核桃举肢蛾性信息素通讯系统扫描电镜观察

通过对核桃举肢蛾雌蛾性腺(性信息素释放系统)和雄蛾触角(性信息素接受系统)表面进行扫描电镜观察,发现核桃举肢蛾性信息素分泌腺位于腹尖末端8~9节之间,为一个由节间膜特化而成的完整上皮环结构,性信息素感受器有毛形感器和刺形感器。核桃举肢蛾性信息素通讯系统的研究为核桃举肢蛾性信息素快速提取、分析、合成提供了依据。     

烟青虫幼虫味觉可塑性行为研究

[目的]研究烟青虫幼虫的可塑性行为,为害虫防治提供参考。[方法]采用行为试验双选法和切除味觉感受器研究了不同取食经历烟青虫5龄幼虫对取食抑制素的味觉可塑性行为。[结果]正常人工饲料饲养幼虫对取食抑制素十分敏感,切除了侧栓锥感受器的幼虫对取食抑制素的反应与正常幼虫相似,切除了中栓锥感受器的幼虫对取食抑制素不敏感。而用含有低浓度取食抑制素的人工饲料饲养的幼虫对取食抑制素不敏感。[结论]中栓锥感受器中含有对取食抑制素敏感的味觉神经元,不同取食经历的烟青虫幼虫对取食抑制素具有行为可塑性。     

Insect sex-pheromone signals mediated by specific combinations of olfactory receptors

We describe two male-specific olfactory receptors (ORs) in the silk moth, Bombyx mori, that are mutually exclusively expressed in a pair of adjacent pheromone-sensitive neurons of male antennae: One is specifically tuned to bombykol, the sex pheromone, and the other to bombykal, its oxidized form. Both pheromone ORs are coexpressed with an OR from the highly conserved insect OR subfamily. This coexpression promotes the functional expression of pheromone receptors and confers ligand-stimulated nonselective cation channel activity. The same effects were also observed for general ORs. Both odorant and pheromone signaling pathways are mediated by means of a common mechanism in insects.     

绵山天幕毛虫性信息素通讯系统扫描电镜观察

通过对绵山天幕毛虫性信息素释放系统——雌蛾性腺和性信息素接受系统——雄蛾触角进行扫描电镜观察,发现绵山天幕毛虫性信息素分泌腺位于腹尖末端8~9节之间,是一个可外翻的环状结构;性信息素感受器主要为毛形感器。绵山天幕毛虫性信息素通讯系统的研究为绵山天幕毛虫性信息素的快速提取、分析、合成提供了依据。     

白蜡吉丁啮小蜂触角感觉器的扫描电镜观察

【目的】明确白蜡窄吉丁（Agrilus planipennis）的优势寄生性天敌—白蜡吉丁啮小蜂（Tetrastichus planipennisi）（膜翅目：姬小蜂科）触角及感觉器的外部形态特点。【方法】对白蜡吉丁啮小蜂触角的形态特征、感觉器的类型、形态、数量和分布特点进行扫描电镜观察,并对雌、雄蜂触角感觉器进行性别间差异比较。【结果】白蜡吉丁啮小蜂触角呈膝状,由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,雌蜂鞭节有5亚节,雄蜂鞭节有4亚节。触角上着生有板形感器（Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型）、毛形感器（Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型）、指形感器、刺形感器、锥形乳头状感器和Böhm氏鬃毛,其中,板形感器Ⅰ型仅分布于雄蜂棒节,雌蜂未见分布,毛形感器Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型仅分布于雌蜂触角,雄蜂未见分布,雌蜂的毛形感器总数量显著多于雄蜂。【结论】白蜡吉丁啮小蜂触角呈膝状,共有6种类型感器,雌、雄蜂的感器类型、数量和分布规律存在差异,具有明显的性二型现象。     

Central neuron initiation of periodic gill movements

In Aplysia periodic spontaneous gill movements are controlled by activity endogenous to the abdominal ganglion. These movements were still observed when only the ctenidio-genital nerve was left intact between the ganglion and the gill. One kind of spontaneous gill movement (one per 5 minutes at 15 degrees C) was correlated with the expression of activity of interneuron II; others were not. With reference to this kind of spontaneous gill movement, four types of central neurons in the ganglion send processes to the gill via the nerve. Two cell types (ii, iii) are inhibited and the other two (i, iv) are excited. Two types (i, ii) elicited gill movement-one type activating large gill areas elicited spontaneous gill movements, and the other activating specific gill regions did not participate in the spontaneous gill movements. The value of this preparation in studying the role of central neurons eliciting specific patterned movements and the temporal organization of their activity is shown.     

The protein kinase domain of the ANP receptor is required for signaling

A plasma membrane form of guanylate cyclase is a cell surface receptor for atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). In response to ANP binding, the receptor-enzyme produces increased amounts of the second messenger, guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate. Maximal activation of the cyclase requires the presence of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) or nonhydrolyzable ATP analogs. The intracellular region of the receptor contains at least two domains with homology to other proteins, one possessing sequence similarity to protein kinase catalytic domains, the other to regions of unknown function in a cytoplasmic form of guanylate cyclase and in adenylate cyclase. It is now shown that the protein kinase-like domain functions as a regulatory element and that the second domain possesses catalytic activity. When the kinase-like domain was removed by deletion mutagenesis, the resulting ANP receptor retained guanylate cyclase activity, but this activity was independent of ANP and its stimulation by ATP was markedly reduced. A model for signal transduction is suggested in which binding of ANP to the extracellular domain of its receptor initiates a conformational change in the protein kinase-like domain, resulting in derepression of guanylate cyclase activity.     

1-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol: neurochemical and behavioral effects in the mouse

Administration of pure 1-delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol to mice had the following dose-dependent nzeurochemical and behavioral effects: a slight but significant increase in concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine in whole brain; a decrease in concentration of norepinephrine in brain after administration of low doses and an increase after high doses; diminished spontaneous activity, mloderate hypothermnia, hypersetisitivity to tactile and auditory stimiuli, and ataxia after low doses; and sedation, pronounced hypothermia, and markedly diminished spon taneous activity and reactivity after high doses. The duration of the effects on body temperature and spontaneous activity correlated generally with the changes in brain amines. The characteristic changes in brain amines do not correspond exactly to those observed with other psychotropic drugs.     

褐纹甘蔗象触角感器的扫描电镜观察

[目的]明确褐纹甘蔗象雌雄成虫触角感器的超微结构、种类和分布情况,为进一步探索利用性信息素开展褐纹甘蔗象防治提供理论依据.[方法]利用扫描电子显微镜观察褐纹甘蔗象雌雄成虫触角感器的外部形态特征、类型和分布,以SPSS 21.0进行数据计算与分析,采用独立样本t检验方法比较雌雄成虫间触角各节的长度、直径和感器数量差异.[结果]褐纹甘蔗象雌雄成虫触角外部形态一致,均为膝状,包括柄节、梗节和鞭节部分;触角上有刺形、毛形和芽孢形3种类型感器,其中,毛形感器有5种亚型,刺形感器有3种亚型,芽孢形感器有3种亚型,以毛形感器的数量和种类最丰富.褐纹甘蔗象雌雄成虫触角在感器数量上有明显的性二型现象.[结论]毛形感器在褐纹甘蔗象寻找寄主和配偶中扮演十分重要的角色,其中,雄虫触角上STⅠ、STⅢ和STⅣ的数量显著多于雌虫,与感受性信息素有关,而雌虫触角上STⅡ的数量显著多于雄虫,与寻找产卵场所有关.     

Sex Pheromone Biosynthesis in Trichoplusia ni: Key Steps Involve Delta-11 Desaturation and Chain-Shortening

In addition to the primary pheromone component (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, the sex pheromone gland of Trichoplusia ni contains the immediate fatty acyl precursor (Z)-7-dodecenoate and a large quantity of (Z)-11-hexadecenoate. Labeling experiments showed that (Z)-11-hexadecenoate is chain-shortened to (Z)-9-tetradecenoate, and that this in turn is chain-shortened to (Z)-7-dodecenoate. The same mechanism appears to explain the sex pheromone compositions of many other moth species.     

宽胫夜蛾性信息素类似物的合成及其生物活性

【背景】近年来,随着新引种作物藜麦种植面积的显著增长,取食藜属植物的宽胫夜蛾（Protoschinia scutosa）逐渐增多并成为危害藜麦的主要害虫,对我国农作物生产构成潜在威胁。【目的】通过对宽胫夜蛾性信息素组分母体结构顺-11-十六碳烯乙酸酯（Z11-16:Ac）极性基团修饰,设计合成两种不同类型的类似物,并对其生物活性进行测定,为利用性信息素及类似物绿色防控宽胫夜蛾提供理论依据。【方法】以性信息素前体顺-11-十六碳烯醇（Z11-16:OH）为原料,三乙胺作缚酸剂(与酸酐反应时需加入催化剂4-二甲氨基吡啶),分别与2-溴丙酰氯、2-氯乙酰氯、二氟乙酸酐、三氟乙酸酐、甲基丙烯酰氯、2-丁烯酰氯发生酯化反应,经过柱层析分离纯化,合成卤素原子修饰的性信息素类似物K1—K4和碳链末端双键修饰的类似物K5—K6。采用梯度稀释配制不同浓度（0.001、0.01、0.1、1、10、100 μg·μL^-1）的类似物K1—K6溶液,利用不同浓度类似物直接刺激宽胫夜蛾雄蛾触角,测定类似物K1—K6的触角电生理（EAG）响应值;在性信息素诱芯中添加不同剂量的类似物配制性信息素类似物诱芯,于2021年夏季在北京延庆地区进行田间诱捕试验,根据统计诱芯的雄蛾诱捕量对类似物活性进行分析。【结果】类似物刺激浓度从0.001 μg·μL^-1增至100 μg·μL^-1,雄蛾触角对类似物K1—K5的EAG响应值呈现出逐渐增大的趋势。其中宽胫夜蛾雄蛾触角对化合物顺-11-十六碳烯-2-溴丙酸酯（K1）的响应最强烈,在100 μg·μL^-1下EAG响应值为1.34 mV。而类似物K5、K6的EAG活性相对较低,其EAG响应值在100 μg·μL^-1下分别为0.67、0.57 mV。田间诱捕试验表明合成的6种类似物均表现出较好的生物活性。其中类似物K5添加剂量为100 μg时,15 d平均诱捕量最高,为35.00头,显著高于性信息素对照。类似物K1添加剂量为10 μg时,15 d平均诱捕量为32.33头,显著高于性信息素对照。【结论】经过EAG测定和田间试验验证,类似物K1和K5表现出显著的增效活性,可作为宽胫夜蛾性信息素的增效剂;添加不同剂量的类似物K2、K3、K4、K6表现出了与性信息素相当的活性。研究结果可为宽胫夜蛾的绿色防控提供科学依据。     

Glutamate, the dominant excitatory transmitter in neuroendocrine regulation

Glutamate has been found to play an unexpectedly important role in neuroendocrine regulation in the hypothalamus, as revealed in converging experiments with ultrastructural immunocytochemistry, optical physiology with a calcium-sensitive dye, and intracellular electrical recording. There were large amounts of glutamate in boutons making synaptic contact with neuroendocrine neurons in the arcuate, paraventricular, and supraoptic nuclei. Almost all medial hypothalamic neurons responded to glutamate and to the glutamate agonists quisqualate and kainate with a consistent increase in intracellular calcium. In all magnocellular and parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular and arcuate nuclei tested, the non-NMDA (non-N-methyl-D-aspartate) glutamate antagonist CNQX (cyano-2,3-dihydroxy-7-nitroquinoxaline) reduced electrically stimulated and spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic potentials, suggesting that the endogenous neurotransmitter is an excitatory amino acid acting primarily on non-NMDA receptors. These results indicate that glutamate plays a major, widespread role in the control of neuroendocrine neurons.     

Optimization of the sex pheromone-based method for trapping field populations of Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller) in South China

Despite the identification of the potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller) sex pheromone, no effective application based on this pheromone has yet been developed and evaluated. This study investigated the effect of pheromone lures, trap densities, heights of trap deployment, and pheromone doses in Yunnan, China, for the purpose of increasing the control efficiency of P. operculella and improving the application of pheromone technology in the field. The results showed that lures made of corn oil and red PVC pipes attracted the highest number of moths(11.73±1.90 per trap per day). Sex pheromone loading of 100 μg was optimal for trapping moths, but higher doses of pheromone inhibited attraction. The density of traps did not affect capture rates; therefore, the optimum trap density was 30–40 traps ha~(–1). The optimum height of trap deployment was not above the height of the plant canopy. This study provides technical details necessary for the monitoring and control of potato tuber moth using sex pheromones.     

陌夜蛾性信息素类似物的合成及其生物活性

背景 陌夜蛾（Trachea atriplicis）作为一种重要食叶害虫，近年来，由于其数量以及危害程度的不断增加，已对我国华北、华东等地区的农林业造成重大危害，尤其是对荞麦等作物的产量构成严重威胁。目的 以陌夜蛾性信息素主要组分顺-11-十六碳烯乙酸酯（Z11-16:Ac）为母体结构，合成6种具有不同生物活性的性信息素类似物，为陌夜蛾的综合治理开辟一种新型环境友好的防治策略。方法 选用性信息素组分的前体顺-11-十六碳烯-1-醇（Z11-16:OH）为原料，在缚酸剂和催化剂的作用下，与酸酐或酰氯发生反应，通过硅胶柱层析进行分离纯化后，合成性信息素类似物共6种。包括极性基团为氨基甲酸酯的性信息素类似物M3、M4，极性基团末端引入不饱和键的性信息素类似物M5、M6，以及卤素原子修饰的性信息素类似物M7、M8。通过触角电生理试验（EAG）测定不同剂量性信息素类似物直接刺激下的EAG响应值，并于北京市延庆区进行田间试验对性信息素类似物的生物活性进行验证。结果 EAG试验表明，类似物M1、M2、M6、M7和M8具有显著的剂量-效应关系。其中陌夜蛾雄蛾触角对类似物M7的响应最为强烈，在100 μg剂量下响应值达2.36 mV，是同剂量条件下Z11-16:Ac响应值的77.9%。而M3—M5在10—1 000 μg剂量下，与性信息素组分Z11-16:Ac的相对响应值之间存在显著差异（P<0.05），M5的EAG响应整体活性表现较差，最高相对响应值仅为性信息素组分的21.2%。田间试验表明，类似物M1和M5在添加剂量为1 μg时，平均诱捕量分别为38.00和35.67头/诱捕器/15 d，与性信息素对照相比存在显著差异；类似物M7在添加剂量为100 μg时，平均诱捕量为29.67头/诱捕器/15 d，显著高于性信息素对照；类似物M4具有潜在的抑制活性，随着其添加剂量的增加，平均诱捕量逐渐减少，当添加剂量为1 000 μg时，平均诱捕量仅有3.33头/诱捕器/15 d。 结论经过EAG试验和田间试验验证，类似物M1、M5和M7具有显著的增效活性，可以用作性信息素的增效剂，类似物M4具有显著的抑制活性，可以用作性信息素的抑制剂。研究结果可为使用性信息素类似物绿色防控陌夜蛾提供理论依据。     

Control of larval development by chemosensory neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans

Larval development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is controlled by the activities of four classes of chemosensory neurons. The choice between normal development and development into a specialized larval form called a dauer larva is regulated by competing environmental stimuli: food and a dauer pheromone. When the neuron classes ADF, ASG, ASI, and ASJ are killed, animals develop as dauer larvae regardless of environmental conditions. These neurons might sense food or dauer pheromone, or both, to initiate the specialized differentiation of many cell types that occurs during dauer formation. Entry into and exit from the dauer stage are primarily controlled by different chemosensory neurons. The analysis of mutants defective in dauer formation indicates that the chemosensory neurons are active in the absence of sensory inputs and that dauer pheromone inhibits the ability of these neurons to generate a signal necessary for normal development.     

中红侧沟茧蜂触角超微结构

【目的】明确中红侧沟茧蜂触角感器的种类、分布、形态及内部结构。【方法】利用扫描电镜和透射电镜对中红侧沟茧蜂触角进行观察。【结果】扫描电镜结果表明中红侧沟茧蜂触角由柄节、梗节和16节鞭节组成;雌蜂、雄蜂触角上均存在以下6种感器：毛形感器、刺形感器、板形感器、锥形感器Ⅰ、锥形感器Ⅱ和腔锥感器;雌蜂、雄蜂间各种感器的长度、分布和数量没有明显差别。透射电镜结果表明毛形感器和腔锥感器角质层壁厚,壁上有孔,内腔有神经树突;刺形感器和锥形感器Ⅰ角质层壁厚,壁上无孔,内腔有神经树突;板形感器角质层壁薄,壁上有孔,内腔有神经树突;锥形感器Ⅱ角质层壁厚,壁上无孔,内腔无神经树突。【结论】明确了中红侧沟茧蜂触角感器内、外部超微结构,为寄生蜂嗅觉感知行为提供了理论依据。     

Study on the Ultrastructures of Antennal Sensilla in Helicoverpa armigera

The morphology and structures of antennal sensilla of Helicoverpa armigera are observed under scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Antennae of Helicoverpa armigera are made up of scapus,pedicel and flagellum that the latter consists of 70 - 82 segments. The inner side surface of antenna is cataphracted and most of the antennal sensilla lie on its outer, upper and lower surfaces. Both the antennae of male and female contain five kinds of antennal sensilla, namely, sensillum trichodeum, sensillum basiconicum, sensillum chaeticum, ear-shaped sensillum and sensillum coeloconicum, and the kinds, number and distribution of antennal sensilla of both sexes are similar. There are a large number of serrate cuticular processes on antennal surface, especially on the middle and basic parts of antenna. Sensillum trichodeum and sensillum basiconicum, the main chemical odor receptors on antennae of Helicoverpa armigera, consist of cuticularwall, sheath cells, lymph and dendrites. There are significant differences between the internal structures of the two kinds of sensilla. In sensillum trichodeum, the cuticular-wall is thicker, less lipophilic pore channels and has one or a few dendrites, while in sensillum basiconicum, the cuticular-wall is thinner, abundant lipophilic pore channels and has much more dendrites.     

密点曲姬蜂触角感觉器的扫描电镜观察

【目的】明确密点曲姬蜂触角和触角感觉器的外部形态特点。【方法】对密点曲姬蜂触角的形态特征、感觉器的类型、形态、数量和分布特点进行扫描电镜观察,并对雌、雄蜂触角感觉器进行性别间差异比较。【结果】密点曲姬蜂雌、雄成蜂触角形态相似,属于鞭状触角。触角由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成。其中雌蜂鞭节由22个鞭亚节组成。雄蜂鞭节由25个鞭亚节组成。成蜂触角上共有5种类型的感觉器：毛型感觉器、刺型感觉器、板型感觉器、Böhm氏鬃毛和腔锥形乳突状感觉器。毛形感觉器（I、II）、刺形感觉器、腔锥形乳突状感觉器和板形感觉器主要分布在鞭节各个亚节。毛形感觉器（III）主要分布在梗节和柄节的中部和端部。Böhm氏鬃毛分布在梗节和柄节的基部。雌、雄蜂触角感觉器的数量和密度存在明显差异。雄蜂各类感觉器的数量和密度明显高于雌蜂。【结论】密点曲姬蜂触角属于鞭状触角,共有5种类型感觉器。雌、雄蜂触角长度存在差异,感觉器的分布规律相似,感觉器的数量和密度存在性二型现象。     

3种赤眼蜂雌蜂触角上感器的扫描电镜观察

要：用扫描电镜观察玉米螟赤眼蜂(Trichogramma ostriniae)、拟澳洲赤眼蜂(T.confusum)及松毛虫赤眼蜂(T.dendrolimi)雌蜂触角上感器的外部形态，比较其感器的数目和着生位置。发现了镰刀形感器背面的特殊形态，并确定了其功能。确定了位于触角端部的单孔毛形感器为味觉器。3种赤眼蜂棒节腹面的镰刀形感器数目及棒节背面板形感器的形态和嗅孔密度存在差异；玉米螟赤眼蜂的坛形感器与其他2个种在形态上也具有较大差异。