Effects of controlled‐release potassium fertilizer on available potassium,photosynthetic performance,and yield of cotton

Potassium (K) is one of the major mineral elements required for normal growth of cotton. However, understanding the effect of controlled‐release K fertilizer on leaf photosynthesis and K use efficiency (KUE) of cotton is currently limited. A two‐year pot experiment was consecutively conducted in 2014 and 2015 with three kinds of K fertilizer including K₂SO₄, KCl, and polymer‐coated KCl (CRK), each at four application rates (0.00, 0.86, 1.73, and 2.59 g K plant⁻¹, respectively). For each type of K fertilizer, the yield and K uptake of cotton increased but the KUE decreased with higher K fertilizer application. The release characteristics of K from CRK corresponded well to the K requirements during cotton growth. Plant‐available soil K, as well as leaf SPAD values, net photosynthetic rate (P_n), maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), and effective quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) in CRK treatments were increased after full bloom stage compared to conventional K fertilizers under the same potassium application rate. Consequently, the CRK treatments significantly increased lint cotton yields by 8.1–32.7% and 3.7–20.8%, while the KUE increased by 15.5–54.8% and 14.5–45.4% compared to KCl and K₂SO₄ treatments, respectively. The results indicate that the application of CRK is intensively recommended to replace conventional potassium fertilizers for gaining greater yields and higher KUE of cotton.     

改性尿素施用对氨挥发量及无机氮变化的影响

采用室内土壤培养和玉米幼苗盆栽试验的方法,研究了改性尿素施用后的氨挥发量及其对土壤无机氮和pH值的影响。结果表明:(1)表施改性尿素比表施普通尿素的氨挥发量显著减少,从而降低氮素的损失;在一定范围内,土壤含水量越大,氨挥发量越低。(2)硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)能够抑制土壤硝化作用,使NH+4-N能较长时间存在土壤中,从而减少NO-3-N的损失;在一定范围内,DCD施用浓度越大,抑制效果越好。(3)土壤pH值与铵态氮呈极显著指数正相关,与硝态氮呈极显著线性负相关,与无机氮呈多项式相关。因此,改性尿素能够显著减少氨挥发量,抑制土壤硝化作用,从而降低尿素的氮素损失。     

Effect of nitrogen levels and coated urea on growth,yields and nitrogen use efficiency in aromatic rice

Results from a field experiment conducted at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India showed that coating urea with elemental sulfur or gypsum or phosphogypsum gave higher yields (12.08, 6.78 and 6.14% higher grain yield compared to prilled urea) of high yielding an aromatic rice cultivar ‘Pusa Sugandh 5’ (Pusa 2511) and increased the efficiency of prilled urea. As regards nitrogen use efficiency sulfur coated urea was nearly twice as effective as gypsum or phosphogypsum coated urea; the latter two were equally effective compared to prilled urea alone.     

Bio‐inoculant improves nitrogen‐use efficiency and cotton yield in saline soils

Improved nutrient‐use efficiency is important to sustain agricultural production. The goal of our study was to investigate the effects of Azovit® (Azotobacter chroococcum) inoculation of seed with N fertilization on crop yield, nutrient uptake, and N‐use efficiency (NUE) of irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. C‐6524) in secondary saline soil under continental climatic conditions of Uzbekistan. A randomized complete block design in a 4 × 2 split‐plot experiment was established in the fall of 2013. The main plot was N fertilization (0, 140, 210, and 280 kg ha^?1) and the subplot was Azovit inoculation. Azovit inoculation consistently increased the seed and lint yields of cotton by 25 and 27.9%, respectively, at 210 kg N ha^?1 compared to the respective control. Azovit with 210 kg N ha^?1 significantly increased the cotton harvest index by 21%, when compared to the control. Likewise, nutrient uptake and NUE of cotton were higher when N (210 kg ha^?1) was applied with Azovit, as compared to other treatment combinations. An extrapolation of the relationship of relative yield vs. N fertilization showed that Azovit at 210 kg N ha^?1 was sufficient to obtain near‐maximum cotton production (90%) with highest NUE, as compared to the respective control. The results suggest that Azovit with 210 kg N ha^?1 produces cotton yield higher and/or comparable with the currently used rates of 280 kg N ha^?1 or higher, suggesting savings of 70 kg N ha^?1 for cotton production in saline soils under continental climatic conditions.     

缓释尿素与普通尿素配施对氨挥发和土壤氮素动态变化过程的影响

通过室内模拟试验,采用静态吸收法和土壤培养法,研究了缓释尿素与普通尿素混施条件下,氨挥发和土壤中氮素的动态变化特征。结果表明:缓释掺混肥处理能减少氨挥发损失氮量;与普通尿素处理(SRU0)相比,25%缓释尿素+75%普通尿素(SRU25)、45%缓释尿素+55%普通尿素(SRU45)、65%缓释尿素+35%普通尿素(SRU65)、100%缓释尿素(SRU100)处理的氨挥发量分别降低19.88%、25.94%、42.84%和46.13%。在培养前期,普通尿素处理的土壤全氮、碱解氮和铵态氮含量明显高于缓释尿素处理,随着培养时间延长,普通尿素处理降低幅度最大,缓释掺混肥处理的全氮、碱解氮和铵态氮含量明显高于普通尿素处理;而硝态氮含量随培养时间延长逐渐升高。其中,以45%缓释尿素+55%普通尿素配比最佳,既能满足植物全生育期对养分的需求,又能减少氨挥发损失,节省经济成本。     

包膜尿素和普通尿素不同掺混比例对水稻产量与氮肥利用率的影响

以晚粳稻"秀水110"为供试水稻品种,在2007、2008连续2年田间试验条件下,研究了硫磺加树脂双层包膜尿素(SPCU)和普通尿素(PU)不同掺混比例对水稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,与当地农民习惯施用普通尿素PU100%(N 210 kg/hm2)处理相比,等氮量下一次性基施包膜尿素SPCU100%、SPCU70%+PU30%和SPCU50%+PU50%处理产量为7644.0、7172.5和7008.2 kg/hm2,增产17.75%、10.49%和7.96%;氮肥利用率为27.64%、23.24%和18.06%,提高18.73、14.33和9.15个百分点;氮肥农学效率也有显著增加。     

延迟释放型包衣尿素对水稻生长和氮素吸收的影响

通过田间试验比较研究了普通尿素和延迟释放型包衣尿素在不同施用量、不同施肥方式(普通尿素为基肥+两次追肥;延迟释放型包衣尿素为接触施肥方式)条件下对移栽稻生长过程和氮素吸收的影响。结果表明,延迟释放型包衣尿素在比普通尿素施氮量(N150kg/hm2)减少30%(N105kg/hm2)和50%(N75kg/hm2)时,对水稻生长不会产生任何不良影响;由于包衣尿素在田间的养分释放动态与水稻对氮素的吸收规律吻合,施用包衣尿素的水稻产量、吸氮量和氮肥利用率均显著高于普通尿素处理,其中水稻产量增加12.7%～14.4%,吸氮量增加27.5%～32.7%;普通尿素和氮肥用量减少30%和50%的包衣尿素3个处理的氮肥利用率分别为19.9%、58.8%和89.9%。此外,施用包衣尿素比普通尿素水稻的子粒粗蛋白质含量提高9.2%～12.2%。     

施用控释尿素对油菜籽产量、氮肥利用率及土壤无机氮含量的影响

2009~2010年度在我国油菜主产区采用多点田间试验研究了施用控释尿素（Controlled release urea, CRU）对油菜籽产量、氮肥利用率及土壤无机氮含量的影响,以期为CRU在油菜上的施用提供理论依据。结果表明,CRU一次性基施可以保证后期氮素供应,明显促进油菜的生长发育,与普通尿素一次性基施处理（UB）相比,油菜叶片的SPAD值、株高及花期绿叶数明显增加。油菜籽产量增加了7.1%~19.7%,影响产量的构成因素主要有总角果数、分支数和第一节位高。油菜的氮素积累量增加16.9%~27.3%,氮肥利用率提高12.2~17.7个百分点,试验后耕层土壤（030 cm）的硝态氮含量升高了149.3%~296.1%,无机氮含量升高了40.5%~145.9%。CRU处理与尿素分次施用处理（UD）相比,生长指标、油菜籽产量和干物质量均没有明显差异,氮积累量和氮肥利用率有增加趋势。可见,CRU一次性基施可以达到普通尿素分期施用的效果。     

控失尿素对水旱轮作下水稻产量和氮素利用效率的影响

为探究控失尿素对水旱轮作下水稻产量及土壤肥力的影响,采用大田小区试验,研究了控失尿素减量和普通尿素不同配比混施对水稻产量、氮肥利用率及土壤养分残留量的影响。结果表明,普通尿素和控失尿素均能显著提高水稻叶片叶绿素含量、株高和生物量,但两处理之间无显著差异。控失尿素增产效果低于普通尿素,主要是由于水稻有效穗数的降低。控失尿素和普通尿素混施比单施控失尿素增产0.51~0.92 t/hm~2。在不同配比中,控失/普通为7∶3处理更有利于水稻生长,具有较高的株高、生物量以及氮肥利用效率和较低的氮素残留,增产效果较好。控失尿素减量10%和20%都会显著降低水稻叶片叶绿素含量和肥料利用率,且分别减产0.24~0.41和0.39~0.51 t/hm~2。     

Productivity and nutrient use efficiency of maize,sorghum, and cotton in the West African Dry Savanna

Sustainable agricultural practices are needed to improve food security and support livelihoods in West Africa, where soil nutrient deficiencies and rainfed production systems prevail. The objective of this study was to assess the productivity and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) use efficiencies of three dominant crops (maize, sorghum, and cotton) under different soil management strategies in the dry savanna of northern Benin. Data were collected for each crop in experiments with (1) an un‐amended soil as control, (2) a low use of external inputs, (3) an integrated soil–crop management practice, and (4) a high mineral fertilizer use, as treatments. Data were collected through researcher‐managed and farmer‐managed on‐farm trials in 2014 and 2015, and analyzed using linear robust mixed effects model and Pearson's correlation. Above‐ground biomass accumulation did not differ significantly among the control, integrated soil–crop management practice, and high mineral fertilizer use up to 30, 50, and 60 d after planting for maize, cotton, and sorghum, respectively. Thereafter, the differences in growth were substantial for each crop with highest biomass monitored with high mineral fertilizer use and lowest with the control. Biomass and economic yields at harvest were highest under high mineral fertilizer use and integrated soil–crop management practice, although the magnitude was crop‐specific. With the integrated soil–crop management practice and high mineral fertilizer use, N and P uptake by all crops was higher than for the un‐amended soil conditions. Inter‐seasonal changes in N uptake were higher for sorghum and cotton, but lower for maize. The highest agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery of N and P as well as positive N and P partial balances were obtained with the integrated soil–crop management practice for all three crops tested. The integrated soil–crop management strategy gave the highest yields and significantly improved N and P use efficiencies. The findings can contribute to formulating site and crop‐specific recommendations for sustainable agricultural practices in the Dry Savanna zone of West Africa.     

Simulating in situ ammonia volatilization losses in the North China Plain using a dynamic soil‐crop model

Ammonia (NH₃) volatilization is an important N loss pathway in intensive agriculture of the North China Plain (NCP). Simulation models can help to assess complex N and water processes of agricultural soil–crop systems. Four variations (Var) of a sub‐module for the deterministic, process‐based HERMES model were implemented ranging from simple empirical functions (Var 3 and 4) to process‐oriented approaches (Var 1 and 2) including the main processes of NH₃ volatilization, urea hydrolysis, nitrification from ammonium‐based N fertilizer, and changes in soil solution pH. Ammonia volatilization, plant growth, and changes in ammonium and nitrate pools in the soil over several winter wheat–summer maize double‐crop rotations at three locations in the NCP were simulated. Results were calibrated with two data sets (Dongbeiwang 1, Shunyi) and validated using two data sets (Dongbeiwang 2, Quzhou). They showed that the ammonia volatilization sub‐module of the HERMES model worked well under the climatic and soil conditions of N China. Although the simpler equations, Var 3 and 4, showed lower deviations to observed volatilization across all sites and treatments with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.8 and 1.4 in % of applied N, respectively, compared to process‐oriented approaches, Var 1 and 2, with a MAE of 2.2 and 1.9 in % of applied N, respectively. Environmental conditions were reflected better by the process‐oriented approaches. Generally, simulation results were satisfying but simulated changes in topsoil pH need further verification with measurements.     

缓释尿素与普通尿素不同配比对玉米氮代谢酶和氮素利用的影响

为解决我国西南地区玉米氮肥一次性施用问题,以普通尿素和包膜缓释尿素为供试材料,设置5种普通尿素与缓释尿素配比试验处理,分别为100%缓释尿素(CRU100),75%缓释尿素+25%普通尿素(CRU75),50%缓释尿素+50%普通尿素(CRU50),25%缓释尿素+75%普通尿素(CRU25)和100%普通尿素(CRU0),以不施氮肥(CK1)和常规施肥(CK2,普通尿素60%基施+40%大喇叭口期追施)为对照,研究氮肥一次底施下缓释尿素与普通尿素不同配比对玉米氮代谢关键酶、干物质积累、氮积累及氮素利用的影响。结果表明:(1)施氮显著提高了玉米叶片氮代谢关键酶(谷氨酸合成酶GOGAT和谷氨酰胺合成酶GS)活性,与常规施肥相比,普通尿素与缓释尿素配施可提高叶片GOGAT和GS活性,其中以CRU50和CRU75的缓释尿素比例处理最好。(2)CRU50和CRU75的缓释尿素比例可改善吐丝前、后物质积累和氮素积累,显著提高成熟期物质积累量和氮素积累量。(3)随缓释尿素比例增加,玉米穗粒数、千粒重和产量及氮收获指数均呈先升后降的趋势;掺施缓释尿素处理产量较常规施肥处理平均增产4.46%,其中CRU50和CRU75处理产量最高,收获指数和氮肥表观利用率显著高于其它处理。因此,普通尿素掺混50%~75%比例的缓释尿素进行一次底施,既能增加玉米产量,又可实现氮素的高效利用。     

Response of spring wheat to boron-coated urea and its effect on nitrogen use efficiency

A field study was conducted at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to study the response of spring wheat to boron applied as boron-coated urea (BCU) and the effect of boron (B) coating on the use efficiency of applied fertilizer urea nitrogen. The BCU (0.5% B) significantlyrecorded the highest increase in leaf area index (30.2%), spike length (12.5%), number of spikes (10.9%), filled grains (15.7%) and grain weight (16.3%) per spike in spring wheat than uncoated prilled urea (PU). Furthermore, the application of 0.5% BCU enhanced the grain and straw yields of spring wheat by 11% and 10.6% over uncoated PU. The BCU (0.5% B) also significantly increased the N concentration and N uptake both in wheat grain and straw. The BCU (0.5% B) recorded 24.8% higher recovery efficiency of applied nitrogen and an increase of 3.6 kg grain kg^?1 N applied in agronomic efficiency compared to uncoated PU. The net returns (USD915.1 ha^?1) and benefit:cost ratio (1.40) werealso the highest with 0.5% BCU, significantly higher than uncoated PU. Therefore, 0.5% boron coating onto PU is recommended for increased productivity and enhanced efficiency of applied fertilizer nitrogen for spring wheat in Indo-Gangetic plains of India.     

控释尿素与普通尿素配施对冬小麦氮肥利用率的影响

在高肥力麦田中,随着氮肥施用量的不断增加,氮肥利用率下降,单位氮肥的增产量递减。氮素养分的损失不仅造成肥料的浪费,而且给环境带来潜在的威胁。为了提高氮肥的增产效益及氮肥利用率,减少氮肥对环境的污染,采用田间小区试验,研究了控释尿素和普通尿素配施对冬小麦产量、蛋白质含量、氮肥利用率及土壤硝态氮积累量的影响。结果表明,控释尿素与普通尿素配施与普通尿素单施相比,无论是相同施氮量还是减少30%的施氮量,冬小麦子粒产量都极显著增加,而且子粒蛋白质含量明显提高或不降低;同时提高了氮肥利用率,降低了土壤中硝态氮的积累量。     

热塑性包膜尿素微观结构特征及养分释放机理研究

采用扫描电镜、水中溶出法、饱和盐溶液蒸汽压法和土壤培养法,探讨了热塑性包膜尿素微观结构特性及养分释放机理。结果表明,热塑性包膜尿素膜表面光滑,膜上存在纤维状孔隙,膜厚度53.8～65.2 μm。氮素释放速率随温度的升高而增大,在25、30、40、50、60℃水中,尿素累积释放80％的时间分别为96、80、12、8、4 d。在不同培养温度条件下,氮素释放率与时间的关系可用一级动力学方程:Nt=No(1-e-kt)、Elovich方程:Nt=a+blnt和抛物线方程:Nt=a+bt0.5表征;在25和40℃时,以一级动力学方程拟合效果最好。包膜尿素的氮素释放率随着水蒸气压差的增大而增加,并且随水分含量降低而降低。定量描述氮素养分释放的动力学方程中,以一级动力学方程更具有实效性。包膜控释肥料膜内外水蒸气压差是控制养分释放的主要因素。     

尿素添加不同增效剂对夏玉米产量及氮肥利用率的影响

采用大田试验,研究了尿素添加不同增效剂(黄腐酸U17、聚天冬氨酸U24、复合增效剂黄腐酸加聚天冬氨酸组合U20)对夏玉米产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,施用增效尿素U20、U24和U17分别比普通尿素增产16.0%、8.5%和8.0%,达到显著性差异水平。与施用普通尿素相比,增效尿素U20、U24和U17减量20%时不减产。增效尿素U20、U24和U17能有效提高氮肥利用率,分别比普通尿素提高18.0、10.3和11.5个百分点;减量20%时,氮肥利用率比普通尿素提高18.6、12.7和12.3个百分点,且高于全量时处理。不同增效剂相比,以0.5%黄腐酸+0.3%聚天冬氨酸复合处理(U20)效果最优。     

硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素对水稻产量、光合特性及氮肥利用率的影响

本试验以控释期为90d的硫膜（SPCU）和树脂膜（PCU）控释尿素为材料,通过盆栽试验,研究了硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素对水稻产量、 光合特性及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,与普通尿素（U）一次基施相比,控释尿素各处理均能显著提高水稻子粒产量、 氮肥表观利用率和农学效率,增幅分别达15.1%~51.4%、 64.5%~14.11%和5.4~18.2 kg/kg;显著提高水稻生育中后期叶片净光合速率;提高水稻生育中后期的SPAD值。与普通尿素分次施用相比,树脂膜控释尿素及硫膜控释尿素和普通尿素以7∶3比例一次性施入的处理能显著提高水稻子粒产量、 氮肥农学效率以及水稻收获后的土壤全氮和碱解氮含量,其增幅分别为7.9%~31.7%、 3.3~13.0 kg/kg、 2.2%~17.6%和13.2%~22.0%;显著提高叶片中后期的净光合速率,且以树脂膜控释尿素100%一次基施的处理最高。施用树脂膜控释尿素的各处理较普通尿素均能显著提高水稻的氮肥生理效率。树脂膜控释尿素比硫膜控释尿素表现出更好的水稻增产效应和氮肥利用效率,更能有效延缓叶片衰老,实现水稻氮素的高效利用。     

Potassium distribution in root and non‐root zones of two cotton genotypes and its accumulation in their organs as affected by drought and potassium stress conditions

A rhizobox experiment was conducted to compare the differences of soil potassium (K) distribution and absorption between two cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes under drought and K‐deficit conditions. Treatments included two levels of water (drought and optimum soil moisture: 25% and 35% volumetric water content) and K fertilizer rates (0 and 0.48 g potash kg^?1 soil) applied to two cotton genotypes (namely HEG and LEG). Both the genotypes showed significant differences in total K accumulation without exogenous K addition. After absorption, soil content of the readily available potassium (RAK) decreased rapidly. This promoted the conversion of the mineral K into slowly available potassium (SAK). Drought significantly decreased the cotton growth and K use efficiency, and thereby reduced the effect of K fertilizer. Consequantly, the contents of RAK and SAK were greatly increased. However, K bioavailability was decreased under water stress conditions. Differences in root parameters and soil microorganisms between two cotton genotypes were significantly increased and had marked relations with available soil K contents. This study provides important information for understanding the mechanism of K use efficiency, especially under water and K stress.     

包膜尿素对芹菜产量、品质及氮素平衡的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了包膜尿素(自制)和尿素等肥料在两种质地灰潮土上对芹菜产量、品质、氮素吸收和氮平衡的影响。结果表明,施用包膜尿素较尿素使当季芹菜增产11.5％-15.2％,氮素吸收增加5.9％-9.5％,氨挥发损失N减少14.2％-14.9％,淋失和反硝化氮损失减少25.5％-28.3％,氮素利用率提高19.2％-27.1％,土壤持留氮增加32.0％-37.3％。芹菜植株硝态氮含量降低44.2％-58.9％,维生素C含量显著提高,品质改善;后茬作物生菜增产14.4％-35.2％。