不同生育时期干旱对花生根系生理特性及产量的影响

采用旱棚土柱栽培法,研究了不同生育时期干旱对花生根系生理特性及产量的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,花生根系变长,直径变小,表面积增大,根尖数增多,根系活力下降,根系总吸收面积、根系活跃吸收面积增大,根干物质量、根冠比增大。不同生育时期相比,花针期和结荚期干旱对根系生长发育和根系活力的影响明显大于苗期和饱果期干旱,而根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积增幅显著低于苗期和饱果期,表明花针期和结荚期对干旱反应敏感;不同时期干旱明显降低了花生荚果产量,结荚期减产最大,其次为花针期和饱果期,苗期减产最小。     

膜下滴灌追肥对花生生长发育、光合特性及产量的影响

为探索膜下滴灌条件下花生花针期最适的施肥量,以花育25号为材料,在同一灌水量水平下设3个追肥处理,分别为尿素45 kg·hm~(-2)和磷酸二氢钾60 kg·hm~(-2)(T1)、尿素67.5 kg·hm~(-2)和磷酸二氢钾90 kg·hm~(-2)(T2)、尿素90 kg·hm~(-2)和磷酸二氢钾120 kg·hm~(-2)(T3)。研究不同处理对花生生长发育、光合特性和产量品质的影响。结果表明,花针期追肥可显著降低花生营养器官生物量,增加花生经济产量,提高收获指数,增加花生结荚期和饱果成熟期叶片的叶绿素含量、蒸腾速率和净光合速率。膜下滴灌追肥处理能增加花生百果质量、百仁质量及出仁率,提高花生籽仁脂肪、油酸含量与油酸亚油酸比值(O/L)。因此,花生产量的提高,主要是通过提高单株有效结果数、荚果饱满程度及提高单果质量实现的。花生荚果产量随着追肥量的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,T2处理产量最高。综合考虑产量增加收益及肥料投入成本,在本试验条件下,膜下滴灌T1和T2处理是达到高产高效的追肥措施。     

膜下滴灌追肥时期对花生干物质及氮素积累和产量的影响

为确定膜下滴灌适宜的追肥时期和追肥次数,以花生品种青花7号为供试材料,以不灌水不追肥作为对照,在总施肥量相同的前提下,设置7种追肥方式,研究膜下滴灌追肥时期和追肥次数对花生干物质及氮素积累和产量的影响.结果表明:不同时期追肥较对照均能增加花生营养和生殖器官干物质积累、含氮量、氮积累量、荚果和籽仁产量.以花针期+结荚期配...     

不同生育时期膜下滴灌对花生生长发育及产量的影响

以花生品种山花7号为材料,研究了不同生育时期膜下滴灌对花生生长发育、产量及产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,膜下滴灌促进花生植株生长,其主茎高、侧枝长、分枝数、单株叶面积、生物量均大于CK;显著增加花生生育后期叶片叶绿素a/b值;对百果重、百仁重、单株结果数、出米率、荚果和籽仁产量有明显的促进作用。花针期滴灌、花针期和结荚期滴灌两处理花生荚果和籽仁产量增产幅度均在7%以上,而结荚期滴灌荚果和籽仁产量增幅仅分别为3.61%和5.08%。膜下滴灌有利于促进花生的生长发育,提高花生产量,在花针期进行膜下滴灌补水,增产效果较为明显。     

不同生育时期干旱胁迫对花生生长发育和复水后补偿效应的影响

在防雨棚池栽条件下,通过人工控水的方法,研究不同生育时期干旱胁迫对花生生长发育和复水后补偿效应。结果表明：各生育时期遭受干旱胁迫后,花生株高、叶面积系数、地上部和荚果干重均有不同程度的降低,且随处理时间的延长,降低幅度增大。饱果期和苗期干旱胁迫对花生植株生长的影响相对较小,苗期干旱复水后对植株生长的补偿效应大;花针期和结荚期干旱对植株生长的影响大,复水后对植株生长的补偿效应小。苗期干旱对荚果产量的影响最小,其次是饱果成熟期,花针期和结荚期干旱对荚果产量的影响大。苗期干旱胁迫对荚果产量的影响主要与有效果数降低有关,饱果成熟期干旱胁迫对荚果产量的影响主要与荚果饱满度降低有关,花针期和结荚期干旱胁迫对荚果产量的影响,是有效结果数少与饱满度低共同引起的结果。     

花生主要光合性状对产量形成的重要性差异分析

为了明确不同光合性状在花生产量形成过程中的重要性差异,选择苗期、花针期、结荚期、饱果期和成熟期气孔导度、羧化效率、最大光化学效率、实际光化学效率、单株绿叶面积等主要光合性状与产量进行了灰色关联度分析。结果表明,在苗期、花针期和结荚期,羧化效率与花生产量的关联度最大,光合暗反应限制着光合产量的形成;而在饱果期和成熟期,气孔导度与花生产量的关联度最大,气孔张开的程度限制着花生产量的形成。     

膜下滴灌追肥时期和次数对花生光合特性和产量的影响

为确定膜下滴灌适宜的追肥时期和次数,在大田条件下,以青花7号为供试材料,在花生生育期施肥总量不变的情况下,设置等量施肥量下不同生育时期追施试验,研究膜下滴灌追肥时期和次数对花生光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明:各时期追肥均有利于提高花生叶片光合性能并增加产量。就追肥时期而言,追肥效果为花针期结荚期饱果期;就追肥次数而言,分次追肥效果优于1次追肥,即在3个追肥时期中,追肥时期越早、前期追肥量越大和分次追肥越有利于促进花生叶面积指数、叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率的提高,而分次追肥既有利于提高花生生育前期叶面积指数、叶绿素含量和光合速率,又能缓解生育后期叶面积指数、叶绿素含量和光合速率的下降。追肥通过提高百果质量、百仁质量、单株荚果数和出仁率而提高荚果产量和籽仁产量,而分2次追肥提高产量幅度最大,分3次追肥提高产量幅度反而下降。因此,本研究表明花针期和结荚期追肥有利于花生产量提高。     

花生苗期、花针期土壤临界水分的研究

花生一生中对水分的需求状况,目前尚缺乏一致的认识和确切数据。为此,本试验在结荚期、饱果期土壤临界水分研究基础上,继续对苗期、花针期土壤临界水分进行研究,通过试验摸清影响花生苗期、花针期生长发育的土壤临界水分及其需水规律,从而找出适宜水分指标,为高产提供参考。     

花后膜下滴灌对花生生长及产量的影响

以大花生花育22号和花育25号及小花生品种花育20号和花育27号为材料,研究花针期膜下滴灌处理对不同花生品种植株生长发育、产量及产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,膜下滴灌处理对不同品种农艺性状的影响虽存在年际和品种间差异,但总体而言对花生农艺性状无显著影响。3年花针期膜下滴灌处理均显著增加花育25号和花育20号的单株结果数,增加其双仁果率,对其产量提高具有显著效应。除2013年花育22号外,3年试验结果均表明,花针期膜下滴灌对花生均具有增产效果,但对花生收获指数的影响无明显规律。     

陕北花生根瘤固氮,施肥与产量的研究

在陕北黄绵土花生新区研究表明:亩花生根瘤固氮约6公斤,约占总吸氮量的70％,幼苗至花针期、花针期至结荚期、结荚至饱果成熟期的固氮率分别为25.6％、38.4％和36.1％;花生根瘤菌拌种平均增产10％左右;适量施氮提高花生产量20％左右,但施氮过多,影响结瘤固氮与产量:化学分析表明,在一般施氮水平下,花生茬地土壤全氮含量为下降趋势。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

源库限制对寒地玉米产量及品质的影响

本试验采用4个品种(四单19、本玉9号、DH808、DH3149),2种密度(52500株/hm2、75000株/hm2),并在吐丝期分别进行减源限库处理,研究源库限制对玉米生长发育和产量品质的影响。结果表明:减源处理降低了单株叶面积,也降低了单株干物重。限库处理因库容减少,使得干物质略有增加,但不同品种对源库处理反应不一致。限库处理导致玉米子粒蛋白质含量明显增加,减源处理基本不变或略有增加;减源限库处理导致平展型玉米子粒的脂肪含量增加,而紧凑型品种保持不变或略有降低;减源处理导致淀粉含量的增加,而限库处理的影响相反,导致淀粉含量减少。     

FTIR and Solid StateC NMR Spectroscopy of Proteins of Wet Cooked and Popped Sorghum and Maize

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and solid state¹³C NMR spectroscopic methods were used to investigate changes in maize and sorghum proteins on wet cooking and popping. FTIR spectra indicated that wet cooking led to proteins in two normal sorghums, namely NK 283 (a red hybrid) and KAT 369 (a white variety), two sorghum mutants (P850029 and P851171) and a maize hybrid (PAN 6043) assuming more antiparallel intermolecular β-sheet character, possibly at the expense of some α-helical conformation. Solid state¹³C NMR, using the technique of Cross Polarisation Magic Angle Spinning showed shifts of the protein carbonyl carbon and α-carbon resonances upfield on wet cooking in all samples, also indicating a change in protein secondary structure from α-helical to β-sheet conformation. The extent of secondary structural change on wet cooking seemed to be greater in sorghum than in maize and may have a bearing on the inferior protein digestibility of wet cooked sorghum compared to maize. Popping produced the same secondary structural change as observed for wet cooking in both sorghum and maize. However, the extent of change on popping was less than on wet cooking in sorghum and maize.