人工驯养斑翅山鹑的营养及饲料初探

人工驯养斑翅山鹑的营养及饲料初探周长海，毕金焱，迟景波，叶萍（吉林农垦特产高等专科学校１３２２１０９）斑翅山鹑又名沙半鸡，是鸟纲鸡形目雉科山鹑属的鸟类．成鹑体重在２５０克左右，野生分布于我国东北、内蒙、华北等地，是北方四大狩猎珍禽（雉鸡、榛鸡、松对、...     

山西芦芽山自然保护区斑翅山鹑的生态研究

2011-2013年3-9月,在山西芦芽山自然保护区对斑翅山鹁的繁殖习性进行了观察研究,结果表明：本区斑翅山鹑为留鸟,在海拔1 400-1 480 m的低山丘陵灌草带种群数量居多,在海拔1 600-1700 m的低山疏林灌丛带较少,海拔1 700 m以上的地区没有该鸟活动。繁殖前3月的种群平均密度为0.15只/hm^2,繁殖后的9月种群平均密度为0.25只/hm^2。3月末至6月进入繁殖期,年繁殖1次,1雄1雌制;雌雄共同营巢,营巢期6-7 d;窝卵数13-15枚,雌鸡孵卵,孵化期23-24 d,孵化率93.8%,成活率88.6%,繁殖力6.5只;雏在巢时间5-7 h,雏鸟早成性,雌雄鸡共同完成巢外育雏。近年来,斑翅山鹑的种群数量呈下降趋势,应加强保护。     

中国6个山羊群体微卫星标记的遗传多样性分析

利用30个微卫星座位，对中国6个群体山羊（阿尔巴斯、二狼山、乌珠穆沁、阿拉善、辽宁绒山羊和陕南白山羊），共计240个个体的遗传多样性进行了分析。计算了各群体的等位基因频率，并以其为基础获得了各群体的平均杂合度（He）、平均多态信息含量（PIC）和平均有效等位基因数（Ne），分别为0．367～0．467、0．533～0．639、2．571～4．915。分析了群体内和群体间的遗传变异，并根据遗传距离，进行了NJ聚类，结果将6个山羊群体分为两大类。为进一步对山羊品种的保存和利用提供科学的依据。     

兴国灰鹅微卫星标记的遗传多样性分析

为了解兴国灰鹅的遗传多样性,揭示其群体遗传结构,利用10个微卫星标记对兴国灰鹅进行哈代-温伯格平衡(HW)检验,统计群体基因频率、观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)、多态信息含量(PIC)、等位基因(Na)和有效等位基因(Ne)等。结果显示:10个微卫星标记位点共检测到30个Na,其中Ne为20.549个;Ho、He及PIC值最高的标记为CKW21,分别为0.700、0.734 5、0.679 5;群体平均Ho为0.384、He为0.477 5,平均PIC为0.411 1,表明兴国灰鹅遗传多样性丰富;经HW检验,兴国灰鹅在10个标记位点中存在3个不平衡点,表明群体的遗传结构处于一个逐渐不平衡的状态。     

利用微卫星标记分析兴义鸭的遗传多样性

文章旨在阐明兴义鸭的遗传多样性,为其保种与开发利0用提供参考依据。采用20对引物扩增兴义鸭的微卫星片段和判型,计算每个微卫星座位的有效等位基因数(Ne)、等位基因频率(P)、基因杂合度(H)及多态信息含量(PIC)。结果显示:20对微卫星引物在兴义鸭群体中均检测到多态,共检测到85个等位基因,平均每个微卫星基因座等位基因数4.2500个,群体平均杂合度H=0.6850,平均多态含量PIC=0.6284,平均有效等位基因数Ne=3.4449个,其中AJ272578、AJ515883、AJ515889、AJ515895、AJ515897、AJ515900表现为中度多态,剩下的14个位点均表现出高度多态性,试验结果表明,在兴义鸭具有丰富的遗传多样性,具有重要的保种价值和选育开发潜能。     

运用微卫星标记对中国地方绵羊品种的遗传多样性分析

利用30对微卫星引物,以中国西部7个地方绵羊（Ovi saries）品种为研究对象,通过计算基因频率、平均杂合度（H）、多态信息含量（PIC）及有效等位基因数目（Ne）,并根据共祖遗传距离矩阵进行UPGMA聚类分析,评估其品种内和品种间的遗传变异。结果表明：在30个座位中,共检测到239个等位基因,平均每个座位等位基因数为8个;品种平均有效等位基因数为2.9～3.4个,座位平均有效等位基因数为1.9～5.3个;座位平均杂合度为0.320～0.818,品种平均杂合度在0.656～0.719之间,座位平均PIC为0.388～0.786,品种平均PIC在0.590～0.666之间。聚类分析表明各绵羊品种聚类结果与其来源、育成史和地理分布基本一致,其中有争议之处仍待进一步探讨。     

利用微卫星分析中国家兔的遗传多样性

利用10个微卫星DNA标记对七个家兔品种进行了遗传检测。利用变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测微卫星的PCR扩增产物,计算了七个家兔品种（9个家兔群体）样本在10个微卫星基因座上的等位基因频率、微卫星的多态信息含量（PIC）、各群体遗传杂合度、群体间的遗传距离、并根据遗传距离对这几个群体进行了聚类分析。结果表明：所选择的10个微卫星位点在所检测群体中均表现了较好的多态性,平均多态信息含量为0．569905。平均杂舍度范围在0．5885～0．6826。表明所研究的家兔品种的遗传多样性较丰富,还可以做进一步的选择利用。根据遗传距离所做的聚类分析图表明吉戎-Ⅰ系和吉戎-Ⅱ系、哈尔滨大白兔、塞北兔的亲缘关系依次较近,与它们的培育历史相吻合。     

利用微卫星标记分析泸水中华蜜蜂遗传多样性

利用21对微卫星标记对云南泸水中华蜜蜂群体遗传多样性进行分析,共检测到121个等位基因,等位基因数目从2-12不等。平均等位基因数为5.76;所有位点的平均期望杂合度（He）和平均多态信息含量（PIC）值分别为0.6752和0.6192。表明泸水中华蜜蜂群体遗传多样性较为丰富。     

利用微卫星标记分析长白山中华蜜蜂遗传多样性

利用21对微卫星标记对吉林长白山中华蜜蜂群体遗传多样性进行分析,共检测到39个等位基因,等位基因数目从1~5不等。平均等位基因数为1.8571;所有位点的平均期望杂合度(He)和平均多态信息含量(PIC)值分别为0.2068和0.1679。表明长白山中华蜜蜂群体遗传多样性较低。     

利用微卫星分析中国家兔的遗传多样性

利用10个微卫星DNA标记对7个家兔品种(9个群体)进行了遗传检测。结果表明:所选择的10个微卫星位点在所检测群体中均表现了较好的多态性,平均多态信息含量为0.569905。平均杂合度范围在0.5885～0.6826。表明所研究的家兔品种的遗传多样性较丰富,还可以做进一步的选择利用。根据遗传距离所做的聚类分析图表明,吉戎-Ⅰ系和吉戎-Ⅱ系、哈尔滨大白兔、塞北兔的亲缘关系依次较近,与它们的培育历史相吻合。     

Genetic diversity and population structure of Polish Arabian horses assessed through breeding and microsatellite data

Polish Arabian horses are one of the most important populations of this breed in the world. Their post‐war history can be divided into two periods, with the dominant role of state studs until 1989, and the increasing significance of private breeding in the next years. The goal of the study was to evaluate genetic diversity and structure of the population under a new breeding policy. The analyses of breeding and microsatellite data from 1996 to 2012 provide a coherent picture of the population with constant flow of horses only in one direction from state to private studs. An increase in the number of broodmares was observed, from 396 mares in 1996 to 1021 mares in 2012. The proportion of foreign sires used in Polish studs also increased, from 7.1% to 37.0%. An increasing number of alleles and progressive differentiation in mares were observed. STRUCTURE analysis indicated that the Polish horses were clearly separated from foreign horses used in Polish breeding, although only one of the 75 alleles found can be considered as typically Polish. The high heterozygosity is an important feature of the Polish population; however, the decrease of heterozygosity in state broodmares was noted. This issue needs to be studied further.     

我国6个绵(山)羊群体遗传分化的微卫星分析

为进一步了解我国绵(山)羊群体的品种特性及其遗传分化,本文利用微卫星标记对我国6个绵(山)羊群体遗传分化进行了分析。采用中心产区典型群随机抽样方法用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测乌珠穆沁羊7个微卫星位点,并引用同实验室小尾寒羊、滩羊、湖羊、同羊、长江三角洲白山羊(参照群体)的相关资料进行群体遗传分化水平分析。研究表明:7个微卫星位点在乌珠穆沁羊、小尾寒羊、滩羊、湖羊、同羊、山羊这6个品种中均存在遗传多态性,各座位等位基因均较丰富。根据标准遗传距离、DA遗传距离以及模糊相容关系进行聚类分析,湖羊与同羊首先聚为一类,乌珠穆沁羊和小尾寒羊聚为一类,然后与滩羊聚为一类,5个绵羊品种最后与山羊相聚。     

利用微卫星标记分析5个家兔品种内的遗传多样性

本研究利用微卫星标记分析了我国5个家兔品种内的遗传多样性。结果表明:在5个品种中,新西兰兔有效等位基因数最多,为6.545 5;加利福尼亚兔有效等位基因数最少,为3.000。比利时兔平均多态信息含量和平均杂合度最大,分别为0.570 4和0.823 3;加利福尼亚兔平均多态信息含量和平均杂合度最小,分别为0.499 7和0.589 7。     

利用微卫星标记分析乌骨大骨鸡的遗传多样性

利用微卫星标记分析了乌骨大骨鸡的遗传多样性和遗传结构,筛选了鸡基因组7条染色体上的7个微卫星标记位点,随机选取24羽乌骨大骨鸡个体,进行多态性检测,共检测到23个等位基因,每个座位等位基因数目从2个到5个不等,平均等位基因数为3.3个。该群体平均多态信息含量和平均杂合度分别为0.660 3和0.717 6。结果表明乌骨大骨鸡属多态性较丰富的群体。     

Sheep genetic diversity in Bhutan using microsatellite markers

Genotype data from eight microsatellite markers were used to assess genetic diversity and relationships among five indigenous Bhutanese sheep populations, Sakten, Jakar, Sarpang, Sipsu and Tsirang. Estimates of mean observed and expected heterozygosities, mean number of alleles per locus/population were obtained. The highest observed heterozygosities were found in Jakar (0.657) and Sakten (0.647), while the lowest one was found in Tsirang (0.539). Genetic distances, pairwise proportion of different alleles, UPGMA tree, and principal component analysis indicate close relationship among Tsirang, Sipsu and Sarpang populations, while Jakar and Sakten populations are located in one cluster. These two clusters are separated geographically, and show distinct phenotypic as well as molecular characters. We therefore recommend that the Bhutanese native sheep populations be classified into at least two distinct breeds, Jakar‐Sakten sheep and Sipsu sheep. Since Jakar and Sakten sheep have different morphological phenotypes, further analyses will be required to understand the genetic differences between these two sheep populations.     

东方白鹳微卫星遗传标记的筛选及其在种群遗传分析中的应用

东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)是分布于东亚的大型濒危涉禽,亟待深入开展其种群的保护遗传学研究.本研究采用微卫星标记技术筛选东方白鹤的微卫星位点,并进行种群的遗传多样性分析.所用的36对微卫星引物7对来自白鹳(Ciconia ciconia),12对来自朱鹮(Nipponia nippon),17对来自大蓝...     

四川常羽乌骨鸡群体遗传多样性分析

利用选自家禽基因组的10个微卫星标记,对四川常羽乌骨鸡5个群体(四川山地乌骨鸡白羽系、黑羽系;黄忠山地乌骨鸡;黄忠山地乌骨鸡绿壳蛋系;草科乌骨鸡)的遗传多样性进行了检测,计算了各群体的群体杂合度、群体间遗传距离,并根据遗传距离进行了聚类分析。结果表明所选择的微卫星标记在各群体中表现出较高的多态性;四川5个乌骨鸡群体遗传多样性比较丰富,群体平均杂合度为0.5383到0.6659;各群体间的遗传距离有一定的差异;聚类分析将5个群体聚为三类。     

Analysis of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of red deer subspecies in XinJiang,China

Polymorphisms for seven microsatellite loci in three red deer subspecies (9 populations) found in XinJiang were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 12% nondenaturation polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the Sanguinetti silver staining method. Numbers of alleles, average effective numbers of alleles (E) and the average rate of homozygosity, allelic frequencies of seven microsatellite loci, polymorphism information content (PIC), mean heterozygosity (H) and genetic distances among the populations were calculated for each population. Dendrograms were constructed based on genetic distances by the neighbor‐joining method (NJ), utilizing molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software PHYLIP (3.6). The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on allelic frequencies using maximum likelihood (ML); the bootstrap value was estimated by bootstrap test in the tree. Lastly, phylogenesis was analyzed. The results showed that four of the seven microsatellite loci were highly polymorphic, but BMS2508 and Celjp0023 showed no polymorphism and BM5004 was a neutral polymorphism. It is our conclusion that the four microsatellite loci are effective DNA markers for the analysis of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among the three red deer subspecies. The mean PIC, H and E‐values across the microsatellite loci were 0.5393, 0.5736 and 2.64, which showed that these microsatellite loci are effective DNA markers for the genetic analysis of red deer. C.e. songaricus populations from Regiment 104, 151 and Hami are clustered together. C.e. yarkandensis populations from Regiment 35, Xaya and Alaer are clustered together. These two clusters also cluster together. Lastly, C.e. sibiricus populations from Burqin, Regiment 188 and the first two clusters were clustered together. The phylogenetic relationship among different red deer populations is consistent with the known origin, history of breeding and geographic distributions of populations.     

利用微卫星标记对四个绵羊品种遗传多样性的初步研究

采用3个微卫星标记，对4个中国地方绵羊品种进行遗传多样性检测。利用POPGENE软件分析了受试羊等位基因频率、等位基因数、有效等位基因数、遗传杂合度。     

Genetic diversity of Forest and Savannah chicken populations of Ghana as estimated by microsatellite markers

The characterization of indigenous animal genetic resources is a requisite step in providing needed information for the conservation of useful genotypes against future needs. Thus, in this study, 22 microsatellite markers were used to genotype 114 local chickens from the Forest (n = 59) and Savannah (n = 55) eco‐zones of Ghana and the results compared to those of the ancestral red junglefowl (n = 15) and two European commercial chicken populations – a broiler (n = 25) and white leghorn (n = 25). A total of 171 alleles were observed, with an average of 7.8 alleles per locus. The local Ghanaian chickens showed higher diversity in terms of the observed number of alleles per locus (6.6) and observed heterozygosity (0.568) compared with the combined control populations (6.0 and 0.458, respectively). However, Wright's F‐statistics revealed negligible genetic differentiation (F_ST) in local Ghanaian chicken populations. In addition, 65% of the Savannah chickens were inferred to be more likely from the Forest, suggesting a south‐north dispersal of chickens from their probable original location in the Forest zone to the Savannah areas. It is concluded that the Forest and Savannah chickens of Ghana are a single, randomly mating unselected population, characterized by high genetic diversity and constitute a valuable resource for conservation and improvement.