熏蒸条件下有机肥部分替代化肥对西瓜光合和氮代谢酶活性的影响

基于田间大棚试验,以单施化肥(CF)和不施肥(CK)为对照,研究在熏蒸、和等量养分条件下,鸡粪(CM)、蚓粪(VC)、生物有机肥(BOF)三种有机肥部分替代化肥(简称有机替代)对西瓜叶片核酮糖-1, 5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubisco)和Rubisco活化酶(RCA)两种光合酶活性,叶片和果实硝酸还原酶(NR)、亚硝酸还原酶(NiR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)四种氮代谢关键酶活性以及西瓜根系形态的影响。结果表明,与单施化肥(CF)相比,有机替代均能不同程度地提高西瓜光合酶和氮代谢关键酶活性以及根系形态指标;整体来看,VC处理改善以上指标的效果最佳,与CF相比,熏蒸条件下西瓜根系生长指标显著提升、提升幅度在12.68%～37.96%不等,叶片Rubisco与RCA活性显著增加、增幅分别为40.43%和45.36%,盛花期叶片的NR、NiR、GS和GOGAT的活性分别提高了83.87%、27.88%、20.89%和23.69%;熏蒸对植物光合酶和氮代谢酶活性有一定程度的促进作用。总之,有机替代可以明显改变西瓜根系形态、提高光合酶活性和氮代谢关键酶活性。     

不同氮效率水稻生育后期氮代谢酶活性的变化特征

以不同氮效率水稻基因型为供试材料,研究了两个供氮水平下水稻生育后期功能叶和茎秆的氮、可溶性蛋白浓度和氮转运量以及氮代谢关键酶的变化。结果表明:与对照相比,施氮处理能显著增加不同氮效率水稻功能叶和茎秆的氮、可溶性蛋白的浓度和氮转运量。在不同的施氮水平下,水稻从齐穗至成熟顶三叶的氮浓度降低了60%～67%;而茎秆氮在生育后期对籽粒氮的贡献取决于环境供氮水平,与对照相比施氮处理水稻从茎秆转运出的氮大幅提高,在不同的供氮水平下南光的叶片和茎秆氮转运量显著高于Elio。与对照相比,施氮处理增加齐穗期时硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)的活性。随生育期的推进,四种氮代谢酶活性随之降低。南光的NR和GS酶活性显著高于Elio,但NR活性受水稻生育期和环境供氮水平的影响较大;南光的GOGAT和GDH的活性显著低于Elio。相关分析表明,NR和GS活性与功能叶和茎秆的氮转运量呈显著正相关。这就意味着水稻生育后期功能叶和茎秆的NR和GS活性高,尤其是GS活性高是筛选水稻氮高效的重要指标。     

叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾与葡萄糖对番茄光合速率和蔗糖代谢的影响

以辽园多丽和樱桃番茄红玉为试材，采用叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾、葡萄糖及其两者的混合液，研究叶面喷肥对两个品种番茄光合速率及蔗糖代谢的影响。结果表明：叶面喷肥可明显提高番茄叶片中叶绿素的含量及叶片的净光合速率。通过叶面喷肥处理，提高了2个品种番茄果实内果糖和葡萄糖的含量，提高了果实中酸性转化酶和中性转化酶的活力水平，蔗糖合成酶（SS）和蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活力也得到明显提高。以叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾及其与葡萄糖两者的混合液效果较好，单独喷施葡萄糖效果稍差。表明在叶面喷施葡萄糖、磷酸二氢钾和两者的混合液条件下，果实是通过提高4种酶的活力来提高库强度的。果实库强度增加的同时，相应地促进了同化产物的运转和干物质的积累。     

不同氮高效玉米品种对氮素的吸收转运和代谢研究

为研究不同氮高效型品种的氮素代谢调控机制,本试验以高氮高效型玉米品种先玉335和低氮高效型玉米品种京农科728为试材,设置5个施氮水平120、180、240、300、360 kg·hm^-2,以本地大田生产施氮量360 kg·hm^-2为对照(NCK),探讨不同基因型玉米植株氮素转运、氮代谢关键酶活性和关键酶基因表达对减施氮肥的响应特征。结果表明,当施氮量为240~300 kg·hm^-2时,先玉335各生育时期氮含量较高,平均产量达到较高水平;当施氮量为180~240 kg·hm^-2时,京农科728各生育时期氮含量较高,平均产量达到较高水平。在低氮条件下,相较于先玉335,京农科728的硝酸还原酶(NR)、亚硝酸盐还原酶(NiR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)、天冬酰胺合成酶(AS)均可保持较高的活性。相较于拔节期,京农科782在大喇叭口期的NR基因相对表达量显著上调;大喇叭口至灌浆期,两品种的GOGAT1和GOGAT2基因均显著上调;抽雄吐丝和灌浆期,京农科728中的GS1-3基因相对表达量显著上调;灌浆期,先玉335的GS1-3基因表达量显著上调。相较于拔节期,在其他生育期,两品种的GS1-4基因相对表达量均显著下调。相较于拔节期,京农科728在灌浆期的AS1和AS3基因相对表达量显著上调。相较于其他各生育时期,先玉335在拔节期的AS1基因显著上调。本研究结果证明了氮代谢关键酶基因对不同氮高效型品种的氮素吸收调控存在显著差异。本研究为了解不同氮高效型品种的氮素吸收调控特征提供了理论依据。     

不同氮素水平对甜菜硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性的影响

以当前甜菜（Beta Vulgaris L.）生产主栽品种KWS0143为试材,设立4个氮素水平（N 0、60、120、180 kg/hm2）,研究硝态氮肥对甜菜硝酸还原酶（nitrate reductase, NR）和亚硝酸还原酶（nitrite reductase, NiR）活性以及光合速率与叶绿素总含量的影响,探讨了氮素水平与NR及NiRA之间的关系。结果表明:在甜菜生育期间,光合速率呈单峰曲线变化,NR、NiR活性及叶绿素总含量基本呈双峰曲线变化,叶绿素变化曲线的高峰期早于NR活性,NR活性早于NiR活性。氮肥用量在N 120 kg/hm2时显著提高了甜菜光合速率、叶绿素总含量、NR活性和NiR活性。相比于N 120 kg/hm2,N 180 kg/hm2时光合速率及叶绿素总含量没有明显变化,NR与NiR活性则有一定的提高。本试验中,甜菜产量随氮水平的增加而提高;含糖率则相反,随氮水平的增加而降低,N 120 kg/hm2水平下产糖量最高。     

叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾与葡萄糖对番茄光合速率和蔗糖代谢的影响

以辽园多丽和樱桃番茄红玉为试材,采用叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾、葡萄糖及其两者的混合液,研究叶面喷肥对两个品种番茄光合速率及蔗糖代谢的影响。结果表明:叶面喷肥可明显提高番茄叶片中叶绿素的含量及叶片的净光合速率。通过叶面喷肥处理,提高了2个品种番茄果实内果糖和葡萄糖的含量,提高了果实中酸性转化酶和中性转化酶的活力水平,蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活力也得到明显提高。以叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾及其与葡萄糖两者的混合液效果较好,单独喷施葡萄糖效果稍差。表明在叶面喷施葡萄糖、磷酸二氢钾和两者的混合液条件下,果实是通过提高4种酶的活力来提高库强度的。果实库强度增加的同时,相应地促进了同化产物的运转和干物质的积累。     

利用钾吸收基因表达评价葡萄叶面喷施钾肥效果和喷施浓度

【目的】叶面喷施钾肥可以快速、 高效地为葡萄补充钾营养,促进葡萄的高产和优质,已经被广泛应用于葡萄生产中。本实验通过对葡萄叶面喷施不同种类及浓度钾肥,测定葡萄叶片和果实等生理指标变化,以及钾吸收相关基因的表达变化,从生理和基因水平上评价这些钾肥的喷施效果,为葡萄生产中钾肥的施用提供一定指导。【方法】本实验以‘夏黑’葡萄为试材,选择两个葡萄生长关键时期盛花期和果实膨大期分别对葡萄叶片喷施0.2%、 0.5%和0.8%三种浓度的K2SO4、 K2CO3、 K2SO4·2MgSO4和KCl。然后对葡萄叶片和新梢的生长率,坐果率,叶绿素含量,单粒重,可溶性固形物等生理指标进行统计分析,并利用荧光定量PCR技术分析4个钾吸收相关基因VvHAK13、 VvKEA2、 VvSIRK和VvSORK的表达情况。【结果】叶面喷施4种钾肥后,葡萄叶片和新梢的生长率,坐果率,叶绿素含量,单粒重,可溶性固形物等各项生理指标均有不同程度的提升。钾肥种类不同,最适喷施浓度不同,同种钾肥在葡萄盛花期和果实膨大期的最适喷施浓度也有所不同,四种钾肥在果实膨大期的最适喷施浓度普遍高于盛花期。四个钾吸收相关基因在喷施不同种类及浓度钾肥后也表现出不同的表达模式,总体来讲VvKEA2、 VvSIRK 、 VvSORK的表达上调,而VvHAK13的表达下调。果实膨大期,需喷施较高浓度的钾肥,钾吸收相关基因才表现出较强烈的响应,而在盛花期则只需喷施较低浓度的钾肥。综合生理指标和基因表达两方面结果,得出4种钾肥效果依次为K2SO4·2MgSO4＞K2SO4＞K2CO3＞KCl。盛花期K2SO4和K2CO3的最适喷施浓度为0.5%,K2SO4·2MgSO4和KCl的最适喷施浓度为0.2%; 果实膨大期K2SO4、 K2SO4·2MgSO4和KCl的最适喷施浓度为0.5%,K2CO3的最适喷施浓度为0.8%。【结论】葡萄叶面喷施钾肥可以有效促进葡萄叶片和果实的生长发育,四种钾肥的效果依此为: K2SO4·2MgSO4＞K2SO4＞K2CO3＞KCl。盛花期K2SO4和K2CO3的最适喷施浓度为0.5%,K2SO4·2MgSO4和KCl的最适喷施浓度为0.2%; 果实膨大期K2SO4、 K2SO4·2MgSO4和KCl的最适喷施浓度为0.5%,K2CO3的最适喷施浓度为0.8%。适宜的喷施浓度可以有效提高钾吸收相关基因的表达,是其提高钾吸收利用的机理之一。     

氮素形态对巨峰葡萄果实品质的影响

为了探讨氮素形态对巨峰葡萄果实品质性状的影响,设置了尿素T1(酰胺态)、全硝T2(硝铵比为100/0)、混合氮T3、T4、T5(硝铵比为70/30、50/50、30/70)及全铵处理T6(硝铵比为0/100)和清水对照CK,于生长季节进行叶面喷施试验。结果表明,不同处理均提高了果实的营养品质,喷尿素的总糖量、糖酸比最大,其次是混合氮处理,全铵处理最小;果实的Vc含量以混合氮处理较高,全铵处理的最低;果实中花青素的含量顺序为:全硝尿素混合氮全铵CK。果实硝酸盐含量从高到低依次为:全硝混合氮全铵尿素CK;硝态氮促进了果实生长,各处理平均单果重为全硝混合氮全铵尿素CK。综上结果,尿素及适当的硝态氮配比有利于巨峰葡萄果实品质的提高。     

水氮耦合对苗期葡萄叶片氮素代谢酶活性的影响

为研究水氮耦合对苗期葡萄叶片氮代谢影响及最佳施氮量的制定,以一年生葡萄品种红提为研究试材,利用人工控制环境的方法,在温室内采用水、氮两因素各4水平的全面设计进行实验,水分处理分别为正常灌溉W1（田间最大持水量的70%～80%）、轻度胁迫W2（60%～70%）、中度胁迫W3（50%～60%）和重度胁迫W4（30%～40%）。4个氮素施用水平分别为1.5倍推荐施肥N1（施纯氮25.5g·m⁻²）、正常推荐施肥N2（17g·m⁻²）、0.5倍推荐施肥N3（8.5g·m⁻²）、不施用氮肥N4（不施氮）。处理时间为10、20、30、40d。结果表明,在水分条件适宜时,葡萄叶片硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、谷氨酸合成酶（GOGAT）活性、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸含量随施氮量增加而提高;在轻度干旱胁迫时,增施氮肥可缓解干旱胁迫;在重度干旱胁迫时,高氮处理使设施葡萄叶片中氮代谢酶活性、游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白含量降低。葡萄叶片内氮含量始终随处理时间增加而降低,在轻度水分胁迫下氮的转运率较高,而水分胁迫严重时,高氮处理与无氮处理时氮转运率均偏低。最终得出：在水分条件适宜（W1）和轻度水分胁迫（W2）下,N1处理葡萄叶片的氮代谢能力最高;在中度水分胁迫（W3）和重度水分胁迫（W4）下,N3、N4处理氮代谢能力最高。研究结果可为实际生产中设施葡萄的干旱灾害防控提供理论依据,既能有效缓解水分胁迫带来的危害,又避免生产中肥料的浪费。     

外源H2S对盐胁迫下红砂幼苗叶片和根系氮代谢的影响

H₂S作为新型气体信号分子在调控植物生长发育和抗逆境胁迫中发挥着重要作用。为探究外源H₂S对盐胁迫下红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)氮代谢的影响机制及最佳叶施浓度,以当年生红砂幼苗为材料,采用盆栽试验,以1/2 Hoagland浇灌为对照(CK)考察在300 mmol·L^-1NaCl胁迫(CK300)下,叶面喷施不同浓度(0、0.010、0.025、0.050、0.100、0.250、0.500、1 mmol·L^-1)H₂S供体硫氢化钠(NaHS)对红砂叶片和根系中硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性以及硝态氮、可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫下,红砂幼苗根、叶中可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、硝态氮含量以及NR、GOGAT、GS活性均较对照(CK)显著下降。经不同浓度外源H₂S处理后,红砂根、叶中可溶性蛋白含量与单独盐胁迫对照(CK300)相比显著降低,NR、GOGAT、GS活性和硝态氮、游...     

Effects of supplemental nitrogen on nitrogen‐assimilation enzymes,free amino nitrogen,soluble sugars,and crude protein of rice

Abstract

An upland rice variety IAC‐47 was grown in a greenhouse to determine the effect of foliar nitrogen (N) supplementation during grain development on the activity of the N assimilation enzymes, nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS), on free amino‐N content and leaf soluble sugars, and on grain crude protein content. At 10 and 20 days after anthesis (DAA), the leaves were fertilized with a liquid fertilizer containing 32% N as 12.8% urea, 9.6% ammonium (NH₄), and 9.6% nitrate (NO₃) in increasing rates corresponding to 0,20+20, 40+40, and 60+60 kg N ha^‐1. Leaves were collected twice (at 12 DAA and 14 DAA for GS activity, sugar and amino‐N content, and at 11 and 13 DAA for NRA) after each application of leaf N. The late foliar application of N increased significantly grain crude protein without a corresponding decrease in grain weight. The NR activity (NRA) increased after the foliar application of N. In the flag leaf, 60+60 kg N ha^‐1 (21 DAA) resulted in higher NRA (20x over the control), while GS activity was smaller than the control. At 22 DAA there was an increase in GS activity in the flag leaf at 20+20 N level. However, the GS activity decreased as applied N levels increased. Also at the 20+20 level, there were increases in free amino‐N in the flag leaf and second leaf at the final harvest. Throughout the experiment, plants at the 60+60 N level had the lowest levels of soluble sugars. Increases in crude protein were highest at 40+40 N level (27.9%), followed by 60+60 (18.7%).     

Nitrogen-Metabolizing Enzymes: Effect of Nitrogen Sources and Saline Irrigation

Abstract

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. cv. RH-30) was grown under different types and levels of nitrogen (N) sources, i.e. nitrate, ammonical, and nitrate plus ammonical, at 40, 80, and 120 kg ha^{? 1} under green house conditions. The plants were salinized with 8 and 12 dSm^{? 1} at 35 and 55 days after sowing. A progressive inhibition of the activity of enzymes of N metabolism, i.e., nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), was observed with increasing level of salinity. However, the magnitude of such reductions was lowest at the highest level of N (120 kg ha^{? 1}) as compared with the lowest level (40 kg ha^{? 1}) irrespective of N source. The activity of nitrate-assimilating enzymes (NR and NiR) was maximum with nitrate fertilizer, and minimum with the ammonical form. The alleviation of detrimental effects of salinity on NR and NiR was better with the highest level of N (120 kg ha^{? 1}) in nitrate form as compared with the lowest level of N (40 kg ha^{? 1}). In contrast, the maximum activity of ammonium-assimilating enzymes (GS, GOGAT, and GDH) was observed with the highest level of N (120 kg ha^{? 1}) and the minimum with the nitrate form of N under salinity. These results indicate that despite the high salinity, an increase in the concentration and uptake of N stimulates the activities of nitrate-assimilating enzymes (NR and NiR) as well as of the ammonia-assimilating enzymes (GS, GOGAT, and GDH).     

氮肥对水田与旱地烤烟烟叶氮浓度和相关酶活性的影响

试验采用裂区设计,以硝态氮和铵态氮两种氮素形态为主处理,5个供氮水平为副处理,在大田条件下研究了水田与旱地烤烟在团棵、旺长、脚叶采烤、腰叶采烤和顶叶采烤等5个生育期烟叶的总氮浓度、硝酸还原酶和谷酰胺合成酶活性的氮肥效应。结果表明,水田与旱地烤烟在各氮肥处理下团棵期烟叶的氮浓度最高,旺长期稍有下降,至脚叶采烤期则迅速降低;烟叶中的硝酸还原酶和谷酰胺合成酶活性从团棵到旺长期迅速升高,进入采烤后逐渐降低。水田烤烟烟叶总氮浓度和硝酸还原酶活性比旱地烤烟大,而谷酰胺合成酶则水田小于旱地,说明烤烟在水田状况下吸氮能力比旱地烤烟强;然而水田烤烟氮同化能力比旱地烤烟弱。试验结果还表明,水田与旱地烤烟烟叶的总氮浓度、硝酸还原酶和谷酰胺合成酶活性分别在09～0.kg/hm2和07～5.kg/hm2范围内随施氮量的增加而提高;由于土壤中铵态氮的转化与硝态氮淋溶损失,导致铵态氮的肥效优于硝态氮。     

地表水NH4和NO3随水体入渗在土壤和地下水中输送过程的土槽试验研究

The infiltration of water contaminants into soil and groundwater systems can greatly affect the quality of groundwater. A laboratory-designed large soil tank with periodic and continuous infiltration models, respectively, was used to simulate the migration of the contaminants NH4 and NO3 in a soil and groundwater system, including unsaturated and saturated zones. The unsaturated soil zone had a significant effect on removing NH4 and NO3 infiltrated from the surface water. The patterns of breakthrough curves of NH4 and NO3 in the unsaturated zone were related to the infiltration time. A short infiltration time resulted in a single sharp peak in the breakthrough curve, while a long infiltration time led to a plateau curve. When NH4 and NO3 migrated from the unsaturated zone to the saturated zone, an interracial retardation was formed, resulting in an increased contaminant concentration on the interface. Under the influence of horizontal groundwater movement, the infiltrated contaminants formed a contamination-prone area downstream. As the contaminants migrated downstream, their concentrations were significantly reduced. Under the same infiltration concentration, the concentration of NO3 was greater than that of NH4 at every corresponding cross-section in the soil and groundwater tank, suggesting that the removal efficiency of NH4 was greater than that of NO3 in the soil and groundwater system.     

蘖穗氮肥追施比例对水稻灌浆成熟期 Rubisco 和 GS 同工型基因表达量的影响

【目的】 氮素营养影响着水稻灌浆过程中核酮糖-1, 5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶 (Rubisco) 和谷氨酰胺合成酶 (GS) 基因转录表达量,研究其变化动态及其与不同形态氮含量的关系,旨在为阐明氮素营养对光合效率和籽粒蛋白质积累的影响分子调控机理提供理论依据。 【方法】 选用寒地粳稻穗数型高产品种和穗重型超级稻品种进行盆栽试验。施肥比例为 N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O = 1∶0.5∶1,氮肥 50% 作为基肥,其余作分蘖肥和穗肥追施,分蘖肥和穗肥比例为 10%∶40%、20%∶30%、30%∶20%、40%∶10%。分析了水稻灌浆过程中 Rubisco 和 GS 基因转录表达量及不同形态氮的积累动态。 【结果】 增加穗肥氮素施用量可显著提高水稻灌浆过程中叶片和籽粒的全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量;增加穗肥比例不同程度的上调了 Rubisco 大亚基和小亚基基因的 mRNA 表达量,其中OsRBCSL、OsRBCS2 和OsRBCS4 表达上调显著,OsRBCS3 和OsRBCS5 表达上调较小;穗肥比例增加延长了 Rubisco 各亚基基因高表达持续时间,增加了水稻灌浆中期和后期叶片中OsGS1;1 和OsGS2 基因的转录表达量以及籽粒OsGS1;1 基因的转录表达量和整个灌浆过程中OsGS1;3 基因的转录表达量。Rubisco 五个亚基基因的转录表达量与叶片 NO₃–-N 和全氮含量间以及叶片和籽粒中 GS 基因的转录表达量与 NH₄+-N 和全氮含量间均呈显著或极显著的正相关。 【结论】 在灌浆过程中OsRBCL 基因和 GS 基因的转录表达量变化动态不因品种或氮素营养不同而发生质的变化,不同基因对氮素营养的响应程度并不相同,增加叶片 NO₃–-N 和全氮含量,可以显著提高 Rubisco 基因的转录表达量,增加灌浆成熟期叶片和籽粒的 NH₄+-N 和全氮含量,可以显著提高叶片和籽粒的 GS 基因转录表达量。      

Effect of Amino Acid Fertilization on Nitrate Assimilation of Leafy Radish and Soil Chemical Properties in High Nitrate Soil

Abstract

The objective of the present work was to investigate the corresponding uptake and assimilation of nitrate (NO₃ ^?) in leafy radish and effects on soil chemical properties by foliar application of amino acid fertilizer (AAF). The activity of the enzymes related to the process of NO₃ ^? reduction (NR: nitrate reductase; NiR: nitrite reductase; GS: glutamine synthetase) and the content of NO₃ ^?, total N, and the end products of this process (amino acids and proteins) were analyzed. The soils were sampled twice, and some chemical properties were analyzed. The results of this study showed that application of AAF increased biomass production, and nitrogen (N) utilization in the treatment of a low rate of AAF increased 55% over the control. In addition, the activities of the enzymes were affected differently depending on applied rate of AAF. Furthermore, the NO₃ ^? content was reduced 4–24%, and total N content was increased 14–32% by AAF treatments. Finally, application of AAF improved uptake efficiency of N from soil and prevented N loss by leaching.     

NH4+-N部分代替NO3--N对番茄生育中后期氮代谢相关酶活性的影响

采用砂培实验研究NH4 -N部分代替NO3--N对番茄的影响,结果表明:与全硝处理(100%NO3-)相比较,增铵处理(NH4 ∶NO3-=25%∶75%)下番茄鲜果重显著提高;同时叶片内NO3--N含量随增铵而显著降低,叶片与果实内NH4 -N含量及果实的可溶性蛋白含量随增铵而升高;增铵条件抑制了叶片和果实的硝酸还原酶(NR)活性,提高了叶片和果实的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPcase)活性及叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性,但对果实的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性影响不大。上述结果表明,NH4 -N部分代替NO3--N可增加番茄产量,提高集约化基地的生产量。     

Growth response and nitrogen metabolism of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to vermicompost and biogas slurry under salinity stress

Sunflower was grown under saline media with or without vermicompost amendment and biogas slurry, the organic fertilizers. A randomized complete block design with five replications was used. Forty-five pots were divided in three sets comprising of 15 pots each. Out of 15 pots of each sets, five pots of each were subjected to different levels of saline water irrigation i.e. electrical conductivity (EC): 0.5, 4.8 8.6 dS/m). Amendments of vermicompost and biogas slurry have shown some reduction of sodium induced inhibitory effects. Analyses of fresh and dry weight of leaves, ions, amino acid, protein and nitrogen metabolism enzymes in leaves etc., have been undertaken with reference to above-mentioned treatments. Organic manure amendments improved growth yield, nitrate and protein content and decreased the amount of sodium (Na⁺), chloride (Cl^?), ammonium and total amino acid under saline or non-saline condition. Activities of nitrogen (N)-assimilating enzymes i.e. nitrate reducatse (NR, EC 1.6.6.1), nitrite reductase (NiR, EC 1.6.6.4), glutamine synthetase (GS, EC 6.3.1.2) and glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT, EC 1.4.1.14) were enhanced to some extent irrespective to non saline or saline condition. Under salinity NADH-glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH, EC 1.4.1.2) activity was stimulated concomitantly with the increasing ammonium contents and proteolysis activity in the leaves and organic manure did not show a significant difference as compared to their respective control. With respect to salt stress, among the two above-mentioned organic manure, vermicompost showed better result in the entire studied parameter as compared to the biogas slurry.