基于滴灌条件下的甘蔗施肥减量技术研究

通过田间试验,研究滴灌条件下甘蔗减量施肥对甘蔗养分吸收特性、产量及品质的影响,旨在为科学地指导甘蔗灌溉栽培和施肥提供技术支撑.结果表明:与常规灌溉施肥相比,滴灌减量施肥处理对甘蔗不同生长阶段(苗期、分蘖期、伸长期和成熟期)氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)的吸收量和吸收强度均有显著的促进作用,甘蔗产量和品质也得到显著提高;滴灌技术在甘蔗生产中的应用虽然显著地提高了肥料利用率和降低了生产用肥成本,但较高的滴灌设备投入导致纯收益低于无灌溉的常规施肥处理;滴灌区减量施肥(土层施肥)+滴灌施肥方式虽然同样需要投入较高的设备成本,但由于极大地提高了肥料利用率和甘蔗产量,从而使该处理的纯收益显著高于无灌溉的常规施肥处理.     

不同灌溉方式在马铃薯生产上的应用效果

在田间试验条件下,研究了滴灌技术与传统喷灌技术对马铃薯大薯率和产量的影响,并进行了经济效益分析。试验设3个处理:滴灌区为处理A,常规喷灌区为处理B,不灌溉区(对照)为处理C。结果表明:滴灌区处理能增加马铃薯的大薯率,显著提高马铃薯块茎产量,增幅达46.7%,经济效益提高显著。该研究对滴灌技术在马铃薯生产上的推广和应用具有重要的意义。     

马铃薯膜下滴灌节水及生产效率的初步研究

为了探索膜下滴灌在马铃薯生产中应用的可行性,于内蒙古达茂旗进行了膜下滴灌试验。结果表明:膜下滴灌比露地滴灌平均增产26%,水分利用效率提高28.5%,灌水的平均生产效率提高26%,因此,膜下滴灌应该成为内蒙古西部地区马铃薯生产中有效的增产节水措施。一带双行滴灌模式下马铃薯平均产量显著高于一带一行处理,这种滴灌模式不仅节约管道设备,而且进一步提高了水分利用效率和灌水生产效率,值得在生产中广泛推广。尽管露地滴灌条件下马铃薯产量与滴灌带的密度有关,一带一行灌溉方式下产量高于一带双行,但总体而言,露地滴灌在水分利用效率上显著低于膜下滴灌,因此在水分不足的内蒙古西部马铃薯产区,不建议广泛推广露地滴灌。     

非饱和灌溉条件下番茄施肥减量技术研究

大田非饱和灌溉条件下,研究减量施肥对番茄养分吸收特性、产量及品质的影响,旨在为科学地指导番茄灌溉和施肥提供技术支撑.结果表明:与常规灌溉施肥相比,滴灌减量施肥处理对番茄不同生长时期(苗期、花期、结果期和成熟期)中氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)的吸收量和积累速率均有显著的促进效果,并且显著提高了番茄的产量和品质；同时滴灌施肥技术比广西常规施氮、磷、钾肥每公顷用量分别减少118、15、150 kg,有助于降低番茄生产成本,经济效益显著.综上所述,滴灌施肥是一项适合于广西的自然条件,值得在番茄生产中推广应用的水肥一体化技术.     

不同灌溉施肥模式对菠萝产量及水肥利用效率的影响

为了明确灌溉施肥模式在季节性干旱期对菠萝产量及水肥利用效率的影响,开展了等量灌水和施肥条件下不同灌溉施肥模式的田间小区比较试验。结果表明:滴灌灌水较传统施肥处理显著促进菠萝植株总干物质的累积,增幅达20.29%,产量提高9.33%。与传统施肥相比,滴灌肥水一体化、微喷带肥水一体化和喷灌肥水一体化处理的菠萝产量分别增加26.27%、23.11%和6.72%,肥料贡献率分别增加16.31%、14.71%和4.93%,农学效率分别增加了18.05 kg/kg、15.88 kg/kg和4.62 kg/kg。在施肥量和灌水量相同的条件下,滴灌肥水一体化处理的菠萝总干物量比微喷带和喷灌肥水一体化分别提高7.35%和21.63%,产量分别增加2.57%和18.32%,肥料贡献率分别提高了1.60%和11.38%。滴灌肥水一体化、微喷带肥水一体化和喷灌肥水一体化处理的灌溉水利用效率均达到37 kg/m3以上。经济效益分析表明,滴灌肥水一体化处理的净收益较传统施肥、微喷带和喷灌肥水一体化分别提高96.30%、5.24%和67.19%。因此,滴灌肥水一体化模式是在季节性干旱期给菠萝灌水施肥的最优水肥耦合方式。     

不同一次施肥法对甘薯生长和产量性状的影响初探

在甘薯全生长期中,只施一次肥料可起到省工高效的作用,6种一次施肥处理分别为:插苗前,垄中施基肥;薯苗返青后,在垄顶薯苗的中间、一侧、两侧撒肥;薯苗返青后,在垄顶的薯苗一侧、两侧开沟施肥。结果表明,不论在甘薯苗的一侧或两侧施肥,撒施培土均比开沟施肥培土优越,不论撒施培土或开沟施肥培土,在苗一侧施肥均比在苗两侧施肥优越;最优的施肥方法为苗一侧撒肥,培土盖肥,比在苗两侧开沟施肥培土(CK)的传统方法简便、高产和高效,能提高单株鲜薯重24.7%、鲜薯产量25.0%和薯干产量35.8%,均达1%水平极显著差异,淀粉产量提高32.0%,达5%水平显著差异。     

不同灌溉量对广州地区马铃薯生物学性状的影响

试验以马铃薯品种粤引85-38为材料,研究广州地区不同灌溉量对马铃薯生物学特性的影响,结果表明,不同灌溉量及灌溉方式对马铃薯的产量、田间性状、商品薯率和品质均具有不同程度的影响,其中400 m3/hm2滴灌处理不仅可显著提高马铃薯的出苗率、产量及商品薯率,而且还能降低田间植株发病率。本研究为改变广州地区马铃薯灌溉方式提供一定的理论依据。     

滴施液体肥对甜玉米生长、产量及品质的影响

在滴灌施肥条件下研究液体肥料对甜玉米生长、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,滴施液体肥料处理甜玉米的地上部生物量、株高、茎粗、叶长、叶宽等生长指标明显高于常规灌溉施肥处理;与常规灌溉施肥相比,滴施液体肥可明显提高甜玉米对氮、磷、钾的吸收量;滴施液体肥处理甜玉米的穗重、穗长、穗粗、百粒重、行粒数、产量、糖度分别比常规施肥处理高15.1%、2.1%、8.5%、12.3%、6.8%、10.0%、11.7%。滴灌施用液体肥可明显促进甜玉米的生长,提高养分的累积量,从而提高产量和改善品质。     

膜下滴灌对麦茬夏花生土壤理化性状及肥料农学效率的影响

为保障夏花生出苗和高产高效,本研究采用漫灌和膜下滴灌两种灌溉方式,系统研究了不同灌溉方式对夏花生田土壤理化性状、植株养分积累、肥料利用率及花生产量的影响。结果表明,膜下滴灌各土层地温在昼间7:00、9:00、11:30及14:30均高于漫灌,但滴灌处理土壤容重在0～15 cm土层显著低于漫灌。滴灌处理显著增加了0～30 cm土壤含水量,且提高了各土层的有机质含量和花生茎、叶、果壳中氮和磷含量,显著提高了花生荚果氮含量及积累量和花生茎、叶中磷和钾的积累量。与漫灌相比,滴灌处理氮、磷、钾肥的农学效率分别提高33.0%、33.9%、36.4%;夏花生产量显著提高,达17.8%。综合分析表明,膜下滴灌提高了花生产量,增加了经济效益,增强了作物对土壤养分与水分的有效利用。     

节水灌溉与有机肥配施对关中地区夏玉米氮肥利用的影响

为寻求更适合关中地区夏玉米的灌溉施肥管理措施，本研究通过田间试验，采用充分灌溉(W1)与减少灌溉量50%的非充分灌溉(W2)两种灌溉方式，设置3种不同的施肥处理，F1(化肥)、F2(24%有机肥+76%化肥)、F3(48%有机肥+52%化肥)，研究减少灌溉水量和配施有机肥对夏玉米产量及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明，节水灌溉和有机无机肥配施可提高植株对氮素的吸收、累积和转运水平。有机无机肥配施与不同灌溉量的交互作用对作物0～100 cm土层硝态氮含量影响显著。节水灌溉和有机肥配施处理均提高了夏玉米的子粒产量以及氮肥利用效率，W2F2处理的产量达到最高为6 287.3 kg/hm²。综上，节水灌溉(W2)和配施24%有机肥+76%土肥(F2)相结合的处理对应的氮素利用效果最好。     

Yield and Nitrogen Use of Irrigated Processing Potato in Response to Placement,Timing and Source of Nitrogen Fertilizer in Manitoba

Optimizing nitrogen (N) fertilizer management in irrigated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) on coarse-textured soils is challenging. The “4R” nutrient stewardship framework of using N fertilizer at the right rate, right source, right placement and right time provides approaches to improve fertilizer use efficiency while maintaining or improving yield. This 3-years replicated field plot study evaluated effects from a series of N fertilization strategies including 10 combinations of sources, placement and timing, as well as fertigation, on irrigated processing potato (cv. Russet Burbank) grown for a total of five site-years in the Province of Manitoba, Canada. Treatments were designed to provide early to late availability of N to the potato crop. Nitrogen was applied to 80% of Provincial N recommendation to increase the likelihood of observing improved fertilizer use efficiency and effects of treatments on yields. Measurements were tuber yield, size distribution, specific gravity, hollow-heart rate, fertilizer apparent N recovery (ANR) and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Results showed differences in yield, quality, ANR and NUE between fertilizer treatments were generally very small or absent. Average tuber marketable yields for fertilizer treatments were significantly greater than those for the unfertilized control (P?<?0.001). Split application of urea at planting and hilling, and urea at planting with fertigation occasionally increased tuber marketable yields on sites of coarse textured soils (P?<?0.05). Use of polymer-coated urea (ESN) or stabilized urea with inhibitors (SuperU) did not affect yield, quality or N use of potato. Site-year difference (P?<?0.001) were apparent for all measures highlighting the importance of soil and climatic conditions on agronomic and environmental effects of N management practices. The results indicate current grower practice of split urea application at planting and hilling and urea at planting following by in-season fertigation are sound. Results indicate growers could shift to the more convenient practice of ESN at planting without reducing yields. Absence of treatment effects suggests N was generally not a limiting factor for the current study, indicating that the current recommendation for potato production in Manitoba over-estimate site-specific crop N needs.     

Field performance of potato (Solanum spp.) cuttings in the warm tropics: Influence of planting system,hilling, density and pruning

Growing potatoes from cuttings for seed and table potato production has great potential in Asia. There is limited information available explaining the agronomic methodology of growing cuttings in the field. This research was conducted to assess the importance of 4 management variables on the growth and tuber yield of cuttings. Three planting systems were evaluated with and without hilling. Only hilling significantly improved yields and increased tuber number per plant by 50%. Hilling also reduced tuber greening. Increasing plant population from 40,000 to 100,000 per hectare resulted in a yield increase of at least 50%, however average tuber size decreased. Pruning of the apical shoot at or after transplanting did not improve branching, canopy cover or tuber yield. Yields from cuttings were equal to or greater than the tuber seed grown control treatments. Yields ranged from 15 to 20 t/ha which is acceptable for the warm growing conditions. These results show the potential of using cuttings in commercial growing of potatoes in the warm tropics where tuber seed is difficult to obtain and maintain.     

Effect of planting depth and hilling practices on total, U.S. No. 1, and field greening tuber yields

Previous research suggests that field greening of potato tubers can be minimized by planting seedpieces at an appropriate depth along with sufficient hilling to minimize exposure to sunlight. The appropriate planting depth and hilling practices to minimize field tuber greening have not been determined for newer cultivars. Two separate studies, each conducted for three years, are reported here. The first measured the effect of seedpiece planting depth on the yield, quality, and field greening tuber yield of ‘Russet Burbank’, ‘Frontier Russet’, and ‘Shepody’ potatoes. Seedpieces were handplanted in pre-formed hills at 8, 15, or 23 cm measured from the top of the seedpiece to the top of the hill. Planting at 23 cm resulted in significantly lower total yield compared with the 8- and 15-cm depths for Russet Burbank and Frontier Russet, but planting depth did not affect total yield of Shepody. U.S. No. 1 yield of Russet Burbank was not affected by planting depth, but U.S. No. 1 yield of Frontier Russet was significantly less at the 23-cm depth. For Shepody, the 8-cm depth caused a significant reduction in U.S. No. 1 yield compared with the 15-cm depth. Field greening tuber yield of Russet Burbank was significantly less at the 23-cm planting depth compared to 8 cm. For Frontier Russet and Shepody, planting at 15 or 23 cm resulted in significantly less field tuber greening compared to the 8-cm depth. The second experiment examined the effects of planting depth and hilling practices on yield, quality, and field tuber greening of Russet Burbank and Gem Russet potatoes. Six planting depth and hilling treatment combinations were used. Seedpieces were planted at a depth of either 8 or 15 cm, then hilled to either 15 or 23 cm at emergence or after plants had formed a rosette of leaves approximately 10 cm in diameter (post-emergence hilling). At-emergence hilling treatments had no effect on total or U.S. No. 1 yields of Russet Burbank compared with the 15-cm planting depth, non-hilled control. However, all post-emergence hilling treatments significantly reduced Russet Burbank total and U.S. No. 1 yields. Planting Russet Burbank at 8 cm and hilling to 23 cm at emergence, or planting at 8 or 15 cm and hilling to 23 cm post-emergence reduced field tuber greening of Russet Burbank. The effects of planting depth and hilling on Gem Russet total and U.S. No. 1 yields were less definitive than for Russet Burbank, and no treatments significantly reduced field tuber greening yield compared with the control.     

Yield response of two potato culivars to supplemental irrigation and N fertilization in New Brunswick

Nitrogen and water are important factors influencing potato production, and crop response to these two factors may vary with cultivars. The yield response of two potato cultivars (Russet Burbank and Shepody) to six rates of N fertilization (0-250 kg N ha^-1) with and without supplemental irrigation was studied at four onfarm sites in each of three years, 1995 to 1997, in the upper St-John River Valley of New Brunswick, Canada. On average, irrigation increased total yield from 31.9t ha^-1 without irrigation to 38.41 ha^-1 with irrigation and marketable yield from 25.61 ha^-1 without irrigation to 30.71 ha^-1 with irrigation. Potato yields were increased by irrigation at nine out of the 12 sites, and the irrigation response was similar for both cultivars. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased both total and marketable yields at all sites except one. The yield response to N fertilization was greater with irrigation. The N fertilization rate (Nmax) required to reach maximum total and marketable yield, however, was similar with and without irrigation. A large variation in Nmax was observed among sites. With irrigation Nmax varied between 158 and 233 kgN ha^-1 for total yield, and between 151 and 250 kg N ha^-1 for marketable yield. There was no interaction between N fertilization and potato cultivar for both total and marketable yields. The two cultivars had similar total yields (35 t ha^-1). Shepody, however, had a greater marketable yield (28.9 t ha^-1) than Russet Burbank (27.4 t ha^-1). Our results indicate that the response to two of the most significant factors of potato production, irrigation and N fertilization, varies greatly with sites and climatic conditions, and that field specific recommendations are required for the optimum management of N and irrigation.     

减量配施腐植酸肥对连作马铃薯及土壤的影响

当前马铃薯生产中,农民过量及盲目施肥现象严重,造成生产成本增加、土壤理化性状恶化、环境污染加剧等问题,为解决这类问题,确定合理减量施肥量,有效指导马铃薯科学种植,特开展试验.选用常用复合肥、腐植酸复合肥及腐植酸控释氮肥3种不同类型肥料为基肥,每种肥料分别设置常量施肥和减量30％施肥两个处理,共6个处理.通过测定马铃薯产...     

不同水肥条件下冬小麦的干物质积累、产量及水氮利用效率

为了给冬小麦种植中合理水肥管理提供依据,以京冬8号为试验材料,研究了不同水肥管理模式对冬小麦干物质积累、产量及水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明,与传统水肥相比,优化水肥、秸秆还田优化水肥的冬小麦全生育期干物质积累总量和经济系数均有所提高,物质生产结构较优;单位面积收获穗数有所增加,穗粒数显著减少,千粒重显著提高,籽粒产量有所增加;水分利用效率无显著性差异,氮肥当季利用率显著提高。与优化水肥相比,秸秆还田优化水肥有利于增加单位面积籽粒产量,是种植冬小麦的最佳模式。     

会泽县小春马铃薯高产栽培技术

会泽县小春马铃薯近年种植面积在4 000 hm2每年生产的鲜薯供不应求,2009年每公顷产值在1.8万元具有较好的经济效益。为优化种植业结构,提高土地利用率和种植业经济效益,探索适合小春马铃薯高产栽培技术,为生产提供科学依据,多年以来会泽县农业技术推广中心做了小春马铃薯栽培试验,取得了较好的效果,本文主要从品种选择、播种期、种植密度、合理施肥等方面介绍了小春马铃薯高产栽培技术。     

龙海市冬种马铃薯高产栽培技术

龙海市是福建省重要的马铃薯生产基地,笔者经过多年的马铃薯生产实践,在当地马铃薯生产的基础上总结出了冬种马铃薯高产栽培技术,主要环节包括:选地与整地、品种与种薯的选择与处理、适期早播、小高垄、施足基肥、适当提高密度、稻草包芯、早施提苗肥、高培土、湿润灌溉、有效防控病虫草害、防控低温霜冻危害以及抢晴收获。     

农季高液体肥对乌兰察布马铃薯产量的影响

近年来,滴灌节水农业技术及其与灌溉设施相配套的水肥一体化技术在乌兰察布马铃薯生产中的应用越来越广泛。但实际生产中,种植者常因将杂质含量大、难溶解的常规肥料应用于滴灌系统,而造成滴头堵塞。液体肥料具有溶解性好、杂质少等优点,是利用滴灌设施进行追肥的理想肥料。在田间试验条件下,研究了在适量降低基肥用量的同时,通过每667m2滴灌追施10、20、30kg农季高液体肥对马铃薯生长、产量及商品性状的影响。结果表明,追施农季高液体肥处理比传统追肥处理增产显著,马铃薯块茎产量增幅达13．52％-22．36％,商品率提高4．68％-6．55％,每667m2增收401．85-527．95元,经济效益显著提高。表明农季高液体肥可以在马铃薯作物上推广应用。