负载重组口蹄疫病毒VP4蛋白的树突状细胞启动的T细胞应答

为研究负载口蹄疫病毒VP4蛋白的树突状细胞对淋巴结T细胞的活化效应,构建了pET32a-VP4原核表达载体,经过诱导表达和纯化获得重组VP4蛋白.同时制备骨髓源树突状细胞(BMDCs)和淋巴结T细胞,以VP4蛋白负载BMDCs后与淋巴结T细胞共培养.收集不同时间点的共培养上清液,用ELISA法检测其IFN-γ的含量.结果显示,负载VP4蛋白的BMDCs与T细胞共培养后3、9和48 h,试验组上清液中IFN-γ含量与对照组相比,均有极显著差异.这表明负载口蹄疫病毒VP4蛋白的BMDCs可有效激活淋巴结T细胞,使其分泌大量IFN-γ.     

负载口蹄疫病毒VPl-VP4融合蛋白质的树突状细胞对T细胞的活化效应

为研究负载口蹄疫病毒VPl－VP4融合蛋白质的树突状细胞对淋巴结T细胞的活化效应,通过构建pET32a-VPl－VP4原核表达系统制备VPl－VP4融合蛋白。将纯化VPl－VP4融合蛋白负载骨髓源树突状细胞（BMDC）后与淋巴结T细胞共培养,用ELISA检测不同时间点的共培养上清液中IFN－γ的含量。结果表明,负载FMDVVPl－VP4融合蛋白后的BMDC可通过溶酶体－MHC－Ⅱ类分子途径有效地激活淋巴结T细胞,从而启动Thl细胞免疫应答,分泌大量IFN－γ。     

PD-L1+ HeLa细胞对人外周血活化T细胞的免疫调节作用

目的 探讨人宫颈癌细胞表达PD-L1对人外周血T细胞的免疫调节作用.方法 采用PD-L1质粒转染人宫颈癌HeLa细胞株,将PD-L1+ HeLa细胞与PHA刺激活化的人外周血T淋巴细胞混合培养,MTT法检测T细胞的增殖水平,流式细胞术分析T细胞凋亡率和CD8+/CD4+T细胞比例;ELISA检测PD-L1+ HeLa细胞与PHA刺激活化的人外周血T淋巴细胞混合培养上清液IFN-γ的含量.结果 MTT检测显示与PD-L1+ HeLa混合培养组的T细胞增殖光密度值为(0.31±0.02),明显低于与PD-L1 - HeLa混合培养组的T细胞和对照组T细胞,分别为[(0.62±0.02)和(0.59±0.03),P＜0.01];T细胞凋亡率明显高于与PD-L1 - HeLa混合培养组和对照组T细胞,分别为(32.7%、17.9%和18.3%);CD8 +/CD4+T细胞比值稍低于PD-L1 - HeLa混合培养组和对照组T细胞(分别为0.86、0.91和0.89);与PD-L1+ HeLa混合的T细胞培养上清液IFN-γ的含量低于与PD-L1 - HeLa混合培养组和对照组T细胞,分别为[(801.1±20.5) pg/ml、(1 006.2±30.2 )pg/ml和(1 070.2±113.3) pg/ml,P＜0.01].结论 PD-L1明显抑制人外周血活化T细胞增殖促进其凋亡并下调其免疫功能.     

鸡IL-1β、IL-2、IFN-γ和MGF对表达新城疫病毒HN基因的重组鸡痘病毒免疫效力的影响

将10日龄的SPF鸡和15、28日龄的商品鸡分别随机分组,同时免疫不同剂量的rFPV-HN（表达NDV HN基因重组鸡痘病毒）和表达不同细胞因子（IL-1β、IL-2、IFN-γ、MGF）的重组鸡痘病毒（rFPVs）。在免疫后不同时间,通过检测血液中抗NDV的HN蛋白抗体、脾脏中CD4＋和CD8＋T细胞的变化及攻毒保护率等指标。结果表明：IL-1β或IFN-γ在免疫后期能促进抗HN间接ELISA抗体的滴度上升,而且产生抗体的整齐度好;IL-1β或IL-2可以显著增加脾脏中CD4＋和CD8＋T细胞含量;IL-1β、IL-2或IFN-γ同样可以提高商品鸡攻毒后的存活率。IL-2和IFN-γ在增加脾脏中CD4＋和CD8＋T细胞的数量及攻毒保护方面表现出一定的协同增强作用。     

硒对树突状细胞和巨噬细胞功能的调控作用

旨在探讨硒对树突状细胞（dendritic cells,DCs）和巨噬细胞功能的影响,试验将硒分别与髓源性树突状细胞（bone marrow derived dendritic cells,BMDCs）和腹腔巨噬细胞共同培养后,用流式细胞术检测未成熟BMDCs和巨噬细胞的吞噬活性以及BMDCs上的MHCⅡ、CD86、CD80和CD40的表达量,测定经硒处理后的成熟BMDCs对刺激同种异体淋巴细胞增殖和抗原递呈能力,并用ELISA检测BMDCs和巨噬细胞上清液中细胞因子（IL-12、IL-1β、IFN-γ、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α、NO）水平的变化。结果显示,当硒的质量浓度在0.18~0.09 mg·L^-1时,BMDCs和巨噬细胞的吞噬活性显著增强（P<0.05）,并且BMDCs上的MHCⅡ、CD86和CD80的表达量显著升高（P<0.05）,对刺激同种异体淋巴细胞的增殖和抗原递呈能力也显著增强（P<0.05）。此外,在BMDCs的上清中,IFN-γ、IL-12和IL-10的含量显著升高（P<0.05）;在巨噬细胞的上清中,IFN-γ、TNF-α和NO的含量显著升高（P<0.05）。结果表明,一定质量浓度的硒可以增强树突状细胞和腹腔巨噬细胞的功能,值得进一步探究硒对免疫功能的影响。     

鸡IFN-γ重组鸡痘病毒对鸡传染性腔上囊炎MB43弱毒疫苗免疫鸡免疫应答的影响

将重组鸡痘病毒（rFPV—IFN-γ）与IBDMB43弱毒疫苗联合接种SPF鸡，研究重组鸡IFN-γ对IBD疫苗免疫效果的影响。结果显示，rFPV—IFN-γ和MB43弱毒疫苗联合免疫组（MB43＋rFPV-IFN-）＂）及rlFN-γ和MB43弱毒疫苗联合免疫组（MB43＋rIFN-γ）在免疫后第2周即可检出ELISA抗体，比MB43疫苗单独免疫组早1周。用IBDVGx株攻击后，MB43＋rFPV-IFN-γ组和MB43＋rIFN-γ组免疫鸡的脾只有个别淋巴细胞核浓缩、核崩解，少数滤泡萎缩变性坏死；胸腺损伤程度轻于MB43疫苗单独免疫组和非免疫对照组。免疫后1周，3个免疫组外周血CD8^＋T淋巴细胞含量均显著高于非免疫对照组，CD4^＋T淋巴细胞含量变化不明显；攻毒后第2周，3个疫苗免疫组CD4^＋、CD8^＋T淋巴细胞含量均显著升高，各组之间CD4^＋、CD8^＋T淋巴细胞含量无明显差异。证实，rFPV—IFN-γ和rIFN-γ可加强疫苗的细胞免疫和体液免疫应答。     

小鼠阴道黏膜接种布鲁菌S_2疫苗株树突状细胞动力学变化

将25只小鼠随机分为5组,1~4组经阴道接种布鲁菌,第5组阴道滴注PBS(对照组),分别在处理后12、24、487、2 h摘取髂内淋巴结,用S-100抗体进行免疫组织化学染色,观察小鼠树突状细胞(Dendritic cells,DCs)在淋巴结的分布变化;同时收集外周血用ELISA法进行IFN-γ检测。用布鲁菌负载DCs,分别在2、4、6、8、10、12 h收集细胞悬液制备涂片,姬姆萨染色。结果显示:阴道接种布鲁氏菌疫苗12~48 h髂内淋巴结中DCs的数量明显增多,成群分布,呈现由浅层皮质向副皮质区迁移的趋势;72 h后大量DCs呈单在分布,分布范围增大;接种疫苗后血清中IFN-γ含量逐渐升高,至48 h,与对照组相比差异显著(P0.05),72 h后,血清中IFN-γ含量达到最大值,与对照组相比差异极显著(P0.01);布鲁菌负载DCs后,在4 h仅有少量DCs吞噬布鲁菌,至12 h吞噬布鲁菌的DCs数量明显增加。结果表明,DCs具有较强捕获布鲁菌的能力,并在抗原刺激下向引流淋巴结迁移,刺激淋巴结免疫细胞产生IFN-γ应答。     

猪IFN-γ和IL-4重组质粒对口蹄疫疫苗的免疫佐剂效应研究

为了研究猪IFN-γ和IL-4对疫苗的免疫佐剂效应,用pcDNA3.1/IFN-γ和pcDNA3.1/IL-4的重组质粒与口蹄疫双价疫苗配伍免疫小鼠,检测小鼠抗口蹄疫抗体水平和CD4＋/CD8＋T细胞比值的动态变化,观察其免疫佐剂效应。结果表明pcDNA3.1/IFN-γ和pcDNA3.1/IL-4重组质粒都能显著提高小鼠抗口蹄疫抗体水平（P〈0.01）,其中pcDNA3.1/IFN-γ提高亚洲Ⅰ型FMD抗体水平的佐剂效应较pcDNA3.1/IL-4的显著（P〈0.01）,而pcDNA3.1/IL-4提高O型FMD抗体水平的佐剂效应显著高于pcDNA3.1/IFN-γ（P〈0.01）,pcDNA3.1也显示出了一定的佐剂效应;免疫后不同时间pcDNA3.1/IFN-γ和pcDNA3.1/IL-4组CD4＋/CD8＋T细胞比值显著高于其他组（P〈0.01）,且第21天与第7、45天的差异极显著（P〈0.01）。     

复合黏膜免疫佐剂对鸡小肠细胞免疫的影响

分别应用复合黏膜免疫佐剂Ⅰ和Ⅱ与新城疫Ⅳ系弱毒苗混合（佐剂Ⅰ组和佐剂Ⅱ组）,经口免疫鸡后,研究鸡小肠黏膜局部CD3^＋T细胞、上皮内淋巴细胞和干扰素-γ（Interferon-γ,IFN-γ）mRNA表达水平的变化。结果表明,在整个免疫期内CD3^＋T细胞和上皮内淋巴细胞数量都呈上升趋势,在首免后第3和第5周时十二指肠CD3^＋T细胞佐剂Ⅱ组比佐剂Ⅰ组显著增加（P〈0.05）,空肠CD3^＋T细胞佐剂Ⅱ组比佐剂Ⅰ组极显著增加（P〈0.01）,第7周时Peyer’s斑上皮内淋巴细胞佐剂Ⅱ组比佐剂Ⅰ组极显著增加（P〈0.01）;整个免疫期内佐剂Ⅱ组和佐剂Ⅰ组IFN-γmRNA表达水平呈下降趋势,表达量较低。本研究表明2种复合黏膜免疫佐剂都能明显增加黏膜局部免疫细胞的数量,提高小肠局部黏膜免疫力。     

禽呼肠病毒感染对SPF鸡外周血T细胞亚型变化和细胞因子转录的影响

为探讨禽呼肠病毒(ARV)对SPF鸡外周血淋巴细胞中CD4+、CD8+T细胞数量变化和细胞因子mRNA转录水平的影响,利用流式细胞术和实时荧光定量PCR方法分别测定了ARV感染后1、7、14、21、28、35d感染组和对照组SPF鸡外周血淋巴细胞中CD4+、CD8+T细胞含量和细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6、IL-17、IL-18、IFN-γ、TNF-α基因mRNA相对转录时相。流式细胞术检测结果表明,SPF鸡感染ARV后7d和14dCD4+、CD8+T细胞比值高于对照组,其中感染7d,CD8+T细胞含量差异显著(P0.05);感染后1、21、28、35d感染组CD4+、CD8+T细胞比值均低于对照组,感染1d后CD4+、CD8+T细胞含量均差异显著(P0.05),说明外周血T细胞亚型变化是ARV感染的重要表现之一。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,与对照组相比,感染组外周血淋巴细胞中IL-1β、IL-6(除7d外)、IL-18(除14d外)和TNF-α在整个感染过程中表达上调,IL-17和IFN-γ除感染1d外,均表达下调,说明IL-1β、IL-6、IL-17、IL-18、IFN-γ和TNF-α均参与了ARV的感染进程。     

Brucella canis induces canine CD4+ T cells multi-cytokine Th1/Th17 production via dendritic cell activation

Brucella canis is a small intracellular Gram-negative bacterium that frequently leads to chronic infections highly resistant to antibiotic therapy in dogs. Also, it causes mild human brucellosis compared to other zoonotic Brucella spp. Herein we characterize the cellular immune response elicited by B. canis by analysing human and canine CD4⁺ T cells after stimulation with autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). Human and canine B. canis-primed MoDCs stimulated autologous CD4⁺ T cells; however, a Th1 response was triggered by human MoDCs, whereas canine MoDCs induced Th1/Th17 responses, with increased CD4⁺ T cells producing IFN-γ and IL-17A simultaneously. Each pattern of cellular response may contribute to host susceptibility, helping to understand the differences in B. canis virulence between these two hosts. In addition, other aspects of canine immunology are unveiled by highlighting the participation of IL-17A-producing canine MoDCs and CD4⁺ T cells producing IFN-γ and IL-17A.     

Characterization of immune modulating functions of γδ T cell subsets in a gnotobiotic pig model of human rotavirus infection

We characterized immune modulating functions of porcine γδ T cell subsets in rotavirus infection using a gnotobiotic pig model of human rotavirus infection and sort-purified lymphocyte autologous co-cultures. We demonstrated that CD2+CD8- and CD2-CD8- γδ T cells have mainly pro-inflammatory function as evident by directly secreting IFN-γ or promoting CD4+ αβ T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production, whereas CD2+CD8+ γδ T cells mainly exert regulatory T cell function by expressing FoxP3, secreting IL-10 and TGF-β or increasing IL-10 and TGF-β production by CD4+ αβ T cells. γδ T cells responded to rotavirus infection by increasing TLR2, TLR3, TLR9 expression and IFN-γ and/or TGF-β production. The CD8- subsets likely differentiate into CD8+ subset by acquiring CD8 expression, explaining in part the apparently dual functions of CD2+CD8+ and CD2+CD8- subsets. Thus, both CD8+ and CD8- γδ T cell subsets can contribute to anti-rotavirus immunity and to the maintenance and restoration of intestinal and systemic homeostasis.     

硫酸软骨素对大鼠心肌膜微血管内皮细胞分泌IFN-γ的影响

研究硫酸软骨素(chondroitin sulfate,CS)对微血管内皮细胞(MVECs)分泌IFN-γ的影响,为进一步研究CS的免疫增强机制提供资料。体外培养大鼠心肌膜微血管内皮细胞(RMMVECs),CS分为10、50、500 μg/mL 3个浓度组刺激RMMVECs,ELISA法检测药物处理后细胞上清液中IFN-γ的含量。结果显示,RMMVECs正常情况下能够分泌一定量的IFN-γ,经CS处理后IFN-γ的分泌量显著升高,且3个剂量组在刺激后24 h分泌量均达到峰值。结果表明,CS诱导大鼠心肌膜微血管内皮细胞分泌IFN-γ可能是其免疫增强作用机制之一。     

Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in pigs following primary and challenge-exposure to Lawsonia intracellularis

ABSTRACT: To investigate immune responses upon re-infection with Lawsonia intracellularis, local and peripheral humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to primary and challenge inoculations were studied in 22 pigs. Pigs were orally inoculated with virulent L. intracellularis at the age of 5-6 weeks, treated with antibiotics and challenged with a re-inoculation (RE) at the age of 12 weeks. Treatment control (TC) pigs received only the primary inoculation and challenge control (CC) pigs received only the secondary inoculation at 12 weeks of age. Following this regimen, all RE pigs were protected against the re-infection as defined by reduced colonisation and pathology of intestinal mucosa, absence of bacterial shedding and without increase in serum acute phase protein response. In the protected RE pigs, serum IgG responses were variable with both high and low responders. Serum IgA responses were not boosted by the re-inoculation, since identical intestinal IgA responses developed in response to the inoculation in both the susceptible CC pigs and the protected RE pigs. A memory recall cell-mediated immune response developed in RE pigs which was significantly stronger compared to the primary response in age-matched CC pigs as assessed by whole blood IFN-γ assay and by calculation of IFN-γ integrated median fluorescence intensity (iMFI) after flow cytometry. The major IFN-γ producing cells were identified as CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ double positive lymphocytes. The results indicate that cell-mediated immune responses are likely mediators of protective immunity against L. intracellularis, with CD8+ effector cells and CD4+CD8+ double positive memory T cells as main contributors to the antigen-specific IFN-γ production.     

白细胞介素-10对口蹄疫病毒感染小鼠T细胞增殖及其表达TNF-α、IFN-γ和IL-2的影响

白细胞介素-10(IL-10)增高是口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)感染过程中显著特征之一。本研究旨在探讨IL-10对FMDV感染小鼠外周血T细胞增殖及其表达效应功能相关细胞因子的影响。采用CCK-8和流式细胞术分别检测小鼠外周血T细胞增殖和T细胞表达效应功能相关细胞因子(TNF-α、IFN-γ和IL-2)。结果显示,与对照小鼠相比,FMDV感染小鼠(感染12、24、36和48 h)外周血T细胞对刀豆蛋白A刺激的增殖均显著下降(P<0.05或P<0.01);FMDV感染小鼠的外周血CD4⁺T细胞表达TNF-α和IL-2均显著下降(均P<0.01),CD8⁺T细胞表达TNF-α、IFN-γ和IL-2也显著下降(P<0.01或P<0.000 1)。体内阻断IL-10/IL-10R信号或者敲除IL-10均能显著恢复FMDV感染小鼠外周血T细胞的增殖(P<0.05或P<0.01),但不影响CD4⁺和CD8⁺T细胞表达TNF-α、IFN-γ和IL-2。本研究首次揭示FMDV能抑...     

Study of peripheral blood cell populations involved in the immune response of goats naturally infected with Mycobacterium caprae

Tuberculosis in goats caused by Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae has noteworthy sanitary and economic implications. Current diagnostic assays are based on cellular immunity and although they have demonstrated a high sensitivity, some animals remain undetected. In the present study, flow cytometry has been used to determine changes in CD4+, CD8+ and CD25+ T cell populations in peripheral blood from naturally infected goats. Proportion of lymphocytes producing PPD-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) was calculated and an ELISA for detection of PPD-specific IFN-γ was performed to measure the cytokine in plasma. The infected goats showed percentages of CD4+ T cells between 27.31% and 47.23% and there were not significant differences (p=0.113) with the non-infected control goats although the mean percentage was lower in this group. Regarding CD8+ T cells, a higher percentage was observed in healthy goats compared to controls (p=0.081). The mean percentage of lymphocytes expressing CD25 without antigen stimulation (30.65±3.91) was higher in lesion and/or culture-positive animals than in the controls (21.84±1.21; p=0.053). The percentage of CD4+/IFN+ T cell population stimulated with bovine PPD was a reliable marker of infection, since the mean percentage in the infected goats was significantly higher than in the controls (p<0.05). Tuberculosis in goats caused by M. caprae induced changes in cellular populations similar to those described for M. bovis in cattle.     

An engineered anti-idiotypic antibody-derived killer peptide (KP) early activates swine inflammatory monocytes,CD3+CD16+ natural killer T cells and CD4+CD8α+ double positive CD8β+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes associated with TNF-α and IFN-γ secretion

This study evaluated the early modulation of the phenotype and cytokine secretion in swine immune cells treated with an engineered killer peptide (KP) based on an anti-idiotypic antibody functionally mimicking a yeast killer toxin. The influence of KP on specific immunity was investigated using porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) as ex vivo antigens. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy pigs were stimulated with KP and with a scramble peptide for 20 min, 1, 4 and 20 h or kept unstimulated. The cells were analyzed using flow cytometry and ELISA. The same time-periods were used for KP pre-incubation/co-incubation to determine the effect on virus-recalled interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) secreting cell (SC) frequencies and single cell IFN-γ productivity using ELISPOT.KP induced an early dose-dependent shift to pro-inflammatory CD172α⁺CD14^+high monocytes and an increase of CD3⁺CD16⁺ natural killer (NK) T cells. KP triggered CD8α and CD8β expression on classical CD4⁻CD8αβ⁺ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and double positive (DP) CD4⁺CD8α⁺ Th memory cells (CD4⁺CD8α^+low CD8β^+low). A fraction of DP cells also expressed high levels of CD8α. The two identified DP CD4⁺CD8α^+high CD8β^+low/+high CTL subsets were associated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IFN-γ secretion. KP markedly boosted the reactivity and cross-reactivity of PRRSV type-1- and PCV2b-specific IFN-γ SC. The results indicate the efficacy of KP in stimulating Th1-biased immunomodulation and support studies of KP as an immunomodulator or vaccine adjuvant.     

In vitro assessment of the feline cell-mediated immune response against feline panleukopeniavirus, calicivirus and felid herpesvirus 1 using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine labeling

In this study an in vitro assay was optimized to detect feline proliferating lymphocytes as an assessment for the cell-mediated immune response. For this purpose, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling was chosen because of its sensitivity and the possibility of further characterization of proliferating cells. The assay was optimized by selecting the best batch and concentration of fetal bovine serum, β-mercaptoethanol concentration, cell density, BrdU incubation time and antigen presenting cell type. Cats were vaccinated with the attenuated Nobivac vaccine Tricat and the peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation responses were quantified upon in vitro restimulation with inactivated and infectious feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline calicivirus (FCV) and felid herpesvirus 1 (FeHV-1). Proliferation signals were detected with inactivated FeHV-1 in the CD8(+) but not in the CD8(-) T lymphocyte population, with inactivated FCV and FPV in both CD8(-) and CD8(+) T lymphocyte populations. Restimulation with infectious FCV caused significant proliferation in the CD8(-) T lymphocyte population only while infectious FPV and FeHV-1 seemed to suppress lymphocyte proliferation in both T cell populations. Additional IFN-γ quantification in the culture supernatant revealed a large correlation between the proliferation signals and IFN-γ production, indicating that BrdU labeling is a very reliable technique to assess and characterize feline lymphoproliferative responses to viral antigens in vitro.