不同氮水平下根区局部灌溉对烤烟产量、水分利用与氮钾含量的影响

通过盆栽试验研究在不同施氮（N）水平下,根区局部灌溉（部分根干燥和分根区交替灌溉）对烤烟产量、水分利用和烟叶氮钾含量的影响。结果表明,在不同施N水平下,与常规灌溉相比,部分根干燥灌溉（PRD）和分根区交替灌溉（APRI）的烤烟耗水量下降,产量有所减少,而水分利用效率提高7.5%和11.2%;施用N 0.20 g/kg土时,PRD和APRI中部叶N含量分别提高23.1%和25.2%,K含量分别提高33.6%和59.8%。在施用适量N肥条件下,根区局部灌溉生产的烟叶达到了优质烟叶N和K含量的要求。分根区交替灌溉和部分根干燥均是有效的节水优质适产的灌溉方式,但分根区交替灌溉的优势比部分根干燥的更为突出。     

烤烟不同生育时期分根区交替灌溉的节水调质效应

为寻找烟田节水调质灌溉方式的理论依据,本文通过盆栽试验研究了两种施肥条件下,不同生育时期分根区交替灌溉（APRI）对烤烟生理特性、水分利用以及主要品质指标的影响。结果表明,APRI能有效地调节气孔开度,降低气孔导度和蒸腾速率,减少其奢侈蒸腾耗水,达到节约灌水量和提高水分利用效率（WUE）的目的。与常规灌溉（CI）相比,不同生育期APRI处理低肥时平均节水10.6%,高肥时平均节水6.1%,低肥时烟叶WUE平均提高2.3%。APRI还可以明显提高烟叶K、还原糖和粗蛋白含量,改善烟叶的内在品质。与CI相比,APRI处理烟叶K和粗蛋白含量,低肥时平均提高19.9%和7.1%;高肥时平均提高29.5%和15.1%,低肥伸根期APRI还原糖含量提高17.6%,烟碱含量降低25.7%。本研究结果表明,低肥时在烤烟伸根期进行分根区交替灌溉是烟叶生产中一种较好的节水调质的烟田灌溉方式。     

分根区交替灌溉对盆栽甜玉米水分及氮素利用的影响

分根区交替灌溉(APRI)是高效节水新技术,该文通过盆栽试验,研究了不同水肥条件下,3种不同灌溉方式对甜玉米干物质积累、水分和氮素利用的影响。结果表明：在施肥和充分供水条件下,与常规灌溉(CI)相比,分根区交替灌溉节水29.1%,总干物质量和冠干物质量仅分别减少6.3%和5.6%,而水分利用效率和氮肥表观利用率分别提高24.3%和16.4%,这表明分根区交替灌溉的节水节肥效应要与合理施肥和适宜的灌水量相结合才能发挥更好的作用。而部分根干燥灌溉(PRD)由于总干物质量下降太多,水分利用效率和氮肥表观利用率都没有得到提高。     

不同控水时段根区局部灌溉对玉米生理和水分利用效率的影响

【目的】根区局部灌溉(PRI)是一种节水灌溉方法,包括分根区交替灌溉(AI)和固定部分根区灌溉或称部分根区干燥灌溉(PRD),其中PRD技术是在作物生育时期一半根区总不灌水,另一半根区充分灌水,AI技术则是在作物生育期内根据生育时期和土壤水分情况交替对根系两侧进行灌水。本文研究在不同施肥条件下,拔节前期至抽雄期不同时段采用PRI对玉米生理指标、 干物质积累和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响,以期为玉米合理灌溉和施肥提供依据。【方法】采用盆栽方法,设3种灌溉方式为常规灌溉(每次对盆内全部土壤均匀灌水)、 分根区交替灌溉(每次交替对盆内1/2区域土壤灌水)和固定部分根区灌溉(每次固定对盆内1/2区域土壤灌水);2种灌水量为正常灌水(70%~80%f,f为田间持水量)和轻度亏水(60%~70%f); 2种施肥处理为100%化肥氮、 80%化肥氮+20%有机氮。在拔节期至抽雄期进行12 d、 24 d和36 d根区局部控水灌溉处理。分别测定玉米的光合速率、 气孔导度、 叶绿素、 类胡萝卜素、 可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量,总干物质量、 耗水量和水分利用效率。【结果】不同灌溉方式、 灌水水平和有机无机氮比例处理对拔节中期、 拔节末期和抽雄期玉米光合速率、 气孔导度、 类胡萝卜素含量、 叶绿素含量和可溶性糖含量的影响不显著,灌水量对抽雄期脯氨酸含量的影响也不显著,表明控水持续时间长短,根区局部灌溉、 轻度亏水和有机无机氮配施不会显著影响玉米生理指标。与常规灌溉相比,拔节前期至抽雄期3个控水时段根区局部灌溉对玉米总干物质量和水分利用效率的影响虽不显著,但是显著降低了玉米耗水量,在正常灌水量和单施化肥氮条件下,拔节末期控水24 d和抽雄期控水36 d,根区局部灌溉可分别提高水分利用率24.4%和16.3%。此外,轻度亏水、 有机无机氮肥配施(80%化肥氮+20%有机氮)对玉米生理指标、 总干物质量和水分利用率的影响也不显著。【结论】在正常灌水量和单施化肥氮条件下,在拔节期至抽雄期进行根区局部灌溉可显著降低玉米耗水量,而对玉米生理指标和总干物质量无明显影响,因而显著提高玉米水分利用效率。     

根区局部灌溉和有机无机氮比例对玉米水分利用和土壤氮磷含量的影响

根区局部灌溉(PRI)是新的高效节水技术,由于创造了一个土壤水分分布不均匀的环境,从而影响土壤水分养分利用。通过盆栽试验,研究了PRI和有机无机氮(N)比例对玉米干物质积累和水分利用以及拔节期、大喇叭口期和灌浆期土壤N、磷(P)含量的影响。试验设3种灌溉方式,即常规灌溉(CI),分根区交替灌溉(APRI),固定部分根区灌溉(FPRI)和3种有机无机N比例,即100%无机N(F1),70%无机N+30%有机N(F2),40%无机N+60%有机N(F3)。与CI相比,PRI玉米耗水量减少7.7%～17.1%,水分利用效率(WUE)提高2.4%～14.1%;玉米生长后期PRI湿润区土壤速效N和P含量较低,而PRI干燥区则较高。3种灌溉处理时,与F1相比,F2和F3时玉米总干物质质量和耗水量有所增加,从而玉米WUE分别提高5.5%～10.8%和0.5%～7.9%。这表明PRI和适当有机N比例可以有效提高玉米水分利用效率,且FPRI较APRI易造成干湿区域土壤速效N和P含量的差异明显。     

地下水位较高条件下不同根区湿润方式对梨树根与茎液流及其水分平衡的影响

为了探讨地下水位较高条件下根区湿润方式对梨树根和茎液流及水分平衡的影响，开展了较系统的试验研究。试验共设三种处理，即传统畦灌（CFI），部分根干燥灌溉（PRD）和分根区交替灌溉（ARDI），分别使用土壤水分监测系统（EnviroSCAN）和热脉冲探针监测土壤水分动态和梨树根和茎液流。结果表明在PRD和ARDI情况下湿润根区的根液流不仅大于干燥根区，而且也大于CFI情况下的相同区域。复水后，ARDI干燥区的根液流比PRD的恢复和提高快得多，并且比CFI的大；ARDI的茎液流比CFI的小，但比PRD保持一侧根干燥时的大。在只有一侧根区灌溉时，ARDI和PRD的日耗水量比CFI的小。ARDI和PRD中湿润侧的根系具有水分吸收补偿效应，当干燥根区复水后能够提高水分的吸收能力，其程度与根区持续干燥的时间长短有关。逐日根液流与参考作物蒸发蒸腾量关系密切，但随着表面灌溉方式和湿润根区的不同这些关系明显的不一样。逐日茎液流与参考作物蒸发蒸腾量有关，而且在不同的表面灌溉方式下，土壤含水率相同时茎液流和参考作物蒸发蒸腾量的比率不同。与CFI相比，ARDI和PRD大约少用50%的灌溉水量，但是梨树的水分消耗量和茎液流并没减少相同的比例。表面湿润方式对水量平衡和液流的作用明显受到地下水位的影响。在ARDI和PRD条件下的地下水利用量比CFI条件下有明显增加。     

根区局部灌溉和氮、钾水平对玉米干物质积累和水肥利用的影响

在玉米某一生育阶段实施根区局部灌溉,探索其水肥供应模式。通过盆栽试验,研究了在不同氮（N）、钾（K）水平下,苗期拔节期和苗期抽雄期分根区交替灌溉和固定部分根区灌溉对玉米干物质积累、水分利用和N、K吸收的影响。结果表明,与常规灌溉相比,苗期拔节期根区局部灌溉总干物质质量降低不明显或略有增加,而水分利用效率明显增加,且不影响玉米对N、K吸收量; 而苗期抽雄期根区局部灌溉虽降低耗水量31.0%38.4%,但明显降低玉米总干物质质量和N、K吸收量。相同灌溉方式下,中等 N、K水平（N和K2O均为 0.12 g/kg）处理的总干物质质量、地上部和总N、K吸收量比低N、K水平（N和K2O均为0.08 g/kg）的明显增加; 而高N、K水平（N和K2O 均为0.16 g/kg）与中等N、K水平无明显差异。说明适宜N、K水平时在玉米苗期拔节期进行根区局部灌溉效果较好。     

根区局部灌溉和有机无机氮比例对种植玉米土壤酶活性的影响

本文通过盆栽试验,研究了根区局部灌溉(PRI)和有机无机氮(N)比例对玉米拔节期、大喇叭口期和灌浆期土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和转化酶活性的影响。试验设3种灌溉方式,即常规灌溉(CI)、分根区交替灌溉(APRI)、固定部分根区灌溉(FPRI)和3种有机无机氮比例,即100%无机氮(F1)、70%无机氮+30%有机氮(F2)、40%无机氮+60%有机氮(F3)。结果表明,3个玉米生长时期土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶最大值均出现在土壤含水量较高的PRI湿润区域,但转化酶较大值出现在土壤含水量较低的PRI干燥区域。有机氮比例较高的F3处理,玉米拔节期在APRI干、湿区域的土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、转化酶活性均高于CI区;从拔节期到灌浆期,根区局部灌溉的土壤酸性磷酸酶活性低于常规灌溉。土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶及转化酶活性均随着有机氮肥比例的增加而增加,酸性磷酸酶活性则在F2较大。研究表明,APRI处理在其湿润区能提高土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶及转化酶活性,且有机氮肥在提高土壤酶活性上起着重要的作用。     

局部根区交替灌溉与氮素耦合对葡萄生长及15N-尿素利用的影响

为探讨局部根区交替灌溉与不同氮水平的耦合效应,采用盆栽试验,以两年生巨峰葡萄幼树为试材,利用15 N标记示踪技术,设不同灌溉方式(传统双侧滴灌、固定根区滴灌、交替根区滴灌,分别记为CDI、FDI、ADI)和施氮水平(施氮量为0.4、0.8、1.2 g·kg-1 土,分别记为N1、N2、N3),研究局部根区交替灌溉与不同...     

分根区交替灌溉对马铃薯水氮利用效率的影响（简报）

分根区交替灌溉已被证实是一种有效节水灌溉技术同时保持作物产量,但有关分根区交替灌溉提高作物氮素利用效率、降低对水土环境的影响机理还不是很清楚。为了探明地下滴灌条件下充分灌溉及分根区交替灌溉（APRI）对马铃薯水氮利用效率的影响,通过田间小区试验,对各处理马铃薯全生育期灌水量、植株体氮素残留、土壤氮素残留及水氮利用效率进行了比较分析。研究结果表明：收获后,APRI处理（E、I、K）与充分灌水处理产量（F、J、L）差异不大,但APRI处理灌溉水利用效率显著高于充分灌水处理（p=0.05）;充分灌水处理不同土层（0～ 30 cm和30～60 cm）土壤中残留硝态氮、矿物质氮较APRI处理高;APRI处理（I、K）作物氮利用效率及农田氮利用效率显著高于充分灌水处理（J、L）（p=0.05）。因此,APRI处理不仅能够显著提高作物的水分利用效率,而且还能显著提高土壤矿质氮的活性,有利于作物对土壤氮素的吸收利用。     

氮肥减量后移对玉米产量和氮素吸收利用及农田氮素平衡的影响

田间试验研究了不同土壤氮素供应水平和底追比例对玉米籽粒产量、土壤硝态氮和农田氮素平衡的影响.与农民习惯施肥(N 240 kg·hm-2,基肥和大喇叭口追肥为1∶2)相比,氮肥减量10％(N 216 kg· hm-2)和20％ (N 192kg·hm-2)处理的玉米产量并没有降低,而氮肥利用效率显著增加.氮肥减量后移可使耕层无机氮供应较好地与作物吸收同步,降低收获期0～100 cm土层的硝态氮积累,减少氮素的田间表观损失,提高氮肥利用效率.在本试验条件下,氮肥减量20％(N 192 kg·hm-2),基追比例1∶3∶1处理的植株产量、地上部植株氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥农学利用率均较高,0～100 cm土层未出现硝态氮明显累积,氮素表观损失量最少,是最佳施氮运筹模式.     

氮肥减施对稻-麦轮作体系作物氮素吸收、利用和土壤氮素平衡的影响

田间试验研究了稻-麦轮作体系中减施氮肥对作物氮素吸收、利用和土壤氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,与当地习惯施肥(小麦:N 225 kg/hm2,基肥与分蘖肥各半;水稻:N 210 kg/hm2,基肥和分蘖肥为3∶2)相比,减氮20%～30%处理产量并没有降低,而氮肥当季利用率、氮素农学利用率以及氮素偏因子生产力则有所增加;而且,氮肥分次追施,能增加子粒产量,并减少氮肥成本。虽然减氮20%～30%处理0—40 cm土层无机氮含量较习惯施肥处理降低,但是并没有降低植株地上部对氮素的吸收。在小麦和水稻收获期,减施氮肥处理0—100 cm土壤无机氮残留量低于习惯施肥处理;且稻-麦轮作系统中氮的表观损失主要发生在水稻季。初步认为,在长江中下游平原稻-麦轮作体系氮素过量施用地区,第一个轮作周期减施氮肥20%～30%不仅不影响产量,而且可提高氮素利用率,有利于保护环境。     

Yield,N Uptake and N Utilization of Early Maturing,Drought and Striga-Tolerant Maize Varieties under Low N Conditions

Performance under sub-optimal nitrogen (N) conditions, of early maturing maize cultivars bred for tolerance to drought and Striga parasitism in the Nigerian savanna is not known. This study evaluated the tolerance of selected early maturing drought and Striga-tolerant maize cultivars to low N conditions in Northern Nigeria. The cultivars were evaluated at 30 and 100 kg N ha^?1. The varieties were compared with an improved maize cultivar that is not tolerant to drought and Striga. Maize grain yield was 26% higher at 100 kg N ha^?1 than at 30 kg N ha^?1 in 2010 and 161% higher100 kg Nha^?1 than at 30 kg Nha^?1 in 2011. The drought and Striga-tolerant varieties produced consistently higher yields than the non-drought-tolerant variety particularly at 30 kg Nha^?1. These cultivars also accumulated higher amount of N, had higher N-uptake efficiency or N-utilization efficiency than the non-drought-tolerant variety ACR 95 TZE-COMP4 C3. Grains yield at low nitrogen rate was associated with high ears m^?2, high dry matter accumulation, high grains m^?2, suggesting that these traits are linked to low-N tolerance. The good performance of the drought-tolerant maize varieties under low N suggests that varieties developed for drought tolerance may be tolerant to low-N conditions.     

不同施氮量对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率及氮平衡的影响

通过田间小区试验研究了不同施氮量对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率、硝酸盐淋溶及氮平衡的影响。结果表明，施氮对夏玉米子粒有显著的增产作用，但随施氮量的增加产量变化不大。氮肥利用率在9．2％-22．6％之间，随施氮量的增加而降低。施氮可明显提高0-160cm剖面土壤NO3^--N含量，而且随深度的增加NO3^--N含量呈降低趋势，累积峰主要在20—60cm之间。玉米收获后，随着施氮量的增加氮素的损失量增加，各施氮处理的硝态氮残留量在121～221kg／hm^2之间，以N250处理的残留量最高，残留率近65％。     

不同施氮量对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率及氮平衡的影响

通过田间小区试验研究了不同施氮量对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率、硝酸盐淋溶及氮平衡的影响。结果表明,施氮对夏玉米子粒有显著的增产作用,但随施氮量的增加产量变化不大。氮肥利用率在9.2%~22.6%之间,随施氮量的增加而降低。施氮可明显提高0~160 cm剖面土壤NO3--N含量,而且随深度的增加NO3--N含量呈降低趋势,累积峰主要在20~60 cm之间。玉米收获后,随着施氮量的增加氮素的损失量增加,各施氮处理的硝态氮残留量在121~221 kg/hm2之间,以N250处理的残留量最高,残留率近65%。     

Kinetics of C and N mineralization, N immobilization and N volatilization of organic inputs in soil

C and N mineralization data for 17 different added organic materials (AOM) in a sandy soil were collected from an incubation experiment conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. The AOM originated from plants, animal wastes, manures, composts, and organic fertilizers. The C-to-N_AOM ratios (η_AOM) ranged from 1.1 to 27.1. Sequential fibre analyses gave C-to-N ratios of soluble (η_Sol), holocellulosic (η_Hol) and ligneous compounds (η_Lig) ranging from 1.1 to 57.2, 0.8 to 65.2, and 3.5 to 25.3, respectively. Very different patterns of net AOM-N mineralization were observed: (i) immobilization for four plant AOM; (ii) moderate mineralization (4-15% AOM-N) for composts; (iii) marked mineralization (11-27% AOM-N) for 1 animal AOM, 1 manure and 2 organic fertilizers; and (iv) high rates of transformations with possible gaseous losses for some N-rich AOM.The Transformation of Added Organics (TAO) model proposed here, described AOM-C mineralization (28 °C, 75% WHC) from three labile (L′), resistant (R) and stable (S) compartments with the sole parameters P′_L and P_S=fractions of very labile and stable compounds of AOM, respectively. Dividing the C-compartments by their C-to-N estimates supplied the remaining N_AOM fraction (RAONF). A P_im parameter split the TAO nitrogen fraction (TAONF=added N-RAONF) into two compartments, immobilized (imN) and inorganic (inorgN) N. A P_im>0 value meant that all the TAONF plus a fraction (P_im−1) of native soil inorganic N was immobilized. Additional N mineralization was predicted when necessary from imN by first order kinetics (constant k_remin). The TAO version with two parameters P_im and k_remin allowed us to predict very different patterns of N mineralization and N immobilization. In a few cases, a further first order kinetic law (constant k_v) was added to predict N volatilization from inorgN. Two hypotheses were tested: (i) η_L′, η_R, η_S (C-to-N of L′, R and S)=η_Sol, η_Hol, η_Lig, respectively, (ii) η_L′=η_R=η_S=η_AOM. The first hypothesis was validated by these data, and the second was a good approximation of the former one. In all the cases, predictions were in good agreement with measured values.     

Influence of Long-term Tillage,Straw, and N Fertilizer Management on Crop Yield,N Uptake,and N Balance Sheet in Two Contrasting Soil Types

Field experiments (established in autumn 1979, with monoculture barley from 1980 to 1990 and barley/wheat–canola–triticale–pea rotation from 1991 to 2008) were conducted on two contrasting soil types (Gray Luvisol [Typic Haplocryalf] loam soil at Breton; Black Chernozem [Albic Agricryoll] silty clay loam soil at Ellerslie) in north-central Alberta, Canada, to determine the influence of tillage (zero tillage and conventional tillage), straw management (straw removed [S_Rem] and straw retained [S_Ret]), and N fertilizer rate (0, 50 and 100 kg N ha^?1in S_Ret, and only 0 kg N ha^?1in S_Rem plots) on seed yield, straw yield, total N uptake in seed + straw (1991–2008), and N balance sheet (1980–2008). The N fertilizer urea was midrow-banded under both tillage systems in the 1991 to 2008 period. There was a considerable increase in seed yield, straw yield, and total N uptake in seed + straw with increasing N rate up to 100 kg N ha^?1 under both tillage systems. On the average, conventional tillage produced greater seed yield (by 279 kg ha^?1), straw yield (by 252 kg ha^?1), and total N uptake in seed + straw (by 6.0 kg N ha^?1) than zero tillage, but the differences were greater at Breton than Ellerslie. Compared to straw removal treatment, seed yield, straw yield, and total N uptake in seed + straw tended to be greater with straw retained at the zero-N rate used in the study. The amounts of applied N unaccounted for over the 1980 to 2008 period ranged from 1114 to 1846 kg N ha^?1 at Breton and 845 to 1665 kg N ha^?1 at Ellerslie, suggesting a great potential for N loss from the soil-plant system through denitrification, and N immobilization from the soil mineral N pool. In conclusion, crop yield and N uptake were lower under zero tillage than conventional, and long-term retention of straw suggests some gradual improvement in soil productivity.     

Availability of N from Casuarina residues and inorganic N to maize, using 15N isotope techniques

 The contribution of N from Casuarina equisetifolia (casuarina) residues to maize with inorganic N (ammonium sulphate) supplementation was studied in a pot experiment using ¹⁵N labelling techniques. A single rate of N application of 100 mg N kg^–1 soil was applied as N-ammonium sulphate in combination with casuarina residues in the proportions 100 : 0; 75 : 25; 50 : 50; 25 : 75 and 0 : 100, respectively. The directly ¹⁵N-labelled casuarina residue and indirect labelling (unlabelled casuarina + ¹⁵N soil) were compared to estimate the proportion and amount of N derived from the residue and fertilizer. The application of ammonium sulphate at a high rate significantly affected shoot dry matter (P<0.05) and likewise reduced the contribution of soil-derived N compared to residues. Total recoveries by maize of residue N and applied fertilizer N averaged 11% and 24%, respectively. Residue and fertilizer use efficiencies were not influenced by the addition of different rates of fertilizer or residue. The estimation of the contribution of N from different sources showed that direct measurement of the ¹⁵N-labelled organic source was more reliable. Received: 10 September 1997     

OPTIMAL N FERTILIZATION,USING TOTAL AND MINERAL N,AFFECTING CORN (ZEA MAYS L.) GRAIN N UPTAKE

Measurement of total and mineral nitrogen (N), resulted by the presence of soil organic matter, would make the more precise determination of N fertilization possible with respect to the amounts of N absorbed by crop grains. Such a test requires a wide range of soil properties and observations. Accordingly, in a three-year experiment, grain N uptake and soil total and mineral N were determined using different analytical methods (standard laboratory and the N-Trak quick method). The other experimental treatments consisted of sampling time (seeding and postseeding where plants were about 30 cm tall), sampling depths (0–30 and 30–60 cm) as well as the condition of samples (wet or dry). Using regression equations the effects of N fertilization and soil total and mineral N on the uptake of grain N was investigated. Accordingly, the proposed N test predicted the optimum N fertilizer amounts of 236 to 271 kg ha^?1 for corn production.     

氮肥后移对冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及氮素吸收的影响

为改变小麦“一炮轰”施肥存在的弊端,通过两个田间试验,研究了不同氮肥后移模式对冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及氮素吸收、累积的影响,旨在了解冬小麦对氮素吸收和转运规律,为实现冬小麦超高产和合理施肥提供依据。结果表明,与传统“一炮轰”施肥技术相比,氮肥后移可以提高冬小麦的子粒产量、穗数及氮肥利用率,以N4处理（50%作为基肥,50%返青后追施）最高,两个试验点产量分别达到3857和8240kg/hm2,增产25.8%和17.3%,穗数增加6.0%和18.1%,氮肥利用率提高111.8%和107.4%。冬小麦氮素累积主要集中在返青后期至灌浆期阶段,因此在保证基肥的条件下,返青期后追施氮肥显得尤为重要。表明在本试验条件下,比较合理的氮肥施肥模式为50%作为基肥,50%返青后追施。