马铃薯块茎休眠解除过程的形态学观察与鉴定

利用石蜡切片分析了室温储存条件下马铃薯栽培品种‘Favorita’块茎休眠解除过程中的形态组织学变化,并对块茎中的淀粉和蛋白质含量的变化作了研究。结果显示,马铃薯块茎在休眠期芽眼分生组织细胞停止分裂,伴随着休眠的解除,芽眼分生组织细胞开始分裂且分裂速度越来越快,芽原基最终形成一个完整的芽,伴随此过程,观察到芽原基周围部分细胞程序性死亡最终发育形成环纹、螺纹导管的现象;马铃薯块茎从休眠解除到芽的萌发过程中淀粉含量则出现下降且淀粉颗粒逐渐由规则卵圆形变为较小的不规则状,在靠近芽原基的分化部位蛋白质含量有明显上升趋势。室温储存60 d的块茎被认为完全解除休眠。     

Varietal differences in the response of potatoes to repeated short periods of water stress in hot climates. 2. Tuber yield and dry matter accumulation and other tuber properties

Summary The effect of repeated short periods of water stress during the hot season on six potato cultivars was investigated. The number of tubers per plant tended to decrease in response to water stress in cultivars which had more than 9.8 tubers per control plant (Désirée, Alpha, Elvira). In the other cultivars, no consistent effect of water stress on tuber number per plant was observed. Except for Spunta, the percentage of large tubers (>60 g/tuber) was reduced in the water-stressed plants. Consequently, the average weight of these tubers was greater than that of tubers harvested from the unstressed plants, indicating that the sink force of the individual tuber was not impaired by drought. However, tuber yield per plant was reduced due to drought in all cultivars tested. The smallest decrease in dry matter accumulation as well as the greatest lowering of the osmotic potential in the tuber tissue was found in Alpha. No consistent effect of water stress on the percentage of misshapen and sprouting tubers was observed, indicating the marked effect of the high temperature on these traits. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel, No 310-E, 1981 series. This investigation was sponsored by a grant from the Ministry for Development Cooperation of the Netherlands.     

Male fertility and freezing tolerance of hybrids involvingSolanum tuberosum haploids and diploidSolanum species

Summary Male sterility of (haploid x species) hybrids often hampers the exploitation of wildSolanum species in breeding for cold tolerance. In a study aimed at finding ways round these problems, we found that one accession of the cold tolerant wild speciesS. sanctae-rosae gave progenies segregating for male fertility in crosses withtuberosum haploids. Moreover, a source of male fertility restorer gene(s) was hypothesized in the (haploid x species) hybrid UP88-C80 (tbr x chc). A relatively high freezing tolerance was found in the progenies coming fromtuberosum haploid xsanctae-rosae crosses and some hybrids showed a freezing killing temperature as low as −5.4°C. Although the most tolerant clones did not shed pollen, at least one clone (Sr6,tbr x sct) combined male fertility, 2n pollen production and good freezing tolerance (−3.9°C) and might be directly used in crosses with tetraploidS. tuberosum in order to introgress resistance to low temperature intuberosum form. Contribution no. 137 from the Research Centre for Vegetable Breeding-CNR. Research supported by National Research Council of Italy, special project RAISA, subproject no. 2, paper no. 2776.     

Comparative performance of three small seed tuber sizes and standard size seed tubers planted at similar stem densities

Summary Small seed tubers of 1–5 g, 5–10 g and 10–20 g were planted at the same sprout densities as standard size seed tubers of 40–60 g in order to give similar stem densities. Early ground cover by foliage, total yield, and yield of tubers >45 mm were consistently greater in plots planted with larger seed tubers. The effect of seed tuber size on yield and tuber number per stem varied between years but 1–5 g seed tubers always gave lower yields per stem than larger seed tubers. Reducing the spacing between rows from 90 cm to 60 cm and maintaining the same sprout density was more effective in increasing yields from small seed tubers than increasing sprout density from 20 to 40 sprouts per m² by reducing plant spacing within the row.     

Effect of pre-planting temperature and light treatments of seed tubers on potato yield and tuber size distribution

Summary From 1985 to 1987 field experiments were caried out to test the influence of different pre-planting storage treatments on yield and size distribution of potato crops. The storage treatments included 4, 8 and 12°C in the light and in the dark, for different periods before planting. Subjecting the seed tubers to light at low temperatures induced crops to produce a larger proportion of smaller sized tubers while storing seed tubers at higher temperatures in the dark led to an increase of tubers >55 mm. These observations were confirmed in five field experiments with two cultivars at two sites and in three growing seasons.     

Rooting traits of peanut genotypes with different yield responses to pre-flowering drought stress

Water stress during the vegetative development normally is not detrimental and sometimes actually increases yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Root growth might play an important role in response to early season drought in peanut and might result in an increase in yield. Information on the response of root characters of diverse peanut genotypes to these conditions will provide useful information for explaining mechanisms and improving peanut genotypes for exploiting positive interaction for pod yield under pre-flowering drought. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the root dry weight and root length density of peanut genotypes with different yield responses to pre-flowering drought stress and their relationships with pod yield. Field experiments were conducted at the Field Crop Research Station of Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand during February to July 2007 and during February to July 2009. A split-plot experiment in a randomized complete block design was used. Two water management treatments were assigned as the main plots, i.e. field capacity and pre-flowering stress, and six peanut genotypes as the sub-plots. Total crop dry matter, root dry weight and root length density were recorded at 25 DAE, R5 and R7. Top dry weight and pod yield were measured at harvest and pod harvest index (PHI) was computed using the data on pod yield and biomass. Peanut genotypes were categorized into three groups based on their responses to drought for pod yield, e.g. increasing, decreasing and non-responsive groups. The genotypes of each group showed a differential response for root quantity and distribution. The increasing pod yield group had more root dry weight and root length density in the deeper soil layers during pre-flowering stress compared to the non-stress treatment. The non-responsive group showed no root response under pre-flowering drought conditions compared to the non-stress treatment. A larger root system alone without considering distribution may not contribute much to pod yield but a higher RLD at deeper layers may allow plants to mine more available water in the sub-soil. However, as yield is a complex trait, several mechanisms may be involved. The increasing pod yield group also had the ability to maintain a high PHI.     

杂交籼稻亲本种子休眠性与F1的相关及配合力研究

 利用19个核质互作型不育系和9个恢复系,配制了109个杂交组合。花后35 d收获种子,分别检测每个杂交组合F1及其亲本种子在不剥壳和剥壳情况下的休眠指数。采用5×5 NCⅡ遗传设计配制了25个组合,利用其种子的休眠指数分析了配合力。结果表明,在不剥壳情况下,F1种子的休眠指数与双亲种子的休眠指数以及中亲值呈极显著正相关。109个组合中,82个组合超过中亲值,43个组合超过高亲值,具有明显的中亲优势。去除稃壳的双亲及F1种子的休眠指数均大幅度下降,表明稃壳对种子休眠性具有重要作用,但剥壳后双亲种子和F1种子休眠性之间的关系,仍然存在与不剥壳时相似的趋势。稃壳对种子休眠性的影响主要取决于F1的基因型,而不受控于母体稃壳本身。不育系、恢复系休眠性的一般配合力方差和组合的特殊配合力方差占总遗传方差的比例分别为59.2%、31.1%和9.7%,三者均达到极显著水平,说明基因的加性作用占主导地位。不育系Ⅱ112A 种子休眠性的一般配合力最高,D62A次之;恢复系以IR112一般配合力最高,2786次之。它们是选配强休眠杂交组合的优良亲本材料。     

Effects of genes increasing the number of spikelets per panicle,TAW1 and APO1, on yield and yield-related traits in rice

The genes TAWAWA1 (TAW1) and ABERRANT PANICLE ORGANIZATION1 (APO1) increase the number of spikelets per panicle (SN). In the present study, we examined the effects of these genes on morphological traits, yield, and yield-related traits including yield components using the near-isogenic lines (NILs) in the genetic background of a japonica rice variety, Koshihikari – NIL-taw1, NIL-apo1-D3, and NIL-apo1-D4 – in a field experiment. The SN and total number of spikelets per area of the three NILs were larger than those of Koshihikari. However, the yield of the three NILs did not exceed that of Koshihikari due to their low filling ability. Interestingly, our field experiments indicated that TAW1 did not affect the diameter of internodes and the PN, whereas APO1 decreased the PN and increased the diameter of internodes. These results suggest that TAW1 and APO1 differently affect yield-related traits.     

The yield and quality of F1 hybrids of several vegetable plants,compared with standard varieties

Summary In cucumbers some of the F₁ hybrids proved to be more resistant to diseases and more tolerant to a cool temperature. The most productive and the earliest F₁ hybrids, having also the highest percentage of marketable fruits were obtained from crosses, when as a mother parent the inbred line No. 9 of Borszczagowski variety was used and as the father parent the variety 53 BSC white spine.The use of F₁ hybrids seems to improve the possibilities of the production of sweet pepper in cooler countries, like Poland. In experiments, conducted in East Germany, Czechoslovakia and Poland in years 1961 and in Poland also in 1963 the F₁ hybrids gave in all cases earlier and higher yields than the best local standard varieties.In tomatoes the most promising F₁ hybrids seem to be the crosses between a Polish variety Mory 33 and Russian varieties Sztambowy Alpatiewa and Miczurinskij rannij. In the greenhouse trials some of F₁ hybrids, like Nr. 10 x Bizon, Harzfeuer, Weibulls Immuna, Kecskemet Nr. 6, Eurocross gave higher early yields than standard varieties.With onions, most of the F₁ hybrids obtained in the U.S.A. were too early and poor keepers under Polish climatic conditions. Work is conducted to obtain F₁ hybrids of the type of our standard onion variety Wolska, globular in shape and straw yellow in color, but more uniform in all varietal characters.Good results with F₁ hybrids have been also obtained with the Bulgarian F₁ hybrid of Eggplant Nr. 12 x Delikates and also with a Danish F₁ hybrid of Brussel sprouts.

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Zusammenfassung Einige Hybridsorten der Gurke haben sich in unseren Prüfungen als widerstandsfähiger gegen Krankheiten erwiesen und auch ihre Ansprüche an die Temperatur waren geringer. Die besten F₁ Hybriden wurden von Kreuzungen erhalten, bei denen die Linie Nr. 9 der Borszczagowski Gurkensorte als Muttersorte und die Sorte 53 BVC als Vatersorte benutzt wurden.Die Benutzung von Hybridsorten scheint die Möglichkeiten des Anbaues von Gemüsepaprika in Ländern mit kühlerem Klima wie Polen zu verbessern. In den Versuchen, die in Ost-Deutschland, Tschechoslowakei — während zweier—und in Polen — während dreier Jahre — durchgeführt wurden, waren die Hybridsorten immer früher erntereif und lieferten höhere Erträge als die Standardsorten.Bei den Tomaten scheinen die besten Hybridsorten die Kreuzungen zwischen der polnischen Sorte Mory 33 und den sowjetischen Sorten Sztambowyj Alpatiewa oder Miczurinskij rannij zu liefern. In den Versuchen mit Gewächshaustomaten erbrachten manche Hybridsorten wie Nr. 10 x Bizon, Harzfeuer, Weibulls Immune, Keckskemet Nr. 6, Eurocross eine frühere Ernte mit höheren Erträgen als die besten Standortsorten.Fast alle in Amerika erhaltenen Hybridsorten von Zwiebeln waren für polnische Klimaverhältnisse zu früh und deshalb nicht genug lagerfest. Es wird jetzt an der Züchtung einer Zwiebel Hybridsorte mit den Eigenschaften unserer Standardsorte Wolska aber mit der Ausgeglichenheit der Sortenmerkmale einer Hybridsorte gearbeitet.Gute Ergebnisse sind auch mit der bulgarischen Hybridsorte der Eierfrucht (Nr. 12 x Delikates) und mit der dänischen Hybridsorte des Rosenkohls (Jade F₁) erhalten worden.

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Résumé Dans nos expériences nous avons constaté, que les variétés hybrides de concombre sont plus resistantes aux maladies et sont moins exigeantes en chaleur. Nous avons obtenu les meilleurs concombres hybrides F₁ par croisement de la lignée No. 9 de Borszczagowski comme plante maternelle avec la variété 53 BVC comme plante paternelle.Il nous semble possible que l'utilisation de variétés hybrides donnera des meilleures possibilitês de culture du paprica dans les pays de climat frais, par exemple en Pologne. Les expériences menées en Pologne pendant 3 ans ont montré, que les variétés hybrides étaient toujours plus précoces et donnaient toujours plus de fruits que les variétés locales.Nous avons obtenu les meilleurs hybrides de tomate en croisant la variété polonaise Mory 33 avec les variétés de URSS Sztambowyj Alpatieva ou Miczurinskij rannij. Les expériences concernant les tomates cultivées dans les serres ont montré, que quelques varietés hybrides telles que No. 10 x Bizon, Harzfeuer, Weibulls Immune, Kecskemet No. 6, Eurocross ont donné plus de fruits et étaient plus précoces que les meilleures variétés locales.Presque toutes les variétés hybrides américaines d'oignon se sont montrées trop précoces dans les conditions climatiques de Pologne et c'est pourquoi elles se conservent mal pendant le stockage. Une variété hybride d'oignon, ayant toutes les qualités de la variété polonaise standard Wolska et ayant en même temps les qualités d'une variété hybride est encore l'objet des études actuelles en vue de l'amélioration de cette plante.Nous avons en aussi des bons resultats avec une variété hybride d'aubergine de Bulgarie No. 12 x Delikates et avec une variété hybride de chou de Bruxelles d'origine danoise Jade F₁.

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Paper read in Lund, Sweden (EUCARPIA-CIQ Congress, 14th to 17th July 1965) on 17/7/1965.     

Effects of drip irrigation regimes on potato tuber yield and quality under plastic mulch in arid Northwestern China

Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of drip irrigation regimes on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth, tuber yield and quality, and water use efficiency (WUE) when grown under plastic mulch in an arid area of Northwestern China in 2008, 2009 and 2010. The 2008 experiment consisted of a drip irrigation check without plastic mulch and four different drip irrigation frequency treatments with plastic mulch: once every day, once every 2 days, once every 4 days, and once every 8 days. In 2009 and 2010 the drip check treatment without mulch was irrigated at −25 kPa soil matric potential (SMP) during three potato development stages and four different SMP drip irrigation strategies were compared during the potato development stages (using plastic mulch): S1 (−25 kPa SMP during the three development stages), S2 (−25 kPa SMP during tuber initiation and bulking and −35 kPa SMP during maturation), S3 (−25 kPa SMP during tuber initiation and maturation and −35 kPa SMP during bulking), S4 (−35 kPa SMP during the three development stages). Plastic mulch negatively affected tuber yield, WUE, and tuber quality. In the presence of plastic mulch, tuber yield, specific gravity, starch content, and vitamin C content seemed to be enhanced as the irrigation frequency increased, although the differences were not statistically significant. Irrigation frequency did not affect WUE for potato grown under plastic mulch. Analysis of plant height, tuber yield and WUE showed that a drip irrigation threshold of −35 kPa SMP led to obvious water stress for potato growth in this arid area. Under plastic mulch in 2010, S2 was the optimum drip irrigation regime because of the significantly higher yield than S3 and S4, the highest WUE and significantly firmer tubers than any of the other irrigation regimes tested.     

Identification and quantitative determination of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline using GC-TOF MS combined with HS and HS-SPME pretreatment

2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) was recognized as the key characteristic volatile in aromatic rice. In this paper, two precise and rapid methods for quantitative determination of 2-AP by headspace-gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HS-GC-TOF MS) and headspace-solid phase micro-extraction-gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-TOF MS) have been presented and compared. Chromatograms of 2-AP and internal standard (2-methyl-3-heptanone) in samples were extracted by accurate masses, and the response ratios of 2-AP to internal standard were used for constructing matrix-matched standard curve with the blanks deducted. Pretreatment conditions such as temperature and extractant amount were optimized. Linear ranges of two methods were 1–150 ng g⁻¹ with linear correlation coefficients (r) of 0.9998 and 0.9997, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of HS-GC-TOF MS method were 0.68 ng g⁻¹ and 2.27 ng g⁻¹. LOD and LOQ of HS-SPME-GC-TOF MS method were 0.46 ng g⁻¹ and 1.50 ng g⁻¹, and could be reduced to 0.02 ng g⁻¹ and 0.06 ng g⁻¹, respectively, in the case of splitless mode. At spiking level of 100 ng g⁻¹, recoveries were 94.19–116.00% and 95.57–107.49% for HS-GC-TOF MS method and HS-SPME-GC-TOF MS method, respectively.     

Effects of irrigation and seed tuber size on yield and infection of potatoes from commercial and healthier seed stocks

Summary Small and large seed tubers (cv. King Edward) produced from commercial and stem cutting (healthier) seed stocks were planted in field experiments at Rothamsted in 1972 and 1973. Plots were irrigated from shoot emergence (early) or from tuber marble stage (normal) or not irrigated. Large healthier seed produced plants with more stems and tubers and 6–9% more yield in September than large commercial seed but seed health did not affect yields from small seed. Early and normal irrigation decreased the number of tubers initiated in 1972 but had no effect on tuber numbers in 1973. Normal irrigation increased tuber yields more than early irrigation, especially in plots grown from healthier seed.Polyscytalum pustulans was most prevalent on tubers from commercial seed and was increased by irrigation. Tubers from healthier seed had most infections ofHelminthosporium solani which were decreased by irrigation.

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Zusammenfassung Kleine (22–25 g) und grosse (118–126 g) gekeimte Knollen aus kommerziellen Pflanzgutherkünften und aus Stecklingsvermehrungen (besonders gesund) wurden für die Versuche in den Jahren 1972 und 1973 in Rothamsted ausgepflanzt. Die Parzellen wurden bew?ssert (1) früh, vom Auflaufen bis zum Murmelstadium (‘marble stage’) der Knollen, um den Boden in 10 cm Tiefe auf Feldkapazit?t zu halten und bis September, um das Defizit an Bodenfeuchtigkeit auf weniger als 38 mm zu halten, (2) normal, vom Murmelstadium, um das Defizit auf weniger als 38 mm zu halten, (3) sp?t (nur 1972), von Mitte August bis Mitte September (Abb. 1). Aus den grossen gesünderen Pflanzknollen wurden Pflanzen mit mehr Stengeln, mehr Knollen und im September mit 6–9% Mehrertrag erzeugt als aus den grossen Pflanzknollen kommerzieller Herkunft (Tab. 1). Die Knollenertr?ge aus den kleinen Pflanzknollen wurden nicht vom Gesundheitszustand des Pflanzgutes beeinflusst, obwohl die Pflanzen aus dem gesünderen Pflanzgut mehr Knollen bildeten als diejenigen aus dem kommerziellen Pflanzgut. Im September war die Verteilung der Knollengr?ssen aus dem Pflanzgut beider Herkünfte ?hnlich, mit dem gesünderen Pflanzgut wurden jedoch geringfügig mehr Knollen >4 cm erzeugt (Abb. 2). Im Juni waren Knollenanzahl und-gewicht pro Stengel vom gesunderen Pflanzgut h?her als vom kommerziellen (Tab. 1); im September war die Knollenanzahl ?hnlich, die Ertr?ge waren aber vom kommerziellen Pflanzgut h?her als vom gesünderen. Die Ertr?ge pro Stengel waren auch bei den kleinen Pflanzknollen h?her als bei den grossen. Das Knollengewicht pro Stengel verringerte sich mit zunehmender Stengelzahl pro Pflanze, beim gesünderen Pflanzgut war dies jedoch weniger ausgepr?gt als beim kommerziellen (Abb. 4). Die gr?ssere Knollenzahl an Pflanzen aus gesundem Pflanzgut war deshalb auf die erh?hte Stengelzahl und, bei grossen Pflanzknollen, auf die erh?hte Knollenanzahl pro Stengel zurückzuführen. Die frühe Bew?sserung führte 1972, jedoch nicht 1973, zu einer Verringerung der Knollenanzahl (Tab. 2). Die Knollenertr?ge im September waren eher bei normaler Bew?sserung erh?ht (34%, 1972; 18%, 1973) als bei früher Bew?sserung (23%, 1972; 12%, 1973), die Anzahl der Knollen >4 cm (Abb. 3) und die durchschnittliche Knollengr?sse waren auch bei normaler Bew?sserung h?her (Tab. 3). Im Jahre 1972 waren vom gesünderen Pflanzgut die Knollenertr?ge um 5% h?her als vom kommerziellen wenn die Parzellen nicht oder früh bew?ssert wurden und um 12% h?her bei normaler Bew?sserung (Tab. 2), und 1973 waren die Ertr?ge vom gesünderen Pflanzgut bei den beiden Bew?sserungsmassnahmen um 6–7% h?her. Infektionen mitPolyscytalum pustulans waren an Knollen aus kommerziellem Pflanzgut h?ufiger als aus gesünderem Pflanzgut (Tab. 5), und sie nahmen bei Bew?sserung zu. Dagegen waren Infektionen mitHelminthosporium solani am h?ufigsten an Knollen aus gesünderem Pflanzgut, und sie nahmen bei Bew?sserung ab. Das Auftreten vonRhicotonia solani wurde nicht deutlich vom Gesundheitszustand des Pflanzgutes oder durch die Bew?sserung beeinflusst.

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Résumé Des tubercules germés de petit (22–25 g) et gros (118–126 g) calibres produits à partir de semences commerciales et de boutures (semences les plus saines) sont plantés dans des essais à Rothamsted en 1972 et 1973. Les parcelles sont irriguées: (1) t?t à partir de la levée jusqu'au stade tubérisation pour garder sur 10 cm de profondeur le niveau de sa capacité de rétention en eau et ensuite jusqu'en Septembre en maintenant le niveau d'humidité sur 38 mm, (2) normalement, à partir du stade tubérisation en maintenant le niveau d'humidité sur 38 mm, (3) tardivement (1972, seulement) de la mi-ao?t à la mi-septembre (Fig. 1). La semence la plus saine produit des plantes avec davantage de tiges, de tubercules et un rendement 6 à 9% supérieur en septembre que les gros tubercules de semence commerciale (Tableau 1). L'état sanitaire de la semence n'affecte pas les rendements des tubercules de petit calibre bien que les plantes issues des semences les plus saines produisent davantage de tubercules que les semences commerciales. En septembre, la distribution des tubercules selon leur taille est identique pour les semences des deux origines mais les semences issues de boutures produisent beaucoup plus de tubercules supérieurs à 4 cm (Fig. 2). En juin, le nombre et le poids des tubercules par tige sont plus élevés dans les semences les plus saines que dans les semences commerciales (Tableau 1); à partir de septembre, les nombres de tubercules sont identiques mais les rendements sont plus importants à partir de semences commerciales. De même, les rendements par tige sont plus élevés à partir des petits calibres que des gros calibres. Le poids de tubercules par tige diminue avec l'augmentation du nombre de tiges par plante mais de fa?on moindre à partir des semences les plus saines (Fig. 4). Le plus grand nombre de tubercules sur les plantes issues des semences les plus saines est donc attribué à l'augmentation du nombre des tiges et pour les semences de gros calibres à l'augmentation du nombre de tubercules par tige. Une irrigation précoce diminue le nombre de tubercules formés en 1972 (Tableau 2) mais n'a pas d'effect en 1973. Les rendements en tubercules en septembre sont davantage augmentés par une irrigation normale (34%, 1972; 18%, 1973) que précoce (23%, 1972; 12%, 1973), de même que le nombre des tubercules >4 cm (Fig. 3); le calibre moyen des tubercules est plus grand que dans le cas d'une irrigation normale (Tableau 3). En 1972, les rendements de septembre en tubercules sont 5% plus élevés à partir des semences les plus saines qu'à partir des semences commerciales quand les parcelles ne sont pas irriguées ou quand l'irrigation est précoce et 12% plus élevés dans le cas d'une irrigation normale (Tableau 2); en 1972, les rendements sont 6–7% plus élevés à partir des semences les plus saines et ce avec les deux types d'irrigation. L'infection parPolyscytalum pustulans est plus fréquente à partir des tubercules de semences commerciales qu'à partir des semences les plus saines (Tableau 5) et est accrue par l'irrigation. A l'inverse, l'infection parHelminthosporium solani est plus commune sur tubercules issus des semences les plus saines et est réduite par l'irrigation. L'incidence deRhizoctonia solani n'est pas affectée significativement par l'état sanitaire des semences ou par l'irrigation.

     

Nutritive quality and energy yield of high oil,opaque-2 and waxy maize hybrids compared to normal maize hybrids

Grain yield, chemical composition, protein quality and digestible energy were measured for 18 maize varieties (opaque-2, high oil, waxy hybrids, normal hybrids) cultivated in Yugoslavia. Protein quality assessment was based on amino acid composition, and true protein digestibility, biological value, net protein utilization and utilizable protein as determined in nitrogen balance experiments with rats. The protein concentration in dry matter varied from 8.63–18.81% while the fat concentration varied from 4.45–16.13%. There were only minor differences in ash and crude fibre, while starch and sugar varied inversely to fat and protein concentration. Lysine levels were approximately 30% higher for the opaque-2 varieties compared with normal maize, while leucine levels were about 30% lower. Yields were extremely high for all varieties with the highest value being 10.3 tonnes/ha. Due to the high yields, protein production/ha was high in range of 822–977 kg. This resulted in high yields of amino acids/ha. Protein utilization was very high in the opaque-2 varieties, which had the highest lysine contents. The biological values were close to 80 in these varieties, whereas they were only 60–65 in the normal maize varieties.     

Yield and tuber characteristics of 4x progeny from 2x×2x crosses

Summary Unrelated, unselected 2x haploid-species hybrids that produce 2n eggs, by second division restitution and 2n pollen due to first division restitution were intercrossed to generate 4x progeny. The 19, 4x families were compared with seven cultivars for tuber yield, tuber appearance and tuber set. The mean yield of the 4x families was 30% higher than the mean yield of the cultivars. The best five 4x families outyielded the best five cultivars by 57% and 69% at two locations. Cultivars were superior for tuber appearance and tuber set. The high yields of the 4x families are due to genetic diversity of the 2x parents and their ability to transmit that diversity to the 4x progeny utilizing 2n gametes. The potential of the 2x×2x breeding method is dependent on developing 2x hybrid clones that form 2n eggs and possess desirable tuber types; clones producing 2n pollen and good tuber quality are available.     

A2、A3类型高粱F2代花粉碘染色率与田间自交结实率的关系

以高粱3个A2类型杂交种（A2TX622×晋粱5号、A2V4×1383-2、A2V4×晋粱5号）和3个A3类型杂交种（A3299×1174、A32457×1174、A3JW×1174）的F2群体为材料,来进行A2、A3类型高粱F2代花粉碘染色率与田间自交结实率之间关系的研究。结果表明：3个A2类型F2群体联合分析结果的回归方程为RT=1.188×R0.25＋0.906×R0.75＋0.915×R1.0,3个A3类型F2群体联合分析的回归方程为RT=0.188×R0.25＋0.832×R0.75＋0.933×R1.0,所有6个F2群体联合分析的回归方程为RT=0.193×R0.25＋0.896×R0.75＋0.949×R1.0。RT与R0.25、R0.75和R1.0之间确实存在显著或极显著的回归关系,而且品种间存在差异。     

Analysis of yield attributes and crop physiological traits of Liangyoupeijiu,a hybrid rice recently bred in China

Crop physiological traits of Liangyoupeijiu, a “super” hybrid rice variety recently bred in China, were compared with those of Takanari and Nipponbare in 2003 and 2004 in Kyoto, Japan. Liangyoupeijiu showed a significantly higher grain yield than Nipponbare in both years, and achieved a grain yield of 11.8 t ha⁻¹ in 2004, which is the highest yield observed under environmental conditions in Kyoto. Liangyoupeijiu had longer growth duration and larger leaf area duration (LAD) before heading, causing larger biomass accumulation before heading than the other two varieties. Liangyoupeijiu had a large number of grains and translocated a large amount of carbohydrates from the vegetative organ to the panicle during the grain filling period. The three yield components measured were panicle weight at heading (P₀), the amount of carbohydrates translocated from the leaf and stem to the panicle during the grain filling period (ΔT), and the newly assimilated carbohydrates during grain filling (ΔW). It was found that the sum of P₀ and ΔT were strongly correlated with grain yield when all the data (n = 8) were combined (r = 0.876**). However, there was no significant difference in the radiation use efficiency (RUE) of the whole growth period between Liangyoupeijiu and Nipponbare for both years. Even though the growth duration was shorter, Takanari, an indica/japonica cross-bred variety, showed a similar yield to Liangyoupeijiu in both years. The mean RUE of the whole growth period was significantly higher in Takanari, 1.60 and 1.64 g MJ⁻¹ in 2003 and 2004, respectively, than in Liangyoupeijiu, which had a RUE of 1.46 and 1.52 g MJ⁻¹ in 2003 and 2004, respectively. The high grain yield of Takanari was mainly due to its high RUE compared with Liangyoupeijiu and its large P₀ and ΔT. Our result showed that the high grain yield of Liangyoupeijiu was due to its large biomass accumulation before heading, which resulted from its large LAD rather than its RUE.     

Performance of true potato seed families. 1. Effect of level of inbreeding

Summary Successive generations of open pollinated (OP) true potato seed (TPS) families represent a low-cost planting material. This study was conducted to determine whether inbreeding occurred during two successive OP generations and, if so, whether it adversely affected the performance of transplant families from true seed. Potato seedling transplants from 4x×2x hybrid, OP₁, OP₂, S₁ and S₂ families were compared for plant vigour, flowering, pollen stainability, OP fruit set, tuber yield and specific gravity. Hybrids were consistently superior, while S₂ families were inferior. The performance of OP₁, OP₂ and S₁ families did not differ significantly for most traits. The accumulation of inbreeding in successive OP generations was limited by reduced OP seed production on selfed plants; thus, a synthetic TPS variety propagated by open pollination may be feasible. Paper no. 3162 from the Department of Genetics, University of Madison.     

Assessing general combining ability for late blight resistance and tuber characteristics by means of glasshouse seedling tests

Summary Screening tests to detect resistance to late blight in both foliage and tubers were done on glasshouse-grown seedling progenies in parallel with visual assessments by three experienced potato breeders of the yield and quality of glasshouse-grown tubers of the same progenies. There were large differences between the parents of the progenies in their general combining ability (GCA) for both foliage and tuber blight, despite some variation due to specific combining ability for foliage blight. There were also differences between parents in their GCAs for visual preference scores, but these GCAs and those for blight resistance were not correlated. The blight-resistant cv. Stirling had the best combination of high GCAs for all three attributes. The use of these and other seedling progeny tests in a multitrait genotypic recurrent selection scheme is discussed.     

大豆高密度遗传图谱的构建及产量相关性状QTL定位

大豆是重要的粮油作物,而我国大豆主要依靠进口,提高大豆产量对保障国家粮油安全意义重大。为定位大豆产量相关性状,本研究以产量差异显著的东农42和东农50作为杂交亲本,构建了包含168个家系的重组自交系（recombination inbred lines,RILs）群体,对其进行全基因组重测序,构建高密度遗传图谱,并利用R/qtl软件的复合区间作图法（composite interval mapping,CIM）结合两年六点的大豆产量相关性状表型数据,进行QTL定位。结果表明：利用测序获得的660 316个SNP标记构建了一张分布在20个连锁群的包含6227个bin标记的大豆高密度遗传图谱,总图距和平均图距分别为2739.15 cM,0.44 cM。在12个染色体上定位到22个大豆产量相关性状QTL,四粒荚数、单株荚数、单株粒重和百粒重性状定位到的QTL分别为5、4、5和8个。在3号和19号染色体上各有一段基因组区域在两年间重复定位,涉及6个主效QTL,分别为qNFSP-19-1(22.976%）、qNFSP-19-2(11.977%）、qNFSP-19-3(17.203%）、qHSW-...