不同树种种质耐苏打盐碱土的苗木试验

应用完全随机区组试验,对38份植物种质进行耐苏打盐碱能力试验,结果表明:白刺种质不适合在弱盐碱地块下生长。在低、中含盐碱地块下试验的苗木,其保存率差异极显著,但成活率差异都不显著。选出白榆57、72、212、216、8033,沙枣、白蜡、杜梨、西伯利亚白刺、齿叶白刺、甘肃柽柳、甘蒙柽柳和多枝柽柳为耐中度苏打盐碱土的植物。在高浓度土壤含盐量地块下,不同种质苗木成活率与保存率差异显著,筛选出西伯利亚白刺(通榆种源)、齿叶白刺、甘肃柽柳、甘蒙柽柳和多枝柽柳为耐重度苏打盐碱土的植物。     

小胡杨对滨海苏打盐渍土改良效果研究

滨海苏打盐渍土修筑台田后种植小胡杨可以成活,18年后小胡杨林分基本郁闭。以未种植树木的台田作为对照(CK),对小胡杨林地内植被演替规律、土壤水分物理性质进行研究。结果表明,小胡杨成林后,林地内植被向良性方向发展,群落生态型由中度耐盐群落演替成轻度耐盐群落,群落高度也由0.2～0.6 m增加到0.5～0.8m,盖度则达到80%～90%,土壤也由苏打盐渍土转变成轻盐碱土;小胡杨可显著降低土壤容重,改善土壤孔隙状况,增加土壤持水性能,使土壤水分物理性质得到显著改良,其中,对0～10 cm土层的改良效果要好于10～30 cm土层。     

不同立地类型下种植密度对杜仲叶产量和质量的影响

本研究以江西本地2年生的杜仲栽培品种为研究材料，在平地设置0.5 m×0.3 m、0.5 m×0.5 m、0.5 m×0.8 m和0.5 m×1.0 m 4个种植密度，在丘陵地设置2 m×1 m、2 m×2 m和2 m×3 m 3个种植密度，研究不同种植密度对叶用杜仲林叶产量和质量(绿原酸含量)的影响。结果表明，在平地种植稀疏的杜仲单株叶产量较低，而绿原酸的积累则有所增加，种植密度为0.5 m×0.3 m时，杜仲的单株叶产量最高(200.90 kg/hm²)，而种植密度为0.5 m×1.0 m时，叶片中绿原酸的含量最高(27 153.26 ug/g)，综合产量和质量两方面考量，推荐0.5 m×0.5 m为杜仲叶用林在平地的最佳种植密度。丘陵地3个种植密度对杜仲单株叶产量和质量没有显著影响，可以根据实际情况适当密植以提高单位面积的产量和收益。     

干旱荒漠区白刺人工林幼树生长特性研究

在干旱荒漠区选取白刺人工造林1~3年的幼树为研究对象,开展不同立地条件下白刺人工造林幼树生长特性的分析比较研究,结果表明:1)随栽植年限的增长,白刺人工造林1~3年幼树各项生长指标均呈增长趋势;白刺人工造林当年幼树生长较为缓慢,且容易出现干枝现象;2~3年后幼树随着年限的增长,其各项生长指标逐年增大。2)不同立地条件下,白刺3年幼树各项生长指标排序为:半固定沙丘草沙障地流动沙丘固定沙丘丘间地。3)半固定沙地和草沙障地适宜白刺人工造林,丘间地和固定沙地不适宜白刺人工造林。     

阿拉善地区不同立地条件下白刺需水量差异

为人工种植白刺和持续利用、保护天然白刺植被,确定不同生态类型的生态需水量,建设不同生态环境下区域配置,以保护生态环境,进行了白刺植被群落不同立地条件下需水量的初步研究。结果表明:(1)考虑地径因素,白刺阴坡的蒸腾速率明显大于白刺阳坡的蒸腾速率。(2)白刺沙包阴坡的蒸腾速率大于白刺沙包阳坡。(3)丘间地白刺阴坡和阳坡蒸腾速率相差不大,但白刺阳坡和阴坡蒸腾速率存在明显差异,即阳坡蒸腾速率大于阴坡蒸腾速率。白刺阳面蒸腾速率在上午及午间明显大于白刺阴面蒸腾速率,而在下午,白刺阳面蒸腾速率略小于阴面的蒸腾速率。     

云南石漠化土地的分区及其绿化造林树(草)种选择

根据云南省石漠化程度、分布和石漠化地区的自然条件等 ,将全省 6 3个石漠化的县划分为 5个区 ,对各区进行了综述 ,同时根据各区气候、土壤、植被等情况 ,初步选择适于各区石漠化土地种植的绿化造林树 (草 )种 4 6个 ,并对主要绿化造林树 (草 )种的生态特性作了描述。     

不同种植密度对南方红豆杉苗木生长量的影响

开展南方红豆杉5种不同密度(0.3 m×0.5 m;0.5 m×0.5 m;0.5 m×0.8 m;0.8 m×0.8 m;1 m×1 m)的种植,对种植26个月的南方红豆杉的树高和地径进行对比分析、方差分析和多重比较分析后得出:树高生长最好的处理是0.5 m×0.8 m,生长最差的处理是1 m×1 m;地径生长最好的处理是0.8 m×0.8 m,生长最差的处理是0.3 m×0.5 m。密度最大的0.3 m×0.5 m处理地径最小。地径生长随着密度的增大而呈减小趋势,树高生长与密度不形成规律性。     

锌铟矿区植被结构优化造林模式的研究

2010～2013年在马关都龙曼家寨锌铟矿山采用墨西哥柏、旱冬瓜、川滇桤木、小叶榕、滇朴、湿地松、黄杨、小叶女桢、木豆、类芦、苇状羊茅、黑麦草12个树(草)种进行10种配置模式试验,对其3年生各树(草)种生长量及不同模式土壤养分测定分析。结果表明,通过充分考虑试区生态环境现状、特点及植被恢复的目标,筛选出了适应性强、造林成活率及保存率高、生长旺盛的川滇桤木、木豆、旱冬瓜、类芦4个树(草)种作为矿区初期、终期植被恢复的造林物种,采用川滇桤木+类芦和木豆+类芦2种乔草、灌草配置的模式进行植被恢复,可加快植被正向演替的进程,并能形成良好的乔木、灌木、草本层次错落具异林复层的林分结构,造林成活率达95%以上,保存率达87%以上。3年生川滇桤木平均树高为4.79 m、平均胸径为4.5 cm;木豆平均株高为2.16 m、平均地径为2.8 cm;类芦平均株高达2.18 m以上。在植被恢复的初期,适宜的造林物种进行合理的配置,不仅能保持物种的多样性,形成良好的群落层次结构,且对改善和提高土壤肥力具有明显效果。     

沙枣在吉林苏打盐碱土区的适应性研究

以甘肃张掖、新疆塔城、内蒙古巴盟磴口、加拿大埃德蒙顿地区生长的沙枣为种源,在吉林省西部苏打盐碱土区经过7 a引种栽培试验,结果表明:4个种源之间的物候期无明显差别,且与引种地相差不大;当年成活率达到90%以上,未发生盐害;株高、根径生长与引种地虽然存在一定差距,但差异不显著;加拿大、新疆、内蒙古种源可以自然越冬,甘肃种源越冬率在80%左右;未见明显病虫害。沙枣在吉林苏打盐碱土区具有良好的生长表现和适应性。     

桉-草-牧复合经营模式综合效益分析及模式筛选

运用灰色系统理论与方法进行桉-草-牧复合经营模式综合效益评价研究,初步筛选出桉(2 m×3 m)+象草+涠洲黄牛、桉(2 m×3 m)+象草+波尔山羊和桉(2 m×6 m)+象草+涠洲黄牛、桉(2 m×6 m)+象草+波尔山羊4种具有良好综合效益的复合经营模式,其综合效益关联度分别为0.904 0、0.885 0、0.882 0和0.863 7,比桉树纯林提高了46.52%以上。同时经过评价指标的分析,最终选择确定Shannon-Wiener指数、土壤毛管孔隙度、土壤田间持水量、土壤有机质、土壤全N、土壤全K、桉树树高、桉树胸径、桉树种植年均投入、桉树种植年均收入、牧草营养养分和林农接受程度等12个指标,可应用于构建评价指标的最小数据集,并反映系统的综合效益。     

Biomass production of trees and grasses in a silvopasture system on marginal lands of Doon Valley of north-west India 2. Performance of grass species

In a long-term study (1980 to 1993), the survival, growth performance and biomass production of two grass species viz. Chrysopogon fulvus (Spreng.) Chiov. and Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) C.E. Hubb. were assessed when intercropped with four tree species viz. Albizia lebbek (L.) Benth., Grewia optiva Drumm., Bauhinia purpurea L. and Leucaena leucocephala (Lamk.) de Wit. on the bouldery riverbed lands of Doon Valley of north-west India. The survival of grass clumps was higher under the canopy of B. purpurea (48.3% in 1993 of the initial planting density of 20,000 clumps ha⁻¹ in 1980) and G. optiva (47.4%) than of L. leucocephala (31.1%) and A. lebbek (29.4%), and at 75% intensity of tree lopping (40.9%) than at 50% (37.1%). The effect of tree species on different growth parameters of grasses was not uniform, with G. optiva and B. purpurea causing comparatively more synergistic effect on clump height and clump diameter respectively. Although the performance of grasses was good under A. lebbek and L. leucocephala in the early years (1980--1987), these tree species resulted in the lowest grass dry weight in the later years up to 1993. The beneficial effect of higher lopping intensity of 75% was observed on the growth and biomass production of grasses over 50% lopping, presumably due to increased light penetration into the under-storey. The biomass production of grasses reached a maximum at four years of growth in 1983, after which, it decreased gradually to less than half in 1993. Eulaliopsis binata showed higher survival, growth and biomass production than C. fulvus throughout the period of study. The total biomass production was highest in association with B. purpurea followed by G. optiva, which appeared to be the most suitable tree species along with E. binata for sustainable silvopasture development on the marginal lands of Doon Valley of north-west India. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Biomass production of trees and grasses in a silvopasture system on marginal lands of Doon Valley of north-west India. 1. Performance of tree species

Bouldery riverbed lands occupy about one-third of the geographical area in Doon Valley of north-west India. These marginal lands need rehabilitation through establishment of silvopasture system for meeting the biomass requirements of resource-poor farmers. A study was carried out for 14 years (1980 to 1993) at Dehradun, involving four multi-purpose tree species viz. Albizia lebbek (L.) Benth., Grewia optiva Drumm., Bauhinia purpurea L. and Leucaena leucocephala (Lamk.) de Wit.; and two grass species viz. Chrysopogon fulvus (Spreng.) Chiov. and Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) C.E. Hubb. Fifty and 75% of the tree crown was lopped once a year after four years of age. Tree survival decreased with age, and was highest with L. leucocephala (86.9% in 1993 of initial density of 625 trees ha⁻¹) and lowest with B. purpurea (49.3%). Canopy parameters of trees progressed differently, presumably due to their varying growth habits. The trees of A. lebbek were taller with more crown spread, whereas G. optiva had more crown height with lesser crown spread. Stem diameter growth of A. lebbek was highest followed by B. purpurea. Lopping intensity did not affect tree survival and also canopy growth in most years, but collar diameter and diameter at breast height (dbh) decreased significantly at the higher intensity of lopping. Intercropped grass species E. binata caused a greater adverse effect on the tree survival and growth parameters than C. fulvus. The biomass production (leaf and branch wood weight of lopped material) was highest at eight years of age in 1987 but showed no definite trend over the study period. Bauhinia purpurea produced the highest biomass and L. leucocephala the lowest, despite opposite trends in their survival. The performance of A. lebbek was on par with B. purpurea in the later years (1990--1993), but G. optiva was inferior despite its superiority in the early years (1984--1985). The effects of lopping intensity were not appreciable, but intercropping with E. binata decreased leaf and branch wood production significantly compared with C. fulvus throughout. However, the adverse effect was comparatively less pronounced on B. purpurea and A. lebbek than on G. optiva and L. leucocephala. The fibre yield of G. optiva also decreased due to intercropped E. binata compared with C. fulvus. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

金沙江流域龙须草的水土保持效应研究初报

对金沙江流域龙须草地水土保持效应的研究结果表明,与空旷地相比种植龙须草可降低土壤容重0.10 g/cm3,增加土壤总孔隙度9.6%,提高土壤贮水率22.03%,其改善土壤的物理性状,提高土壤蓄水能力的效果显著。     

不同初植密度对巨桉木材纤维形态的影响

对不同初植密度（2.0m×4.0m、3.0m×3.0m、3.0m×4.0m）20年生巨桉胸径处外缘材纤维形态特征（纤维长度、宽度、壁厚、腔径、长宽比和壁腔比）进行测定和分析,旨在为定向培育巨桉人工林提供基础数据。研究结果表明：随初植密度的增大,纤维长度、宽度、壁厚、腔径先增大后减小,以3.0m×3.0m的最大;纤维长宽比和壁腔比先减小后增大,3.0m×4.0m的纤维长宽比和壁腔比最大。本研究认为3.0m×3.0m的纤维形态特征为最好。     

Pb、Cd复合污染对龙须草光合作用的影响

通过九组不同水平的重金属Pb、Cd复合污染土壤种植龙须草试验,以检测对龙须草光合作用的影响,检测龙须草对重金属复合污染的耐性,从而探讨龙须草修复重金属污染环境的能力。光合分析的结果表明：随着Pb、Cd复合污染含量的升高,龙须草的光合综合指标下降幅度较小,说明龙须草对重金属复合污染具有较强的耐性,且Cd对龙须草的影响大于Pb。     

赣南北缘寒冷地区引种、试种桉树报告

通过对江西省宁都县引种、试种的多个桉树品系/种源的生长量及冻害调查分析,结果表明:参试品种(品系)仅本沁桉、邓恩桉和赤桉冻伤程度相对较轻,但是生长较慢;其它速生品系冻伤较重,冻伤等级均达到Ⅲ级(含以上),如巨桉、尾细桉、尾赤桉、韦赤桉、尾巨桉等。赣南北缘大规模发展速生桉树风险较大。综合考量情况下,局部地区发展速丰用材林可选择亚林巨桉、韦赤桉GY-66、尾细桉M1、DH184-1四种品系,邓恩桉、本沁桉和赤桉等较耐寒品系适宜生态公益林、园林绿化或公路旁栽种。     

水曲柳造林密度与林分生长的关系

为确定水曲柳人工林合理的造林密度,以帽儿山实验林场10年生的水曲柳密度试验林为研究对象,分析了造林密度对林分生长的影响,结果表明：1m×1m（A）、1．5m×1．5m（B）、2m×2m（C）、3m×1．5m（D）4种不同造林密度对林木生长、林木的干形、林分的产量均有显著地影响,其中林分胸径、单株材积、冠幅、单株叶面积、冠高比随密度的减小而显著增大;造林密度对树高生长、叶面积指数无显著影响。综合比较4种密度水平林分,C水平的造林密度是最为合理的。     

桂北速生桉无性系栽培试验

对桂北全州县咸水镇种植的尾赤桉、尾巨桉等6个速生桉无性系的生长表现、寒害状况进行了调查分析,结果表明：不同速生桉无性系间生长差异显著,以无性系3（尾巨桉）、5（尾巨桉）、6（尾赤桉）3个无性系号生长最好,1号（柳窿桉）无性系生长最差。冻害是检验速生桉无性系能否适应的关键指标,所种植的速生桉无性系受冻严重,在冰雪袭击下所有试验树木均被全部压断,部分树木还被冻死而不能萌芽。类似全州县成水镇的气候条件不适宜种植尾巨桉、尾叶桉、柳窿桉等速生桉无性系。     

晋北太行山区不同整地规格效果分析

采用EM 50土壤水分测定系统,对4种不同整地规格的土壤含水量进行连续监测。以整地成本、土壤平均含水量、造林成活率、林木生长量为指标,综合分析不同整地规格的效果。结果表明,4种整地规格中,2 m×1 m×0.5 m（G2）规格的土壤平均含水量最低,整地成本最高。由于太行山北段土壤干旱瘠薄,造林困难,整地时优先选取0.8 m×0.6 m×0.4 m（G0.8）,0.6 m×0.5 m×0.4 m（G0.6）这两种规格。