The antiquity of empathy

The view of humans as violent war-prone apes is poorly supported by archaeological evidence and only partly supported by the behavior of our closest primate relatives, chimpanzees and bonobos. Whereas the first species is marked by xenophobia, the second is relatively peaceful and highly empathic in both behavior and brain organization. Animal empathy is best regarded as a multilayered phenomenon, built around motor mirroring and shared neural representations at basal levels, that develops into more advanced cognitive perspective-taking in large-brained species. As indicated by both observational and experimental studies on our closest relatives, empathy may be the main motivator of prosocial behavior.     

Stem Lagomorpha and the antiquity of Glires

We describe several fossils referable to Gomphos elkema from deposits close to the Paleocene-Eocene boundary at Tsagan Khushu, Mongolia. Gomphos shares a suite of cranioskeletal characters with extant rabbits, hares, and pikas but retains a primitive dentition and jaw compared to its modern relatives. Phylogenetic analysis supports the position of Gomphos as a stem lagomorph and excludes Cretaceous taxa from the crown radiation of placental mammals. Our results support the hypothesis that rodents and lagomorphs radiated during the Cenozoic and diverged from other placental mammals close to the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary.     

Australian prehistory: new aspects of antiquity

Human occupation of greater Australia occurred by 50,000 years ago, probably through deliberate voyaging by a small group of people. Later migrations, if any, are unlikely to have significantly changed the original genetic and cultural make-up While early Aborigines may have hunted extinct megafauna, the data do not support a rapid "Pleistocene overkill" hypothesis. Finally, aspects of Australian Aboriginal economy, especially plant utilization, and technology-the small tool tradition, ground stone hatchets and boomerangs-are of considerable antiquity and probably originated locally.     

Oxygen isotopes and emerald trade routes since antiquity

Oxygen isotopic compositions of historical emerald artifacts from the Gallo-Roman period to the 18th century indicate that during historical times, artisans worked emeralds originating from deposits supposedly discovered in the 20th century. In antiquity, Pakistani and Egyptian emeralds were traded by way of the Silk Route. Together with Austrian stones, they were the only source of gem-quality emeralds. Immediately after the discovery of the Colombian mines by Spaniards in the 16th century, a new trade route was established, first via Spain to Europe and India and then directly via the Philippines to India. Since then, Colombian emeralds have dominated the emerald trade, and most of the high-quality emeralds cut in the 18th century in India originated from Colombia.     

宏基因组学技术在生物冶金中的应用

介绍了生物冶金的发展概况以及制约其推广应用的因素,阐述了宏基因组学技术在生物冶金中的应用,包括在开发新的浸矿微生物资源、揭示浸矿微生物群落种群关系、获取外源功能基因和在浸矿微生物抗性机制研究中的应用,展示了宏基因组学技术推动生物冶金研究发展的巨大潜力。     

Evidence from paleosols for the geological antiquity of rain forest

Kaolinitic claystones in Paleozoic paleokarst underlying the Middle Pennsylvanian Fort Scott Limestone near Drake, Missouri, contain abundant fossil root traces. These include a surficial root mat as well as stout, woody, deeply penetrating root traces: a rooting pattern similar to that under rain forest. Also similar to soils of rain forest is the deeply weathered clay of the paleosol, in which minimal amounts of nutrient bases remain. Forest communities adapted to oligotrophic clayey substrates in humid climates existed at least 305 million years ago.     

The antiquity of oxygenic photosynthesis: evidence from stromatolites in sulphate-deficient Archaean lakes

The Tumbiana Formation, about 2700 million years old, was largely deposited in ephemeral saline lakes, as judged by the unusual evaporite paragenesis of carbonate and halite with no sulfate. Stromatolites of diverse morphology occur in the lacustrine sediments, some with palimpsest fabrics after erect filaments. These stromatolites were probably accreted by phototropic microbes that, from their habitat in shallow isolated basins with negligible sulfate concentrations, almost certainly metabolized by ozygenic photosynthesis.     

流程模拟软件SysCAD在湿法冶金中的应用

在分析传统对外直接投资决定理论基础上,揭示了母国制度因素和政府作用对于发展中国家和转型经济体OFDI的重要作用.以中国企业OFDI为例,建立计量经济学模型,检验和分析了中国制度质量和政府参与两类变量与OFDI之间的长期均衡关系.研究发现：表征制度质量的法律与秩序、政府稳定性、官僚体系质量及腐败等四个基本因素和表征政府参与的所有权程度与政府政策两个变量均对中国企业OFDI产生了显著正向影响,控制变量中的经济增长对OFDI有的影响是正向的,汇率和出口依存度对OFDI的影响是负向的.据此,提出要通过加强对国家经济风险的评估预警系统建设、建立健全双边和多边投资保护体系等来化解国家经济风险的不利影响.     

Basal anthropoids from Egypt and the antiquity of Africa's higher primate radiation

Early anthropoid evolution in Afro-Arabia is poorly documented, with only a few isolated teeth known from before approximately 35 million years ago. Here we describe craniodental remains of the primitive anthropoid Biretia from approximately 37-million-year-old rocks in Egypt. Biretia is unique among early anthropoids in exhibiting evidence for nocturnality, but derived dental features shared with younger parapithecids draw this genus, and possibly >45-million-year-old Algeripithecus, into a morphologically and behaviorally diverse parapithecoid clade of great antiquity.     

New evidence for the antiquity of man in North America deduced from aspartic acid racemization

Ages of several Californzia Paleo-Indlian skeletons have been deduced from the extent of aspartic acid racemization. These dates suggest that man was present in North America at least 50,000 years before the present.     

Si对快速凝固/粉末冶金(RS/PM)AZ91镁合金组织和性能的影响

随着经济发展和社会进步,人们在消费行为过程中除了考虑自身的经济利益外,也越来越多地受到社会规范的约束。传统的经济行为模型以经济理性作为主要甚至是唯一的驱动因素来解释人的行为,越来越面临严重的挑战。基于社会规范对于人们行为的支配性影响,我们提出了规范理性的概念,认为消费者在进行消费决策时,不仅受经济理性的影响,还受到规范理性的影响,规范理性和经济理性共同构成影响消费行为的基本驱动力。     

The Beginnings of Metallurgy: A New Look: Arguments over diffusion and independent invention ignore the complex metallurgic crafts leading to iron

In the 9 years since my first survey of early metallurgy appeared in this journal (65) metallurgy has become a major battleground between those who argue independent invention and those who argue diffusion in the evolution of urban civilization. In this new article I contend that: 1) The upland belt and debouching river valleys of southwestern Asia have a clear priority in the beginnings of copper metallurgy and extractive metallurgy generally, suggesting that the forces of urbanization contributing to the rise of metallurgy there were more massive, widespread, and better integrated than elsewhere. 2) The trend to polymetallism, against the background of pyrotechnology generally and the other important technologies of urbanism, established a necessary sequence to early metallurgy. This sequence was a prerequisite to the coming of the Iron Age, which was uniquely contained at first within the environment of Anatolia and the eastern Mediterranean and spread outward from there. 3) The course of metallurgy and possibly of the other urbanizing technologies can best be understood through a process of diffusion and multiple innovation interrelating metallurgical evolution over much of Eurasia, but with the area defined by the Black Sea, the Caspian Sea, the Red Sea, and the eastern Mediterranean as its center. Only in this fashion can we place metallurgy in its proper role as an important subsystem in the rise of civilization.     

我国土壤铁锰结核研究进展

铁锰结核是土壤成土过程中的产物。我国近年来对土壤铁锰结核的物理性状、内部结构、元素的地球化学特征、锰矿物类型的鉴定进行了系统研究,并分析了其形成原因及形成时代,同时对铁锰结核所引起的土壤环境效应进行了初步研究。今后一段时期铁锰结核的主要研究方向是深化土壤铁锰结核形成机制、铁锰结核的空间比较性研究以及铁锰结核与土壤环境的相关性研究。