近30年吴桥县冬小麦生育期水分亏缺变化趋势分析

为了给地处黑龙港地区的河北省吴桥县制定冬小麦稳产灌溉制度提供理论依据,本文利用1981—2013年吴桥县的气象数据和SIMETAW模型,分析了冬小麦全生育期及播种—返青期、返青—拔节期、拔节—开花期、开花—成熟期4个生育阶段的降水量、需水量、耗水强度及水分亏缺指数(CWDI)的变化趋势;同时利用5年滑动平均法将分析年份冬小麦实际产量分为趋势产量和气象产量,计算了不同降雨年型下冬小麦减产率的变异系数。结果表明,近30年河北省吴桥县冬小麦生育时期的水分亏缺指数和需水量均呈现轻微的上升趋势;冬小麦发生干旱的概率为93.75%,其中,中旱和重旱发生概率为65.52%。冬小麦生育时期的平均日降雨量呈现从冬小麦生育中期向后期转移的趋势,日耗水强度表现为从生育后期向生育中期移动的趋势,这是导致返青—拔节期和拔节—开花期水分亏缺指数较大的重要原因。冬小麦减产率的变异系数的绝对值在缺水年最大,为154.241;在丰水年最小,为1.999;正常年份为24.776。因此,冬小麦拔节—开花期的及时灌溉对于保障冬小麦的稳产增产具有重要作用。建议在缺水年份调整冬小麦的水分管理制度,在冬小麦拔节初期一次性充分灌溉或在拔节初期和中后期分次进行少量灌溉。     

The effect of foliar application of Moringa leaf extract on biomass,grain yield of wheat and applied nutrient efficiency

Moringa leaf extracts (MLE) from two varieties of Moringa oleifera Lam. were applied to leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in two glasshouse experiments. MLE was extracted from the leaves of using three different solvents (hexane, butanol; ethyl-acetate). The extracts were applied as foliar sprays at different growth stages of wheat (T. aestivum L.) grown on two soil types with either adequate or low phosphorus (P) nutrient additions at Albany, Western Australia. Sprays were applied at the 4–5 leaf (tillering) and the 7-leaf (Boot) stage either as a single spray or a combination of sprays at tillering and boot stage. The application of MLE either at tillering or boot stage increased the dry weight of shoots (biomass) and grain yield of wheat. A foliar spray of MLE applied at tillering increased biomass at the boot stage by ～37% and grain yield increased by ～34% compared to nil MLE spray. A single spray of MLE increased grain yield by ～30% when applied at boot stage. A single application at tillering gave a better yield response than a single spray at the 7-leaf or boot or than a double spray applied at tillering and boot stage. A 50% dilution of the extractant concentration gave the same grain yield response as the original concentration applied at tillering stage. The hexane extracts gave the significantly higher grain yield responses. Plant tissue and grain analysis showed no significant difference in protein and nutrient concentration of wheat grain from plants sprayed with and without MLE. A MLE spray at boot also increased grain yield by 44% on the red sandy-loam soil where P application was at sub-optimum levels, ～80% of P requirement for maximum yield. The partial factor productivity (PFP) index indicated that the P and potassium (K) use improved where MLE was applied as a foliar spray. For example, the PFP of P and K for grain yield increased by about 30%, where MLE was sprayed to foliage. The results of this study indicate that MLE extracted can potentially be a viable option to increase wheat grain yield and fertilizer efficiency use, particularly P and K, in Mediterranean wheat production system.     

Growth stage-based response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to kinetin under water-deficit environment: pigments and gas exchange attributes

Plant growth regulator, kinetin, is known to modulate the key physiological processes under abiotic stresses in different crops. However, kinetin-mediated response at different growth stages of crop plants is lagging behind. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to appraise the potential role of exogenously applied kinetin in alleviating the effects of water scarcity on wheat. Three levels of kinetin (0, 75, and 150 mg/L) were used either as seed treatment or foliar spray at the vegetative or the post-anthesis stage. Water deficit markedly reduced shoot fresh mass, plant chlorophyll level, flag leaf photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate. Degradation of chlorophyll a was greater in plants subjected to post-anthesis water-deficit conditions. However, plants growing under continuous water-deficit conditions had significantly lower concentration of chlorophyll b than those treated with water scarcity at the post-anthesis stage or receiving normal irrigation. Inhibited photosynthesis of wheat in response to post-anthesis water-deficit conditions was largely due to non-stomatal factors. In contrast, stomatal factors were the main constraints for photosynthesis in plants growing under continuous scarcity of water. Plants subjected to continuous water starvation had markedly lower grain yield than those subjected to water-deficit conditions at post-anthesis stage. Application of kinetin before seed sowing or at the post-anthesis stage significantly reduced the negative effects of drought on flag leaf chlorophyll and stomatal conductance. Lower level of kinetin (75 mg/L) was found to be more effective in mitigating the inhibitory effects of water shortage on photosynthesis and growth, and improved grain yield under water scarcity.     

Exogenous glycinebetaine application improves yield under water-limited conditions in hybrid sunflower

Limited water availability is a severe threat to the sustainability of crop production. Exogenous application of glycinebetaine (GB) has been found very effective in reducing the adverse affects of water scarcity. This study was conducted to examine the role of exogenous GB application in improving the yield of hybrid sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under different irrigation regimes. There were three levels of irrigation: Control (four irrigations), three irrigations (irrigation missing at budding stage) and two irrigations (irrigation missing at budding and grain formation stage) in the experiment. While GB was applied exogenously at 100 mM GB each at budding and grain formation stages, the Control treatment did not receive any GB application. Data regarding yield, yield components and quality parameters showed that water stress reduced the head diameter, number of achene per head, 1000-achene weight and yield. Nonetheless, it was significantly improved by the exogenous GB application. Among the qualitative characteristics, protein contents were significantly increased by water stress at different growth stages but were reduced by exogenous GB application. Whilst oil contents were reduced by drought at different stages, GB application, however, did not ameliorate the negative effect of drought stress on achene oil contents. The effects of water stress and foliar application of GB were more pronounced when applied at vegetative stage than at the reproductive stage. Moreover, exogenous GB application was only advantageous under stress conditions.     

干旱条件下APSIM模型修正及华北冬小麦产量模拟效果

干旱是影响华北地区冬小麦产量的主要农业气象灾害之一,作物生长模型是评估干旱对作物产量影响主要方法之一,但作物生长模型对极端天气气候条件下（如干旱）作物产量模拟效果仍存在不确定性。为提高作物模型在干旱条件下对作物产量模拟的精准性,该研究利用调参验证后的农业生产系统模型（agricultural production systems simulator,APSIM）,通过查阅与华北地区冬小麦相关的186篇大田试验文献获得1 876对观测数据,以作物水分亏缺指数为干旱指标,评估APSIM模型在冬小麦拔节-开花和开花-成熟阶段干旱对产量影响的模拟效果,提出APSIM在拔节-开花和开花-成熟阶段干旱对小麦产量影响的修正系数。基于历史气候条件、SSP245和SSP585未来气候情景资料,分析了冬小麦拔节-开花和开花-成熟阶段干旱时空分布特征,并采用修正系数校正后的APSIM模型评估华北地区冬小麦拔节-开花和开花-成熟阶段不同等级干旱对其产量的影响。结果表明,APSIM模型低估了拔节-开花阶段干旱对冬小麦产量影响程度,轻旱、中旱和重旱校正系数分别为0.85、0.91和0.85;APSIM模型可准确模...     

微咸水灌溉对土壤盐分平衡与作物产量的影响

河北低平原淡水资源短缺,微咸水资源丰富,合理开发利用微咸水已经成为缓解水资源供需矛盾的重要途径之一。本研究于2011—2015年在河北省沧州市中国科学院南皮生态农业试验站进行,以冬小麦和夏玉米一年两熟种植体系为研究对象,开展了河北低平原区实施微咸水灌溉对冬小麦及下茬作物夏玉米产量及灌溉对土壤盐分周年平衡的影响。2013—2014年冬小麦灌溉处理设雨养旱作处理(CK)、拔节期淡水灌溉1水(F1)、拔节期用2 g·L~(-1)、3 g·L~(-1)、4 g·L~(-1)、5 g·L~(-1)的微咸水灌溉1次(B21、B31、B41、B51)、拔节期和灌浆期用淡水灌溉(F2)、拔节期用3 g·L~(-1)的微咸水+灌浆期用淡水灌溉(B31F1)、拔节期用淡水+灌浆期用3 g·L~(-1)微咸水灌溉(F1B31)、拔节期和灌浆期都用3 g·L~(-1)的微咸水灌溉(B32)、拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期都用淡水灌溉(F3)。2014—2015年根据上年度的试验结果对试验处理进行了精简,冬小麦灌溉处理设CK、F1、B31、B41、B51、B42(拔节期和灌浆期都用4 g·L~(-1)的微咸水灌溉)。结果表明,一般年型下冬小麦生育期灌溉2水就能获得高产和稳产,平均产量为6 593.4 kg·hm~(-2)。利用小于5 g·L~(-1)的微咸水灌溉,与淡水灌溉相比,不会造成冬小麦产量降低,灌溉1次微咸水比雨养旱作处理增产10%~30%,可用微咸水替代1次淡水。微咸水灌溉条件下冬小麦收获时土壤盐分有所积累,表层土壤含盐量大于1 g·L~(-1),影响下茬玉米的出苗和生长,但夏玉米播种后用675~750 m3·hm-2淡水灌溉可满足耕层淋盐需求,达到玉米生长的安全阈值,与淡水灌溉处理的玉米产量相比不减产。利用夏季降雨,可使土壤盐分得到淋洗,当夏季降雨量大于300 mm时,冬小麦微咸水灌溉下土壤盐分达到周年平衡。沧州地区73%以上的年份,夏季降雨量大于300 mm,为土壤淋盐创造了条件,保证了微咸水替代一次淡水灌溉的安全性。     

基于CROPWAT-DSSAT关中地区冬小麦需水规律及灌溉制度研究

明确关中地区作物需水规律可为合理制定灌溉制度提供理论前提,从而为合理开发和高效利用农业水资源提供帮助。该文基于CROPWAT-DSSAT模型模拟分析了关中地区近30年来冬小麦生长季期间的有效降水量、作物需水量等季节变化特征,并模拟不同降水年型不同灌溉制度下作物产量的变化趋势,分析了多次灌水对产量及经济效益的影响,以确定不同降水年型下的最优灌溉方案。结果表明:关中地区冬小麦生长季期间有效降水量不足其需水量的50%,不同降水年型的季节特征有所不同,总体表现为越冬及返青拔节期缺水较为严重。冬小麦生长期间,越冬水、返青水、拔节水及灌浆水4水中以返青水最为关键,其次为拔节水,灌浆水对产量的贡献作用最小;丰水年、平水年、枯水年冬小麦最佳灌溉定额分别为75 mm、125 mm及150 mm;枯水年需在越冬期、返青期和拔节期分别灌水25 mm、75 mm和50 mm,此时冬小麦产量和经济收益均最高;平水年需在越冬期、返青期、拔节期分别灌水50 mm、50 mm和25 mm,此时冬小麦产量最高,越冬水灌溉量减半后经济效益最高;丰水年则需在越冬期、返青期和拔节期均灌溉25 mm为宜,此时冬小麦产量和经济效益均最高。     

不同发育期干旱对冬小麦灌浆和产量影响的模拟

为探明不同强度干旱对农作物生长过程所产生的影响,本文基于作物生长模型WOFOST,采用数值模拟方法,模拟分析了河南省郑州地区冬小麦在拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期分别发生不同程度干旱、两个发育期以及3个发育期都发生不同程度干旱对冬小麦灌浆过程和产量的影响。结果表明,当单一发育期供水减少10~30 mm时,干旱导致小麦灌浆强度在正常灌浆后的第14~18 d下降,可使小麦减产1.34%~12.5%,且以抽穗期干旱影响最大,其次是灌浆期干旱,拔节期干旱影响最小;当两个发育期供水都减少10~20 mm时,干旱导致小麦灌浆强度在正常灌浆后的第10~17 d下降,可使小麦减产4.94%~21.88%,且以抽穗期和灌浆期干旱影响为最大,其次是拔节期和灌浆期干旱,拔节期和抽穗期干旱影响最小;当3个发育期供水都减少5~15 mm时,干旱导致小麦灌浆强度在正常灌浆后的第11~16 d下降,可使小麦减产3.93%~24.84%。可见,干旱致使土壤水分亏缺,影响了作物正常的灌浆强度,进而导致作物减产。干旱发生时段与程度不同,造成作物的减产率也不尽相同,多个发育期干旱导致小麦的减产率往往大于单一发育期干旱相叠加的效应。     

宁夏引黄灌区春小麦微咸水灌溉管理的模拟

为探讨宁夏引黄灌区春小麦适宜的微咸水灌溉管理模式,该文根据2007年田间试验的实测资料,应用SWAP模型在田间尺度上对微咸水灌溉条件下春小麦田间土壤水盐运移规律和灌溉制度进行模拟,对拟定的各种灌溉方案进行评价分析。结果表明,率定与验证的SWAP模型可用于当地微咸水灌溉管理,在当地微咸水与引黄水为1︰1的混灌条件下,试验年份春小麦优化灌溉方案为全生育期灌4水（分蘖水、拔节水、抽穗水和灌浆水）,灌溉定额为2 400 m3/hm2;在75%和50%降雨年型下,春小麦优化灌溉方案为全生育期灌4水（分蘖水、拔节水、抽穗水和灌浆水）,灌溉定额分别为3 000 m3/hm2和2 300 m3/hm2;在25%降雨年型下,春小麦优化灌溉方案为全生育期灌2水（拔节水和抽穗水）,灌溉定额为2 000 m3/hm2。该研究所提出的优化灌溉模式对于引黄灌区微咸水高效灌溉利用具有一定的指导意义。     

Alleviation of drought stress in winter wheat by late foliar application of zinc,boron, and manganese

In many regions, drought during flowering and grain‐filling inhibits micronutrient acquisition by roots resulting in yield losses and low micronutrient concentrations in cereal grains. A field and a greenhouse experiment were conducted to study the effect of foliar applications of zinc (Zn), boron (B), and manganese (Mn) at late growth stages of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown with or without drought stress from booting to maturity. Foliar applications of Zn, B, and Mn did not affect grain yield in the absence of drought. However, under drought, foliar application of Zn and B in the field increased grain yield (15% and 19%, respectively) as well as raising grain Zn and B concentration, while Zn and Mn sprays in the greenhouse increased grain yield (13% and 10%, respectively), and also increased grain Zn and Mn concentrations. Furthermore, under drought stress both in the field and greenhouse experiment the rate of photosynthesis, pollen viability, number of fertile spikes, number of grains per spike, and particularly water‐use efficiency (WUE) were increased by late foliar application of micronutrients. These results indicate that by increasing WUE foliar application of Zn, B, and Mn at booting to anthesis can reduce the harmful effects of drought stress that often occur during the late stages of winter wheat production. These findings therefore are of high relevance for farmers' practice, the extension service, and fertilizer industry.     

微喷灌水肥一体化小麦磷钾肥减施稳产提质研究

采用微喷灌水肥一体化灌溉方式研究磷钾肥减施及追施时间对小麦生长发育、水分利用效率及品质的影响。结果表明:磷钾肥减施对小麦拔节期总茎数和分蘖数影响显著,生育期灌3水(越冬水+拔节水+灌浆水)和灌4水(越冬水+拔节水+开花水+灌浆水)的P_(底+拔)K(磷肥50%底施+50%拔节期追施)最高,且可以提高花后干物质的积累能力,增加籽粒中来自开花后干物质的比例,成熟期籽粒分配量最高。与传统栽培模式及微喷灌常量施肥相比,生育期灌水3次(越冬水+拔节水+灌浆水),灌水量1 500 m3/hm2,磷钾肥减施30%且磷肥50%底施+50%拔节期追施与常量施肥高产处理差异不显著,产量构成因子中穗数和穗粒数没有显著变化,千粒重有增加趋势,品质指标较当地传统栽培模式有所提高。因此,在山西省干旱缺水条件下,利用微喷灌水肥一体化技术生育期灌水3次(越冬水+拔节水+灌浆水),灌水量1 500 m3/hm2,氮肥70%底施+30%拔节期追施、钾肥减30%全部底施、磷肥减30%且50%底施+50%拔节期追施可以实现节水节肥稳产提质。     

基于APSIM模型小麦-玉米不同灌溉制度作物产量和水分利用效率分析

针对海河平原地下水位持续下降和维持小麦—玉米两熟较高产量之间的矛盾,对不同降水年型小麦—玉米不同灌溉制度下产量和水分利用效率(WUE)进行模拟分析,结果对平衡该区域地下水可持续利用与粮食生产提供重要科学决策依据。利用研究区域站点长时间序列气象数据,以小麦不同水分处理地上部生物量、叶面积和周年土壤水分动态田间试验数据为基础,对APSIM小麦玉米遗传参数和土壤水分等相关参数进行了校准和验证。利用校准和验证的APSIM模型,对不同降水年型小麦—玉米不同生长阶段水分亏缺指数(CWDI)进行了分析,并模拟了8种不同灌溉制度情景下小麦玉米产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率(IWUE)。结果表明:不同降水年型小麦各生育阶段CWDI均较高,说明无论干旱、平水和湿润年份小麦需水量远大于降水量,尤其是拔节—成熟期水分严重亏缺,属极旱;玉米抽雄前基本不受干旱胁迫影响,但抽雄后的灌浆阶段处于中旱或重旱,对水分需求迫切。兼顾产量和水分利用效率的灌溉制度,干旱、平水及湿润年份全年灌溉3次,灌水量为225 mm(小麦播种75 mm+拔节期75 mm+开花期75 mm)时可获得较高的周年产量和最大WUE。不同降水年型周年产量和WUE在干旱年份分别为17 357.6 kg/hm~2和29.6 kg/(hm~2·mm),平水年份分别为18 827.9 kg/hm~2和25.9 kg/(hm~2·mm),湿润年份分别为19 685.2 kg/hm~2和25.8 kg/(hm~2·mm)。此灌溉制度下,小麦、玉米可获得较高的产量和水分利用效率,为该区域水—粮权衡的重要灌溉策略和措施。     

环渤海低平原农田多水源高效利用机理和技术研究

淡水资源严重匮乏是影响环渤海低平原粮食生产可持续发展的重要限制因素。本文针对该区粮食生产中水分利用效率低、提升潜力巨大,同时该区浅层微咸水资源和降水资源较丰富的现状,以中国科学院南皮生态农业试验站最近3年试验研究结果为基础,综述了在挖掘咸水利用潜力、提高雨水和灌溉水利用效率方面研究工作进展。针对冬小麦夏玉米一年两作种植,研究结果显示品种间产量和水分利用效率(WUE)差异显著,最高和最低品种差异达20%左右,通过选用节水高产品种可显著提升产量和WUE;冬小麦通过拔节期灌溉关键水,在促进地上部生物量积累同时,显著促进地下根系生长,使冬小麦充分利用土壤储水,实现限水灌溉下稳产高效;夏玉米通过缩小行距增大株距的缩行匀播,可提升夏玉米苗期单株作物根系所占土壤体积空间,增加水分养分对作物的有效性,提高夏玉米成苗率和苗期所截获辐射量,比常规种植产量提高10%左右;冬小麦在拔节期利用含盐量不大于4 g×L~(-1)的浅层微咸水替代淡水灌溉,产量与淡水灌溉相同;浅层微咸水替代淡水灌溉并配套土壤有机质提升技术和利用夏季降水淋盐,可实现微咸水灌溉下周年土壤盐分平衡。通过上述措施实施,实现以咸补淡、以淡调盐、多水源互补高效利用,在不影响作物产量条件下可节约深层淡水资源,促进区域灌溉农业可持续发展。     

华北典型区域农田耗水与节水灌溉研究

本文总结了中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心围绕华北典型地区冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟开展的节水灌溉研究。在位于华北中北部的中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站的定点试验结果显示,从1980年到2017年,在充分灌溉条件下冬小麦产量增加55.7%、夏玉米产量增加59.7%。冬小麦生育期耗水(ET)从400 mm增加到465 mm;玉米耗水年平均稳定在375 mm左右;年耗水量从777.0 mm增加到834.4 mm;满足冬小麦、夏玉米生育期耗水条件下,年灌溉需水量平均300 mm,必须减少灌溉用水和田间耗水,才能解决区域地下水超采问题。研究发现在限水灌溉条件下,冬小麦拔节期1次灌溉可显著促进作物营养生长和根系生长,利于后期土壤水分高效利用,在维持作物稳产基础上,比充分灌溉年节水165.2 mm。研究发现进一步利用小定额灌溉技术,通过增加灌水频率、缩减次灌水量,可增加有限水对作物的有效性,实现作物根系、土壤水分和养分在空间上的耦合,进一步提升有限灌溉对作物的增产作用。只考虑维持播种时良好土壤水分条件、生育期不进行灌溉的最小灌溉模式,与充分灌溉模式相比,产量减少28%,但可节约灌溉水69%,田间耗水减少43%,水分利用效率提高13%,年耗水量维持在560 mm左右。相对于减熟制节约灌溉水措施,冬小麦-夏玉米一年两季最小灌溉模式总产量高于两年3作5.5%~12.0%,年耗水量低于两年3作10%~13%,可显著消减减熟制带来的休闲期土壤蒸发损失。因此,实施冬小麦、夏玉米生育期节水灌溉,如最小灌溉、关键期灌溉,可大幅度降低灌水量和作物生育期耗水量,同时又能维持一定的生产能力,是华北实施地下水限采措施下应优先考虑的技术选择。     

黄淮海平原典型区冬小麦水分胁迫规律与灌溉策略

黄淮海平原区是中国主要的水分亏缺区,进行合理的灌溉,充分提高水分利用效率是近些年该地区农业研究的重要课题。该文利用环境政策综合气候模型（environmental policy integrated climate,EPIC）,通过模拟黄淮海平原典型区河北沧州地区冬小麦在3种灌溉情景下的生长过程探索合理的灌溉策略。首先通过雨养（无灌溉）情景模拟,分析在当地气候条件下冬小麦生长期内水分胁迫的变化规律,然后通过自动灌溉,调整单次灌溉最大量来分析产量、水分利用效率的变化规律,并根据灌溉实施过程探索合理的人工灌溉方式进行手动灌溉模拟。研究发现：该地区冬小麦在生长期内缺水严重,存在4个主要的水分胁迫期,分别位于分蘖期、返青期、拔节期和灌浆期;通过分析自动灌溉结果,冬小麦在播种期需灌溉10 mm,分蘖期40 mm,返青期35 mm,拔节期35 mm,灌浆期10 mm,能在提高产量的同时保证水分利用效率在一个较高的水平;试验证明,利用EPIC模型可较好地进行作物的水分胁迫与灌溉策略研究。     

华北平原不同等级干旱对冬小麦产量的影响

华北平原是中国重要的粮食生产基地,其中冬小麦播种面积和产量均居中国首位,在国家粮食安全中具有重要作用,干旱是影响该区域冬小麦产量的最主要农业气象灾害。该研究基于华北平原44个气象站点1981—2017年的逐日气象数据以及作物、土壤和田间管理资料,以作物水分亏缺指数为农业干旱指标,基于调参验证后的农业生产系统模型(Agricultural Production Systems Simulater,APSIM),评估了冬小麦生长发育中后期各生育阶段不同等级干旱对冬小麦单产和总产的影响。结果表明,冬小麦拔节-开花和开花-成熟阶段干旱造成冬小麦减产率空间上均呈北高南低的分布特征,且开花-成熟阶段干旱引起的减产率(26.8%)高于拔节-开花阶段干旱引起的减产率(19.1%),区域间比较均表现为干旱对京津冀地区冬小麦单产影响最大,对河南省冬小麦单产影响最小;随着干旱等级的加重减产率增大,开花-成熟阶段轻旱、中旱和重旱的减产率分别为16.5%、32.8%和44.9%,拔节-开花阶段轻旱、中旱和重旱的减产率分别为10.3%、18.8%和28.6%。结合冬小麦实际播种面积得到各生育阶段干旱对总产的影响,区域间比较均表现为干旱对山东省冬小麦总产影响最大,对河南省冬小麦总产影响最小。     

土下覆膜与适宜灌水提高冬小麦水分利用率

为缓解河北平原区水资源匮乏与小麦生产水分高耗的特征性矛盾,该文采用大田试验方法,设置土下微膜覆盖结合拔节期灌水75 mm、抽穗期灌水75 mm、灌浆期灌水75 mm、雨养,露地条件下雨养和常规生产(CK)共6个处理,定位研究了连续3个生长季的土下微膜覆盖与不同时期灌水对冬小麦用水与产量形成的效果。结果表明,采用土下微膜覆盖种植小麦,基本苗数和有效穗数较CK分别降低了8.6%~12.0%和7.4%~11.7%,拔节至抽穗期75 mm灌水保证了覆盖下小麦生物产量形成及穗粒数、粒重的提高。土下微膜覆盖并适时灌水75 mm,开花后营养器官干物质向籽粒转运量比CK提高37.2%~57.3%,对籽粒贡献率提高4.7%~10.1%。土下微膜覆盖结合抽穗前一次灌水,全生育期田间耗水减少99.9~118.9 mm,用占CK 3/4的耗水量生产了与其相当的籽粒产量,水分利用效率提高26.1%~34.5%。回归分析表明,土下微膜覆盖下拔节-抽穗田间耗水118 mm可获得最高的生物产量,抽穗-灌浆耗水78 mm可获得15个以上的结实小穗数和灌浆期不小于5的叶面积指数,从而籽粒产量得以有效维持。2 m土体贮水随小麦生育进程和种植年限的推进而呈现亏损态势,而且趋近地表土壤水分亏损就越多。从第2季开始,持续干旱导致覆盖下灌浆期灌水对提高产量已不具有作用,反而增加耗水,灌溉时间前移可增加产量并提高水分利用效率。播种时土壤贮水较上季小麦收获时大幅增加,播种-拔节期间土壤贮水保蓄是小麦节水生产的关键,土下微膜覆盖则可实现麦田土壤贮水的秋冬保蓄、春季供应的跨季节调用。在河北省小麦产区,土下微膜覆盖结合春季适时少量灌水是有效降低小麦耗水、提高水分利用效率和维持小麦产量的新型种植方法。     

The effect of drought on the root growth of winter wheat and on its water uptake from a deep loam

Abstract. Avalon winter wheat was grown on deep silty clay loam soil (Hook series) under a fixed shelter at Rothamsted with either full drought or irrigation from the end of March to July, 1982. During this time the irrigated crop used 295 mm of irrigation water plus 45 mm of stored soil water, while the droughted crop extracted 223 mm of water from the soil. The roots penetrated to at least 1.8m and water was extracted from 2 m depth.
Even with a fully developed root system the crops could transpire at the full rate of atmospheric demand only when the near-surface soil was well supplied with water. However, the draughted crop extracted enough water from the loamy sub-soil to maintain a reduced transpiration flow for a further nine weeks after the near-surface water was depleted. Thus crop growth was maintained with a loss at final harvest of only 10% in total dry weight and even less in grain yield.
A summary of other results confirm that yield losses due to drought have been reported only for light soils, except in the exceptional year of 1976, and that drought is not normally an important factor affecting yields of winter wheat in the UK.     

适宜微喷灌灌水频率及氮肥量提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率

为明确微喷水肥一体化条件下灌溉次数和氮肥用量对冬小麦产量形成和水分利用的影响,该试验在灌水定额1 500 m3/hm2下设置微喷2次(拔节期750 m3/hm2+开花期750 m3/hm2)、3次(拔节期450 m3/hm2+开花期750 m3/hm2+灌浆期300 m3/hm2)、4次(拔节期450 m3/hm2+孕穗期300 m3/hm2+开花期450 m3/hm2+灌浆期300 m3/hm2)和氮肥追施45、90、135 kg/hm2处理,N肥随灌水等量分次施入,考察群体光合特性、物质生产和水分利用特征。结果表明:微喷3次和4次相比于微喷2次,产量提高了5.3%~18.9%,水分利用效率提高了5.3%~27.8%,但微喷3次与4次之间差异不显著。适当增加微喷次数提高了开花期和灌浆期群体绿色叶面积指数,延缓了叶片衰老,提高了生育后期干物质积累,增加了千粒质量,进而提高了籽粒产量;多次微喷(3次或4次)降低了总耗水量和开花前耗水比例,提高了开花后耗水比例;适当增施氮肥能进一步提高花后物质积累和花后耗水比例。综合来看,1 500 m3/hm2灌溉定额下微喷4次,追施氮肥90 kg/hm2产量和水分利用效率较高。     

Morpho-physiological and yield responses to exogenous moringa leaf extract and salicylic acid in maize (Zea mays L.) under water stress

Two field experiments were executed to investigate the effects of foliar-applied moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf extract (MLE; 1:30 w/v) and salicylic acid (SA; 0.5 mmol), singly or in combination, on growth, physio-biochemical, yield attributes and water use efficiency (WUE) of maize (Zea mays L., Three Ways Cross 329) under full and deficit irrigation conditions. Deficit irrigation was carried out by withholding water for 36 d from 12 to 48 days after sowing (DAS). At vegetative stage, deficit irrigation signi?cantly decreased all growth criteria, chlorophyll a concentration, and relative water content (RWC). In contrast, deficit irrigation considerably increased the concentrations of carotenoids, proline, membrane permeability (MP) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Similarly, grain yield, most yield components and WUE were significantly depressed in drought-stressed plants. However, foliar-applied treatments particularly MLE+SA signi?cantly increased growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, RWC and proline accumulation associated with a simultaneous decrease in MP and MDA concentration under full and deficit irrigation conditions. The application of MLE+SA markedly increased grain yield, yield components and WUE over control (spray tap water). Overall, the combined application of MLE and SA could be used for alleviating the adverse effects of growth, physiology, yield criteria and WUE in drought-stressed maize plants.