Permanent–soil monitoring sites for documentation of soil‐fertility development after changing from conventional to organic farming

For monitoring soil fertility after changing farm management from highly conventional to organic farming on the newly established research farm of Kassel University, two permanent–soil monitoring sites were installed in 1999. Representative locations for installing the permanent–soil monitoring sites were selected using geographical information systems (GIS), based on available data from geology, topography, soil taxation, land use, and intensive auger‐borehole records and analysis with a very high spatial resolution of data. The soils are represented by a Luvisol derived from loess and a Vertisol developed from claystone. The soil properties of the two monitoring sites measured immediately after changing to organic farming showed high contents of extractable nutrients as a result of the former intensive fertilization practice during conventional farm management. The microbial soil properties of the two monitoring sites were in the medium range of regional soils. A first evaluation of the development of soil properties was done after 5 y of monitoring. The soil organic‐matter content increased slightly after grass‐clover and after application of farmyard manure. The amounts of K and P decreased clearly at the loess site without application of farmyard manure. At the clay site, the unique application of farmyard manure led to increasing contents of extractable K and P in the top soil. The variation of soil properties increased clearly after perennial crops like grass‐clover and in years after application of farmyard manure.     

Soil fertility in organic farming systems – fundamentally different?

Abstract. Soil fertility is defined as the ability of a soil to provide the conditions required for plant growth. It is a result of the physical, chemical and biological processes that act together to provide nutrients, water, aeration and stability to the plant, as well as freedom from any substances that may inhibit growth. Within this definition, it is useful to distinguish between those components of fertility which change relatively slowly, perhaps over the course of a rotation, or in some cases, decades, and the more immediate contribution from materials such as fertilizers and manures. The term 'inherent fertility' is used to describe these more stable characteristics, while recognising that they are, to a large extent, products of soil management. We conclude that, although nutrient management in organically managed soils is fundamentally different to soils managed conventionally, the underlying processes supporting soil fertility are not. The same nutrient cycling processes operate in organically farmed soils as those that are farmed conventionally although their relative importance and rates may differ. Nutrient pools in organically farmed soils are also essentially the same as in conventionally managed soils but, in the absence of regular fertilizer inputs, nutrient reserves in less-available pools will be of greater significance.     

Relation between soil organic matter and yield levels of nonlegume crops in organic and conventional farming systems

The aim of this study was to evaluate the interaction between yield levels of nonleguminous crops and soil organic matter (SOM) under the specific conditions of organic and conventional farming, respectively, and to identify implications for SOM management in arable farming considering the farming system (organic vs. conventional). For that purpose, correlations between yield levels of nonlegume crops and actual SOM level (C_org, N_t, C_hwe, N_hwe) as well as SOM‐level development were examined including primary data from selected treatments of seven long‐term field experiments in Germany and Switzerland. Yield levels of nonlegume crops were positively correlated with SOM levels, but the correlation was significant only under conditions of organic farming, and not with conventional farming treatments. While absolute SOM levels had a positive impact on yield levels of nonlegumes, the yield levels of nonlegumes and SOM‐level development over time correlated negatively. Due to an increased demand of N from SOM mineralization, higher yield levels of nonlegumes obviously indicate an increased demand for OM supply to maintain SOM levels. Since this observation is highly significant for farming without mineral‐N fertilization but not for farming with such fertilization, we conclude that the demand of SOM‐level maintenance or enhancement and thus adequate SOM management is highly relevant for crop production in organic farming both from an agronomical and ecological point of view. Under conventional management, the agronomic relevance of SOM with regard to nutrient supply is much lower than under organic management. However, it has to be considered that we excluded other possible benefits of SOM in our survey that may be highly relevant for conventional farming as well.     

Effects of organic versus conventional arable farming on soil structure and organic matter dynamics in a marine loam in the Netherlands

Abstract. We compared the effects of conventional and organic arable farming on soil organic matter (SOM) content, soil structure, aggregate stability and C and N mineralization, which are considered important factors in defining sustainable land management. Within one soil series, three different farming systems were selected, including a conventional and an organic arable system and permanent pasture without tillage. The old pasture represents optimal conditions in terms of soil structure and organic matter inputs and is characterized by high earthworm activity. More than 70 years of different management has caused significant differences in soil properties. SOM content, mineralization, earthworm activity and water-stable aggregation decreased as a result of tillage and arable cropping when compared with pasture, but were significantly greater under organic farming than under conventional farming. Total SOM contents between 0 and 20 cm depth amounted to 15, 24 and 46 g kg⁻¹ for the conventional arable, organic arable and permanent pasture fields, respectively. Although less sensitive to slaking than the conventionally managed field, the soil under organic farming was susceptible to compaction when high pressures were exerted on the soil under wet conditions. The beneficial effects of organic farming are generally associated with soil biochemical properties, but soil physical aspects should also be considered. Depending on soil type and climate, organic farmers need to be careful not to destroy the soil structure, so that they can enjoy maximum advantage from their organic farming systems.     

Qualitative and quantitative differences in particulate organic matter fractions in organic and conventional farming systems

To quantify functionally important differences in soil organic matter (SOM) that result from use of different farming practices, soils from 9 long-term trials comparing manure+legume-based organic, legume-based organic, and conventional farming systems were collected and particulate organic matter (POM) was fractionated to reflect its position within the soil matrix. The free, light POM (FPOM; <1.6 g cm⁻³) not occluded within aggregates and occluded POM (OPOM; <2.0 g cm⁻³) were compared to an undifferentiated POM fraction (coarse fraction, CF; >53 μm) obtained by wet sieving. Fraction C, N, and hydrolyzable N (quantified using the Illinois test (IL-N)) were determined. Organic farming systems had greater quantities of C and N in the OPOM and CF and, greater IL-N contents in all POM fractions considered. The OPOM's C:N ratio (16-19) and was least in the manure+legume-based organic, intermediate in the legume-based organic, and greatest in the conventional systems (P<0.10). Trends in OPOM C:N and IL-N abundance suggested occluded POM was most decomposed, and possibly a greater N reservoir, in the manured soils. The FPOM quality reflected the residues added to each system and its removal improved resolution of quality-based differences in POM associated with long-term management. Subdivision of POM revealed differences in its quality that were not evident using the undifferentiated CF. Quantification of hydrolysable N (IL-N) in POM did not enhance our understanding of management's affect on SOM quality. This multi-site comparison showed organic management simultaneously increased the size of the labile N reservoir and the amount of POM protected within aggregates; and that, occluded POM is more decomposed in manure+legume- than in legume-based organic systems. The characteristics of POM reveal how organic practices improve SOM and suggest the nutrient and substrate decay dynamics of organic systems may differ as a result of the N fertilization strategies they employ.     

县域土壤有机质动态变化及其影响因素分析

本文以河北省曲周县为例, 采用 1980 年和 1999 年两次全县的土壤肥力监测以及农户调查数据和统计数据, 系统分析了过去 20 年中土壤有机质的动态及其与之相关的农作管理方式的变化。 结果显示, 在过去的近 20 年 间, 曲周县土壤表层的有机质含量呈现增长的趋势, 导致这种变化的农作管理方式有化肥施用量的大幅度提升、秸 秆还田量的增加、盐碱地的开垦利用、灌溉面积和复种指数的提高以及主要种植模式和种植作物的土壤有机质处 于正平衡状态。 然而当前的生产管理方式尽管有利于土壤有机质积累, 但是也带来了一系列的生态环境问题。 实 施保护性耕作、降低化肥用量、提高秸秆还田量和有机肥的用量成为今后农业生产管理方式调整的主要方向。     

Managing soil organic matter – implications for soil structure on organic farms

Abstract. This paper reviews current understanding of soil structure, the role of soil organic matter (SOM) in soil structure and evidence for or against better soil physical condition under organic farming. It also includes new data from farm case studies in the UK. Young SOM is especially important for soil structural development, improving ephemeral stability through fungal hyphae, extracellular polysaccharides, etc. Thus, to achieve aggregate stability and the advantages that this conveys, frequent input of fresh organic matter is required. Practices that add organic material are routinely a feature of organically farmed soils and the literature generally shows that, comparing like with like, organic farms had at least as good and sometimes better soil structure than conventionally managed farms. Our case studies confirmed this. In the reviewed papers, SOM was generally larger on the biodynamic/organic farms because of the organic additions and/or leys in the rotation. We can therefore hypothesize that, because it is especially the light fraction of SOM that is involved in soil structural development, soil structure will improve in a soil to which fresh organic residues are added regularly. Thus, we argue it is not the farming system per se that is important in promoting better physical condition, but the amount and quality of organic matter returned to a soil.     

Managing soil fertility in organic farming systems

Abstract. Complex relationships exist between different components of the organic farm and the quantity and quality of the end products depend on the functioning of the whole system. As such, it is very difficult to isolate soil fertility from production and environmental aspects of the system. Crop rotation is the central tool that integrates the maintenance and development of soil fertility with different aspects of crop and livestock production in organic systems. Nutrient supply to crops depends on the use of legumes to add nitrogen to the system and limited inputs of supplementary nutrients, added in acceptable forms. Manures and crop residues are carefully managed to recycle nutrients around the farm. Management of soil organic matter, primarily through the use of short-term leys, helps ensure good soil structure and biological activity, important for nutrient supply, health and productivity of both crops and livestock. Carefully planned diverse rotations help reduce the incidence of pests and diseases and allow for cultural methods of weed control. As a result of the complex interactions between different system components, fertility management in organic farming relies on a long-term integrated approach rather than the more short-term very targeted solutions common in conventional agriculture.     

Distribution of exogenous phytase activity in soil solid–liquid phases and their effect on soil organic P hydrolysis

The bioavailability and stability of organic phosphorus (P) in the soil may be affected by exogenous phytase (EPase) activity and distribution, but remain poorly understood. The distribution of EPase activity and hydrolysis ability of EPase on organic P in soil solid‐liquid phases was investigated. The EPase addition to soil suspension (1:20, w/v) from three soil types (red soil, brown soil, and cinnamon soil) under three treatments (untreated soil, removing clay from soil, and removing organic matter from soil) with different characters in the solution and solid phases was assayed. The results showed that the disappearance pattern of EPase activity from solution was similar for all soils, whereas the enzyme activity on the solid phase was dependent on soil types and treatments with the greatest in red soil and untreated soil. When EPase was added to soils, the adsorption ratio of organic matter and clay was 10 to 25% and 3 to 7%, respectively, with sorption capacity of organic matter being significantly (p < 0.05) stronger than that of clay. Additionally, soil dehydrogenase activity, which is the indicator of overall soil microbial activities, increased after EPase addition and the two enzymes showed significant negative relation in the soil suspension and solution. At the same time, the organic P decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after the addition of EPase in the soil solid, which had a varied rate under –40% after incubating 192 h, whereas organic P in the solution phase increased significantly (p < 0.05). This study demonstrated that organic matter had a strong protective and adsorptive effect on EPase effectiveness and microbes mightbe directly affect EPase longevity and decay. This finding suggests that EPase activity in the solid phase played a more important role in organic P hydrolysis.     

NMR studies of soil, soil organic matter and nutrients: spectroscopy and imaging

A short general review of all aspects of the NMR technique, in both the spectroscopic and imaging modes, as applied to the study of soil, is presented from a mainly technical point of view. Illustrations, in the form of spectra and images, are reproduced for whole soils, solids, solid fractions, and liquid extracts from material in the authors' group. Nuclides covered are ¹H, ¹³C, ¹⁵N, ²⁷Al and ³¹P. For solid samples the techniques employed include CP/MAS with and without TOSS, and for liquid-state studies the first high field (14.1 T) examples for soils in both one and two frequency dimensions are presented. For imaging further results from the first application of the stray field (STRAFI) technique applied to water in soil are given showing distortion-free images of both bound and free water. Finally, the first electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) and pulsed EPR results on soils will be illustrated. This paper is a slightly expanded version of an introductory talk of 35 minutes and so is not discursive. In particular the benefits of the techniques presented to soil science are only touched on. Other speakers present papers elsewhere in this issue which expand on particular aspects of the utility of NMR studies of soils.     

Long-term changes in soil organic matter under conventional tillage and no-tillage systems in semiarid Morocco

Abstract. A no-tillage (NT) system was developed in semiarid Morocco to improve the soil fertility and stabilize yield through conservation of water. Results in two long-term trials (4 and 11 years) were able to show the effects of a no-tillage system in increasing total soil organic matter and total nitrogen. Over time, the quality of the NT soil surface was improved compared with that under conventional tillage (CT) with disc harrows. This effect was the result of an increase in soil organic carbon (SOC) and a slight decline in pH. However, over time, nitrogen decreased in both tillage practices, especially in the 0–25 mm layer (from 0.59 to 0.57 t ha⁻¹ and from 0.44 to 0.42 t ha⁻¹ under NT and CT, respectively). After 4 years of NT an extra 5.62 t ha⁻¹ of SOC was sequestered in the 0–25 mm layer, and after 11 years the SOC increased further to 7.21 t ha⁻¹.     

Vertical distribution of soil properties under short‐rotation forestry in Northern Germany

Short‐rotation forestry (SRF) on arable soils has high potentials for biomass production and leads to long‐term no‐tillage management. In the present study, the vertical distributions of soil chemical and microbial properties after 15 y of SRF with willows and poplar (Salix and Populus spp.) in 3‐ and 6‐year rotations on an arable soil were measured and compared to a pertinent tilled arable site. Two transects at different positions in the relief (upper and lower slope; transect 1 and 2) were investigated. Short‐rotation forestry caused significant changes in the vertical distribution of all investigated soil properties (organic and microbial C, total and microbial N, soil enzyme activities), however, the dimension and location (horizons) of significant effects varied. The rotation periods affected the vertical distribution of the soil properties within the SRF significantly. In transect 1, SRF had higher organic‐C concentrations in the subsoil (Bv horizon), whereas in transect 2, the organic‐C concentrations were increased predominantly in the topsoil (Ah horizon). Sufficient plant supply of P and K in combination with decreased concentrations of these elements in the subsoil under SRF pointed to an effective nutrient mobilization and transfer from the deeper soil horizons even in the long term. In transect 1, the microbial‐C concentrations were higher in the B and C horizons and in transect 2 in the A horizons under SRF than under arable use. The activities of β‐glucosidases and acid phosphatases in the soil were predominantly lower under SRF than under arable use in the topsoil and subsoil. We conclude, that long‐term SRF on arable sites can contribute to increased C sequestration and changes in the vertical distribution of soil microbial biomass and soil enzyme activities in the topsoil and also in the subsoil.     

三峡重庆库区柑橘园土壤养分丰缺状况研究

采集了三峡重庆库区柑橘主产区459个果园0—30 cm的土壤样品进行取样分析。结果表明,库区有78.7%柑橘园土壤pH值适合柑橘生长;有60.3%的柑橘园土壤有机质含量偏低。土壤速效氮和磷缺乏,分别占到72.4%和41.7%,土壤速效钾缺乏和过量并存。库区柑橘园缺乏有效B、Zn、Fe、Mn的比例分别为86.3%、37.9%、27.0%、20.3%;土壤有效Fe、Mn和Cu含量在部分果园存在过量现象,分别占柑橘园的52.5%、36.4%和26.4%。因此,该区柑橘生产要因地制宜,建议在柑橘园增施B、Zn肥,石灰和其它碱性肥料,同时减少喷施含Cu杀菌剂。     

Organic matter returns to soils must be higher under organic compared to conventional farming

The aim of this paper is to discuss the demand of fresh organic matter (FOM) supply to maintain soil organic matter (SOM) levels and productivity of arable soils under organic management. The basic question is whether the different frame conditions in organic vs. conventional farming result in a different and system‐specific FOM demand. If this is the case, it would follow that the farming system has to be considered in the calculation of SOM balances. SOM balances are the most common decision support tools in organic matter management. A conversion to organic farming in practice usually leads to an increase of SOM levels as well as soil microbial activity over time. The system‐specific driver of this effect is the indispensable extension of the share of (perennial) legumes in crop rotations at the expense of non‐legumes such as cereals, row crops, and maize. Extended legume cropping is essential for N supply in crop rotations as the import of N fertilizer in total is limited by organic farming regulations and mineral N fertilizer may not be used at all. Based on this characteristic of organic management, we argue that the demand of FOM supply to soils must be higher than in conventional crop production. The most relevant factors are (1) the non‐existence of mineral N fertilizer as an external N source that supports the maintenance of SOM by decreasing the demand for SOM‐N, (2) benefits of increasing SOM stocks and turnover for soil productivity under organic management, and, (3) increased mass‐losses of FOM and easily degradable SOM compartments due to higher microbial activity in soils. These effects have to be quantified and must be considered in SOM balances in order to avoid misleading assessments and erroneous decisions.     

不同有机物料对潮土微团粒分形特征和速效养分的影响

以河南省中低产区砂质潮土为对象,研究不同有机物料（豆秆、玉米秆、鸡粪和猪粪）还田处理对土壤微团粒结构分形和不同粒级有效养分质量分数的影响.结果表明：1）与不施有机物料处理相比,随有机物料添入量增加,0.1 ～0.053mm土壤粒级所占比例高于对照7％～13％,达到5％显著性差异水平;＜0.053 mm土壤粒级的质量分数相应小于对照处理.2）土壤分形维数在2.52～2.72之间,与0.1 ～0.053 mm土壤粒级质量分数存在极显著负相关,相关系数为-0.945;与＜0.053 mm土壤粒级存在极显著正相关,相关系数为0.981.随着从单施到混合配施的处理,有机物料改变微团粒结构的分配比例,分形维数变小.3）与对照相比,有机物料的加入均能使土壤以及各粒级的速效养分质量分数呈显著性增加.施入有机物料后,碱解氮、速效钾和速效磷的质量分数在0.1～0.053 mm土壤粒级中分别比对照提高了168％～528％、141％～1000％和16％ ～ 81％,在＜0.053 mm的粒级中分别比对照提高了13.4％ ～ 44％、17％ ～ 170％和21％ ～66％.土壤碱解氮质量分数表现为秸秆施用（73.1 mg/kg）＞秸秆与粪肥双倍混合施用（69.3 mg/kg）＞秸秆与粪肥单倍施用、猪粪施用（63.0 mg/kg）＞鸡粪施用（59 mg/kg）＞对照（49.9 mg/kg）;速效钾质量分数表现为豆秆施用（140 mg/kg）＞秸秆与粪肥双倍混合施用、玉米秆施（120 mg/kg）＞秸秆与粪肥单倍施用（86.5 mg/kg）＞粪肥施用（76.8 mg/kg）＞对照（56.5 mg/kg）;有效磷质量分数表现为玉米秸秆（40.9 mg/kg）＞粪肥处理、秸秆与粪肥混合处理（35.91 mg/kg）＞豆秆处理（30 mg/kg）＞对照（26.8 mg/kg）;土壤总养分质量分数表现为豆32和玉32处理（259 mg/kg）＞秸秆与粪肥倍量处理及豆16处理（225 mg/kg）＞玉16处理（210 mg/kg）＞秸秆与粪肥单倍量和猪8处理（191 mg/kg）＞鸡粪处理（173 mg/kg）＞猪4处理?     

越南红河三角洲地区淹水稻田轮作蔬菜可改良土壤性质

Vegetable production in South East Asia often is in rotation with flooded rice. The puddling of the soil with flooded rice production may result in unfavourable soil conditions for the subsequent production of dry land crops. To establish whether permanent vegetable production results in favourable soil conditions for vegetables, the effects of five different permanent vegetable production systems and a system of vegetable production in rotation with flooded rice on soil properties after flooded rice were studied in a 2-year field experiment. Bulk density at 0.05–0.10 m depth layer decreased with permanent vegetable production and vegetable production in rotation with flooded rice. The decrease in bulk density was influenced by the application of organic manure and rice husks, and especially by the number of crops cultivated, suggesting that frequency of soil tillage had a major effect on bulk density. Ploughing with buffalo traction after flooded rice, in combination with construction of raised beds, could reduce or totally eliminate negative effects of puddling on soil structure. Bulk density at 0.15–0.20 m soil depth was not influenced. Soil acidity decreased significantly in all systems. Soil organic carbon increased in all systems, but significant increase was only found in two permanent vegetable production systems. Available phosphorus(P) significantly increased in two permanent vegetable production systems, with a positively correlation to the amount of P applied. The significant decrease in bulk density and increase in p H(H2O), after only 2 years, showed that soil conditions after flooded rice could be improved in a short time under intensive vegetable production.     

The quality of exogenous organic matter: short-term effects on soil physical properties and soil organic matter fractions

We examined the short-term effect of five organic amendments and compared them to plots fertilized with inorganic fertilizer and unfertilized plots on aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivity, and on the OC and ON distribution in physically separated SOM fractions. After less than 1 year, the addition of organic amendments significantly increased ( P  <   0.01) the aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivity. The stability index ranged between 0.97 and 1.76 and the hydraulic conductivity between 1.23 and 2.80 × 10⁻³ m/s for the plots receiving organic amendments, compared with 0.34–0.43, and 0.42–0.64 × 10⁻³ m/s, respectively, for the unamended plots. There were significant differences between the organic amendments (P <  0.01), although these results were not unequivocal for both soil physical parameters. The total OC and ON content were significantly increased ( P  <   0.05) by only two applications of organic fertilizers: between 1.10 and 1.51% OC for the amended plots versus 0.98–1.08% for the unamended and between 0.092 and 0.131% ON versus 0.092–0.098% respectively. The amount of OC and ON in the free particulate organic matter fraction was also significantly increased ( P  <   0.05), but there were no significant differences ( P  <   0.05) in the OC and ON content in the POM occluded in micro-aggregates and in the silt + clay-sized organic matter fraction. The results showed that even in less than 1 year pronounced effects on soil physical properties and on the distribution of OC and ON in the SOM fractions occurred.     

Variation in content of available P and K (bray I) in soil samples from a cropped N,P, and K fertility experiment over 8 years

Abstract

Plots from a N, P, and K field fertility experiment were soil sampled each spring and fall from 1971 to 1979 to study the effect of cropping and different rates of added P and K on the content of available soil P and K (Bray I). Phosphorus and K fertilization was in the spring after soil sampling and before planting in 1971, 1972,and 1973 and in the fall after sampling in 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, and 1978. Over the 8‐year period, available soil P increased 1 kg/ ha for every 2.3 kg/ha of added P; while available soil K increased 1 kg/ha for every 5.7 kg/ha of added K. However, within a growing season and between growing seasons, contents of available soil P and K showed cyclic patterns, increasing and decreasing to a greater extent than the long‐term response. Changes in available P and K from spring to fall and from fall to spring are presented. Variability in the content of available soil P and K for 32 plots receiving a similar treatment of either P or K was greater for P as compared to K.     

黄土高原植被恢复对土壤肥力质量的影响研究

在野外调查分析的基础上,测定了沙棘、黄刺玫、油松以及草地和农田的土壤有机质和速效养分,采用新负极差法检验了有机质含量的差异性,结果表明:(1)黄土高原半湿润地区恢复植被能够显著提高土壤的有机质含量,且草地>沙棘>黄刺玫>油松;(2)植被恢复对土壤有机质的提高效益随深度增加而明显减小,土壤有机质有一定表聚性,草地和灌木林植被下更为显著;(3)不同植被类型土壤速效氮均有大幅度增加,土壤速效磷增幅较小;土壤速效钾在草地、黄刺玫植被下有少量增加,沙棘、油松林地却有所下降。     

绿肥对植烟土壤酶活性及土壤肥力的影响

通过田间试验,研究翻压绿肥对植烟土壤酶活性及土壤肥力的影响。结果表明, 翻压绿肥能够明显提高土壤酶活性和土壤肥力水平,当绿肥翻压量在15000 kg/hm2以上时,尤其在22500~30000 kg/hm2之间时对土壤各项指标的影响更加明显。与对照相比,翻压绿肥的各处理土壤脲酶、 酸性磷酸酶、 蔗糖酶、 过氧化氢酶增幅分别为13.10%2~3.81%、 12.92%~29.38%、 75.35%~234.51%、 29.17%~37.08%; 土壤有机质、 全氮、 碱解氮、 有效磷、 速效钾、 pH、 孔隙度增幅分别为13.01%~70.41%、 6.42%~27.52%、 1.14%~10.99%、 15.97%~34.99%、 10.28%~38.30%、 2.74%~7.05%、 0.19%~2.50%,土壤容重降幅为1.47%~5.15%。简单相关分析表明,脲酶、 酸性磷酸酶、 蔗糖酶、 过氧化氢酶4种酶之间以及4种酶与土壤理化因子之间均有极显著的相关关系,而土壤酶活性之间的相互关系表明,土壤酶在促进土壤有机物质转化中不仅显示其专性特性,同时也存在共性关系; 典型相关分析结果为,第一对典型变量线性函数反映了土壤酶活性和土壤养分因子对土壤综合肥力水平的影响,第二对典型变量线性函数反映了施入绿肥对土壤内部重要的生理生化过程变化的影响; 主成分分析结果显示,第一主成分反映了土壤的综合肥力水平,所有因子均对土壤肥力水平起到了正效应,土壤酶活性能够和土壤理化因子共同评价土壤综合肥力水平。以上结果说明,翻压绿肥后土壤生物过程活跃,有利于土壤有机物质的转化和烤烟正常生长所需的营养供应。