长序列,并利用半定量RT-PCR研究其在雌、雄成虫9个不同组织中的表达。【结果】根据预测的基因序列,设计特异引物,克隆得到3条普通气味受体基因的全长序列,分别命名为PxylOR16、PxylOR17和PxylOR18（GenBank登录号分别为KF717601-KF717603）。PxylOR16开放阅读框全长为1 218 bp,编码406个氨基酸;PxylOR17开放阅读框全长为1 200 bp,编码400个氨基酸;PxylOR18开放阅读框全长为 1 191 bp,编码397个氨基酸。选择已报道的鳞翅目昆虫家蚕（Bombyx mori）、烟芽夜蛾（Heliothis virescens）和棉铃虫（Helicoverpa armigera）的气味受体,以及已报道的小菜蛾的6条性信息素受体与1条非典型气味受体与本实验克隆得到的3个气味受体进行序列比对和进化树分析,结果显示这3个气味受体基因与非典型气味受体和性信息素受体同源性低,而与其他的普通气味受体聚类在一起,且PxylOR16、PxylOR17和PxylOR18彼此同源性较低。半定量的结果显示,3个普通气味受体基因均在触角中表达量最大,在其他嗅觉感器,如喙、下唇须和头部中也有一定量的表达,雌、雄间无显著差异。另外,PxylOR17在雌蛾生殖器中,PxylOR18在雌蛾腹中也有一定表达。但3种气味受体基因在雌、雄蛾的胸、足和翅等组织中均不表达。【结论】鉴定和克隆了3个小菜蛾气味受体基因,明确这些气味受体基因在小菜蛾不同组织中的表达水平,通过进化树分析、序列比对和组织表达谱分析确定PxylOR16、PxylOR17和PxylOR18为3条普通气味受体,且在功能上高度分化。根据半定量RT-PCR的结果,推测这3个基因可能参与了普通气味分子的识别过程,此外PxylOR17和PxylOR18还可能参与了信息素的产生和释放过程。     

新疆高葶韭雌蕊形态特征与柱头可授性研究

[目的]分析国内仅分布于新疆的野生蔬菜高葶韭的雌蕊形态变化特征与柱头可授性发生规律,为高葶韭的引种驯化及杂交育种提供理论依据.[方法]田间定株观察高葶韭雌蕊形态变化和开花动态,并分7个时期分别采用联苯胺-过氧化氢法及四甲基偶氮唑法检测柱头的可授性.[结果]高葶韭子房每心室具2枚胚珠,基部有3个具帘的蜜穴.在6枚花药散粉花丝萎蔫时花柱和柱头伸长,空间位置高于花药.单花花被片恰好完全闭合时柱头可授性最强.[结论]高葶韭为两性花、可育,单花花药散粉后柱头具有可授性直至花被片闭合、柱头萎蔫.联苯胺-过氧化氢法及四甲基偶氮唑法均可以在田间快速检测柱头育性.花器官存在空间位置的差异和开放的不同步性,雌蕊晚于雄蕊成熟,花柱在单花开放过程中有明显地伸长生长至外露,高葶韭具有为了保障异交成功的雌蕊特征.     

黑杨花粉活力和柱头可授性研究

[目的]测定黑杨的花粉活力和柱头可授性,为黑杨派树种有性繁殖的研究提供参考。[方法]以黑杨派树种钻天杨、欧美杨109、山海关杨雄株为材料,采用离体萌发法测定花粉活力。采用联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定山海关杨、欧美杨108雌株柱头的可授性。[结果]在温室水培条件下,黑杨派树种雄花的散粉期为0.5～2.0d,其中钻天杨的较长,为27h;山海关杨的散粉期最短,仅有6h。花粉活力以欧美杨109的最强,为23.4%～30.9%;山海关杨的活力为11.3%～17.3%。黑杨派树种雌花可授期为3～4d,其中山海关杨花期较长,为4d;欧美杨108的为3d。黑杨雌花的柱头从开花到萎蔫一直保持可授性,其中山海关杨在第3天可授性最强,欧美杨108在第2～3天可授性最强。山海关杨的柱头可授性最强时,张开的角度为150°～180°,欧美杨108整个花期柱头形态未有大的变化。[结论]不同黑杨派树种间在花粉活力和柱头可授性方面都表现出较大的差异。     

A NOTE ON SERUM CHOLINESTERASE VARIABILITY IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS

(1) The serum cholinesterase activity of mature female rats is three to five times as great as that found in mature male rats. Mice sera exhibit similar sexual variations in activity, but to a lesser degree. (2) Immature female rats and probably senile female rats possess a low serum cholinesterase activity, in the same range as that of the mature male rats.     

In vivo receptor-mediated phosphorylation of a G protein in Dictyostelium

Extracellular adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) serves multiple roles in Dictyostelium development, acting as a chemoattractant, a cell-cell signaling molecule, and an inducer of differentiation. The Dictyostelium G-protein alpha subunit G alpha 2 appears to be the major transducer linking the surface cAMP receptor to these intracellular responses. On stimulation of cells with cAMP, G alpha 2 is phosphorylated on one or more serine residues, resulting in an alteration of its electrophoretic mobility. Phosphorylation of G alpha 2 is triggered by increased occupancy of the surface cAMP receptor and is rapid and transient, coinciding with the time course of activation of physiological responses.     

Sexual pheromone in some fishes of the genus Hypsoblennius gill

A pheromone found in the males of some species of Hypsoblennius apparently facilitates male courtship by releasing sexual appetitive behavior and by increasing sexual receptivity.     

Signal transduction through the EGF receptor transfected in IL-3-dependent hematopoietic cells

An expression vector for the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor was introduced into the 32D myeloid cell line, which is devoid of EGF receptors and absolutely dependent on interleukin-3 (IL-3) for its proliferation and survival. Expression of the EGF receptor conferred the ability to utilize EGF for transduction of a mitogenic signal. When the transfected cells were propagated in EGF, they exhibited a more mature myeloid phenotype than was observed under conditions of IL-3-directed growth. Moreover, exposure to EGF led to a rapid stimulation of phosphoinositide metabolism, while IL-3 had no detectable effect on phosphoinositide turnover either in control or EGF receptor-transfected 32D cells. Although the transfected cells exhibited high levels of functional EGF receptors, they remained nontumorigenic. In contrast, transfection of v-erbB, an amino-terminal truncated form of the EGF receptor with constitutive tyrosine kinase activity, not only abrogated the IL-3 growth factor requirement of 32D cells, but caused them to become tumorigenic in nude mice. These results show that a na?ve hematopoietic cell expresses all of the intracellular components of the EGF-signaling pathway necessary to evoke a mitogenic response and sustain continuous proliferation.     

应用PCR方法调查实验大小鼠螺杆菌感染情况

通过聚合酶链反应(PCR)对上海地区实验大鼠、小鼠的螺杆菌携带情况进行调查,并用5种啮齿动物螺杆菌特异性16SrRNA基因引物对螺杆菌属阳性样品进一步鉴定,为我国实验动物微生物等级及监测标准的制定提供参考依据。结果表明:实验大鼠阳性率为70.3%(71/101),其中清洁级、SPF级分别为69.6%(48/69)和71.9%(23/32);实验小鼠阳性率为35.8%(126/352),其中清洁级、SPF级阳性率分别为51.5%(52/101)和29.5%(74/251)。5种啮齿动物螺杆菌特异性16SrRNA基因引物进一步分析,结果显示在携带螺杆菌的107只小鼠及68只大鼠中,主要携带的是H.rodentium、H.hepaticus和H.bilis 3种。上海地区实验大、小鼠皆存在不同程度的螺杆菌感染,PCR法可用于实验大小鼠螺杆菌感染状况的初步调查和流行病学监测。     

牛蒡子与牛蒡子苷对小鼠骨骼肌cAMP及其磷酸二酯酶活性和生长性能的影响

 【目的】观察中药牛蒡子及其主要成分牛蒡子苷对小鼠骨骼肌cAMP磷酸二酯酶(cAMP PDE)活性和cAMP含量、血浆cAMP含量与生长性能的影响,探讨促进动物生长的作用及机理。【方法】断奶ICR小鼠分别灌服不同剂量的牛蒡子煎剂：1.00、0.50、0.25 g/只,牛蒡子苷溶液：1.50、0.75、0.38 mg/只和阳性对照茶碱溶液：0.75、0.38、0.19 mg/只。记录体重和采食量,采用HPLC和ELISA法分别测定骨骼肌组织cAMP PDE活性和血浆cAMP含量。【结果】1.00 g和0.50 g的牛蒡子煎剂和3个剂量的牛蒡子苷显著或极显著降低采食量;除0.38 mg的牛蒡子苷外,各剂量给药组都显著或极显著促进增重;各剂量的牛蒡子、牛蒡子苷和茶碱都极显著提高饲料转化率(P＜0.05,P＜0.01,或P＜0.001)。各剂量的牛蒡子、牛蒡子苷和茶碱都显著或极显著抑制cAMP PDE活性;除1.5 mg的牛蒡子苷外,都显著或极显著提高骨骼肌组织cAMP含量,除0.75 mg茶碱外,都显著或极显著提高血浆cAMP含量(P＜0.05,P＜0.01,或P＜0.001)。骨骼肌cAMP含量与cAMP PDE活性呈极显著负相关,r = -0.402(P＜0.001),血浆cAMP含量与骨骼肌cAMP含量呈极显著正相关性,r =0.553(P＜0.001),与cAMP PDE活性呈负相关,r =-0.436(P＞0.05)。【结论】牛蒡子和牛蒡子苷通过抑制骨骼肌cAMP PDE活性,提高骨骼肌和血浆cAMP水平,提高动物生长性能。     

WHE抑制地塞米松致大鼠骨质疏松研究

[目的]观察WHE对地塞米松所致骨质疏松大鼠的影响。[方法]采用SD雌性大鼠60只,随机分为对照组,地塞米松模型组,WHE大、中、小(87.5、175.0、350.mg/kg)组,VD3组。除对照组外,各组分别肌注地塞米松,同时给予相应的药物,8周后对大鼠进行血清学指标、骨密度及骨组织形态学检测。[结果]WHE可降低地塞米松致骨质疏松大鼠血清磷(P)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、雌二醇(E2)、甲状旁腺激素(PTH)水平,与模型组相比,其降低百分率分别为3.7%~8.7%、13.0%~21.9%、6.8%~42.2%、4.7%~10.4%;同时,WHE可升高大鼠血清Ca和BGP水平,增加百分率分别为1.9%~4.5%和1.5%~21.9%。形态学检测表明,WHE能明显增加股骨骨小梁的数目和宽度,提高股骨和腰椎的骨密度。[结论]WHE可有效地预防地塞米松诱导雌性大鼠骨质疏松症的发生。     

半枝莲多糖对小鼠脾淋巴细胞cAMP含量的影响

目的研究半枝莲多糖（sPs）对小鼠脾淋巴细胞环磷腺苷（cAMP）含量的影响。方法60只小鼠随机分为5组,每组12只,即SPS50、100、200mg／（k·d）剂量组,氨茶碱组（阳性对照）和生理盐水组（阴性对照）,采用蛋白竞争结合法测定小鼠脾淋巴细胞中cAMP含量。结果SPS低、中、高剂量组的cAMP含量分别为（27．04±6．21）、（31．64±4．57）、（29．95±5．75）pmol×10^7／cells;与生理盐水组比较,中、高剂量组的cAMP含量明显升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01或0．05）,低剂量组则无明显变化。结论一定剂量的SPS能升高淋巴细胞cAMP水平,可能是其抑制肿瘤生长,增强小鼠免疫功能的重要途径。     

Infantile experience with suckling odors determines adult sexual behavior in male rats

Because infant rats learn about odors that elicit suckling, and because certain chemosensory cues that help elicit mating behavior in adults are similar to those that elicit suckling, an experiment was undertaken to assess the influence of suckling-associated odors experienced during infancy on adult sexual behavior. Rat pups lived with and suckled dams whose nipple and vaginal odors were altered with citral, a lemon scent. The rats were weaned and never exposed again, until testing, to citral or females. At about 100 days of age, the males were paired in mating tests with a normal sexually receptive female or with a sexually receptive female that had been treated perivaginally with citral immediately before testing. The males ejaculated readily when paired with citral-treated females but were slow to achieve ejaculation when paired with normal females. These findings implicate an infantile experience as a determinant of adult sexual behavior in a mammal.     

当归开花授粉特性和繁育系统的研究

通过对当归（Angelica sinensis （Oliv.） Diels）定点定株观察,运用花粉-胚珠比﹑杂交指数、联苯胺-过氧化氢法、人工授粉和套袋试验等方法,对当归的开花状态及繁育系统进行了研究。结果显示：当归花各部形态和数量存在普遍的变异现象,雌雄蕊出现异熟现象,为雄蕊先熟。单花花期为4～5 d,依其形态和雌雄性功能表达可分为6个时期：蕾期、开花前期、雄性期、两性期、雌性期和谢花期。当归在开花第3天的花粉活力最强,相差1天后的柱头可授性达到了最强。授粉实验结果显示其不存在无融合生殖现象,同时按照杂交指数,P∕O比,当归的繁育系统最终可归结为以异交为主,部分自交,异交需要传粉者。     

紫苏开花期花粉的活力及柱头可授性

为紫苏杂交育种提供参考,对紫苏的开花期(花蕾期、初开期、盛开期、凋谢期)进行定位观测,采用醋酸洋红染色法和联苯胺-过氧化氢法对紫苏的花粉活力和柱头可授性进行测定。结果表明:花前6h的花粉活力最高,为82.76%;柱头在花前6h至花后3h内具有较高的可授性。