应用家兔建立过敏反应模型的研究

为了研究动物发生过敏反应时的病理及生理学变化,试验通过注射不同浓度异源血清的方法建立家兔过敏模型,记录动物基础临床指标、血清内IgE含量变化及病理学变化。结果显示:家兔预先以1 mL20%异源混合血清致敏,21 d后静脉注射5 mL40%异源混合血清发敏的方法,能够达到较好的过敏程度,成功创建家兔过敏反应模型。     

猪沙门氏菌临床检测报告

通过对宝山区发病猪进行猪沙门氏菌病原分离鉴定,提取抗原,建立血清凝集方法,与ELISA进口试剂盒进行比较,检测了11个猪场,以了解猪沙门氏菌感染情况。     

犬真菌性皮肤病与过敏性皮炎的相关性研究

正过敏性皮炎是由免疫球蛋白E(IgE)参与的皮肤过敏反应,也叫特异性皮炎。其临床特征表现为搔痒,季节性反复发作,多为慢性经过,用类固醇治愈后可复发。其病因有内源性和外源性之分,1-3岁犬多发。为了探讨真菌感染与螨虫感染、湿疹和脓皮病等过敏性皮炎发病的相关性,我们检测了75例合并真菌感染的和25例无真菌感染的过敏性皮炎患犬的血清真菌特异性IgE(sIgE),探讨IgE在真菌感染的过敏性皮炎临床诊断的意义。     

猪细小病毒4型在试验猪的感染进程及在组织中的分布研究

研究猪感染猪细小病毒4型（porcineparvovirustype4,PPV4）后的症状、血清中病毒DNA拷贝数的变化以及病毒在猪体内的分布,并研究病毒对猪器官组织的嗜性。对试验猪接种PPV4阳性血清,观察PPV4感染猪后的临床症状以及脏器病理变化,利用已建立的PPV4Taqman荧光定量PCR检测方法,定量检测人工感染试验猪血清和各脏器中PPV4DNA拷贝数。PPV4感染猪呈现病毒血症,在8d后血清中病毒含量最高,之后逐渐降低。试验猪感染PPV4后前期主要是呼吸道症状,之后好转,无其他症状。试验猪主要的病理变化在于肺脏淤血以及全身淋巴结肿大。PPV4可以侵害试验猪多个器官,前期在肺脏以及扁桃体中PPV4DNA含量较高,后期在肠道以及泌尿道含量较高。血清富集PPV4病毒电镜观察可见疑似PPV4病毒粒子。试验证明,PPV4具有快速感染性,PPV4对猪并无致死性,主要影响生产性能,对肺脏以及肠道器官组织的嗜性最强。     

云南省楚雄地区散养户猪伪狂犬病野毒感染的血清学调查

为了解云南省楚雄地区散养户猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)野毒感染的情况,试验从楚雄地区9个散养户随机采集154份血清样本,并应用间接ELISA方法对血清样本进行PRVg E抗体检测。结果表明:在154份猪血清中,抗PRV g E抗体的阳性率为25.32%。说明楚雄地区散养户PRV野毒株感染率偏高。     

规模化猪场猪圆环病毒2型感染的实验室诊断

为了确诊贵州省某规模化猪场保育仔猪异常死亡原因,从怀孕母猪、产房母猪、后备母猪、种公猪、哺乳仔猪、保育仔猪6个猪群采集90份血清样本采用ELISA方法分别进行血清抗体检测,并对采集的90份血清样本和1份病死猪淋巴结组织采用荧光PCR方法进行病原学检测。结果:6个猪群综合的猪瘟病毒、猪蓝耳病病毒、伪狂犬病病毒g B蛋白、伪狂犬病病毒g E蛋白血清抗体阳性率分别为87.78%、70.00%、88.89%、4.44%;猪瘟病毒、猪蓝耳病病毒、伪狂犬病病毒病原核酸检测显示阴性,猪圆环病毒2型病原核酸检测淋巴结组织样本显示阳性。试验结果表明,引起该猪场保育仔猪死亡的原因为猪圆环病毒2型感染。同时,怀孕母猪群出现了伪狂犬病病毒g E蛋白抗体阳性,提示怀孕母猪群可能存在猪伪狂犬病野毒感染。     

猪伪狂犬病病毒新流行株的分离鉴定及抗原差异性分析

我国多个省份的大规模养猪场都出现过新生仔猪神经疾病和死亡的案例,为了确定是否猪伪狂犬病病毒的感染所致,本次研究选取我国多个省份的13个PR免疫猪场送检的156份病毒样品,采用PCR方法对死亡仔猪脑组织中扩增PRV的g E基因,进行PRV病毒的分离鉴定和血清中和实验及g E基因序列分析。将疑似PR病毒发病猪的脑部组织进行匀浆,提取其DNA进行PRV检测,发现各个猪场都存在病毒感染。结论:依据本次实验结果进行推测,当下各个猪场流行的PRV病毒可能存在一定的抗原变异。     

猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌ApxI毒素中和试验的建立与初步应用

为建立测定血清中猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)外毒素ApxI中和抗体的方法,本研究采用(NH4)2SO4沉淀法从血清10型APP培养液中经盐析浓缩提取具有溶血活性的天然毒素ApxI,将毒素与待检血清在37℃孵育2 h,加入4%猪红细胞悬液并反应0.5 h,利用酶标仪测定反应混合物上清液的OD540nm值判断溶血程度,计算出能够保护50%红细胞不发生溶血的最低血清稀释倍数,即为该血清的中和效价。利用该方法进一步检测了副猪嗜血杆菌和多杀性巴氏杆菌等阳性血清,无交叉反应,表明该方法特异性较强;利用该方法最高能够检测到中和效价为1.1 580的APP ApxI毒素抗体阳性的猪血清,表明建立的中和试验具有较高的敏感性;以BALB/c小鼠为模型的感染试验结果表明,当其血清中ApxI毒素抗体的中和效价达到1.20时能够为小鼠提供有效保护。采用建立的方法检测临床采集的103份猪血清样品,能够有效检测其中和抗体,表明该方法可以应用于临床检测可分泌ApxI毒素的APP的感染和含ApxI毒素的亚单位疫苗免疫效果评估,为评价亚单位疫苗的免疫效果和猪传染性胸膜肺炎的诊断提供了技术支持。     

Dot-PAA-ELISA快速检测猪丹毒抗体方法的建立与应用

以猪丹毒CD3004(1a型)和C43-12(2型)菌株为抗原提取菌株,EDTA渗透法提取的抗原作为膜载抗原,建立了Dot-PAA-ELISA检测猪丹毒血清抗体方法,经研究确定了Dot-PAA-ELISA的最佳工作条件.试验制备的诊断膜片特异性强,不与猪瘟、猪伪狂犬病、猪肺疫、猪链球菌病、猪大肠杆菌病、仔猪副伤寒、猪布氏杆菌病、猪衣原体病的阳性血清发生交叉反应;灵敏度高,能够最低检出猪血清中含2.61 × 10-9g的猪IgG抗体;膜片保存期长,在室温可保存4个月,4℃可保存7个月其检测活性不变.用该方法检测了仔猪免疫后抗体变化,并通过猪丹毒三型混合强毒攻毒试验确定了猪能抗强毒攻击的抗体临界保护值为1:32.对336份血清进行猪丹毒抗体检测,阳性检出率为96.13%.试验结果表明,本试验方法操作简便、快速准确、结果可存档、重复性和稳定性好,所用试剂材料均可做到标准化,适合基层检疫单位和养猪企业用于猪群免疫监测和猪丹毒流行病学调查.     

猪口蹄疫疫苗引起的过敏反应及预防

受疫苗特性、猪只健康状态及防疫操作因素的影响,生猪注射口蹄疫疫苗后发生过敏反应的现象较常见。1发病原因猪口蹄疫疫苗作为外源性抗原进入机体后刺激免疫系统产生相应的IgE抗体。     

IgE reactivity to vaccine components in dogs that developed immediate-type allergic reactions after vaccination

Allergic reactions after vaccination are considered as an important practical problem in dogs; however, their immunological mechanism has not been well understood. The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between IgE reactivity to the vaccines and immediate-type allergic reactions after vaccination in dogs. Sera from 10 dogs that developed immediate-type allergic reactions such as circulatory collapse, cyanosis, dyspnea, facial edema, and vomiting within 1h after vaccination with non-rabies monovalent or combined vaccines and sera from 50 dogs that did not develop allergic reactions after vaccination were collected. Serum IgE reactivity to the injected vaccines was measured by fluorometric ELISA using a mouse monoclonal anti-dog IgE antibody. Then, IgE reactivity to fetal calf serum (FCS) and stabilizer proteins (gelatin, casein, and peptone) included in the vaccines was measured in sera that had high levels of IgE to the vaccines. Levels of serum specific IgE to the vaccines in dogs with immediate-type allergic reactions (59-4173 fluorescence units [FU], mean +/- S.D.: 992.5 +/- 1181.9 FU) were significantly higher than those in control dogs (38-192 FU, 92.4 +/- 43.3 FU) (P < 0.001). Of the eight dogs that developed immediate-type allergic reactions and had high levels of serum specific IgE to the vaccines, seven had specific IgE directed to FCS. The IgE reactivity to the vaccines in sera from these dogs was almost completely inhibited by FCS. The other one dog had serum IgE directed to gelatin and casein included in the vaccine as stabilizers. The results obtained in this study suggest that immediate-type allergic reactions after vaccination in dogs were induced by type I hypersensitivity mediated by IgE directed to vaccine components. In addition, FCS, gelatin, and casein included in vaccines could be the causative allergens that induced immediate-type allergic reactions after vaccination in dogs.     

Porcine IgE in the context of experimental food allergy: purification and isotype-specific antibodies

Measurement of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a common practice in the investigation of allergy. It has not been possible to measure porcine IgE due to unavailability of anti-porcine IgE. This study was undertaken to purify and characterize porcine IgE from sera of allergic pigs, identify heterologous anti-IgE reactive with pig IgE and to use purified heavy (H) chain of porcine IgE to generate rabbit anti-IgE. A four-step process for the purification of porcine IgE is reported using ammonium sulphate precipitation, Protein G affinity chromatography, DEAE cellulose anion-exchange chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to obtain IgE H chain. The resultant IgE was evaluated for purity using SDS-PAGE and immunoreactivity was detected by Prausnitz-Küstner (PK) tests and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis with the allergen, crude peanut extract, used to induce experimental allergy. Cross-reactivity with anti-mouse and anti-human IgE antibodies were confirmed in western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The H chain of IgE was excised from SDS-PAGE gels and used to develop rabbit anti-porcine IgE antisera. Antiserum obtained from rabbits immunized with porcine IgE, as well as heterologous murine and human-specific anti-IgE, induced reverse cutaneous anaphylaxis in pig skin and detected allergen-specific IgE in ELISA but did not react with IgG H chain in western blots. These results confirm allergy-associated bioactivity of porcine IgE and describe both homologous and heterologous anti-pig IgE suitable for use in allergen-specific and other assays. This will enhance utility of pig allergy models and provide an additional measure of type-2 immune response in pigs.     

Some characteristics of the antibodies involved in allergic skin reactions of the horse to biting insects

Active skin tests were carried out on a horse with sweet itch using extracts of various biting insects and the resulting reactions compared with those produced when rabbit anti-human IgE was injected intradermally into a normal horse. The horse with sweet itch produced a large reaction to an extract of Culicoides which was similar to those produced by anti-human IgE. Absorption of serum from an allergic horse with anti-human IgE reduced its ability to sensitize skin of a normal horse to challenge with the extract of Culicoides. Passive transfer of allergic horse serum to guinea-pig skin gave significant reactions when challenged after a latent period of 4 h but not after 24 h.     

Allergen-specific IgG and IgA in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in a model of experimental feline asthma

Allergic asthma, a Th2 cell driven response to inhaled allergens, has classically been thought of as predominantly mediated by IgE antibodies. To investigate the role of other immunoglobulin classes (e.g., IgG and IgA) in the immunopathogenesis of allergic asthma, levels of these allergen-specific immunoglobulins were measured in serum and mucosal fluids. Bermuda grass allergen (BGA)-specific IgG and IgA ELISAs in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were developed and optimized in an experimental model of BGA-induced feline asthma. Levels of BGA-specific IgG and IgA significantly increased over time in serum and BALF after allergen sensitization. Additionally, these elevated levels of BGA-specific IgG and IgA were seen in conjunction with the development of an asthmatic phenotype indicated by positive intradermal skin tests, enhanced airways hyperreactivity, and increased eosinophil percentages in the BALF.     

Immunoblot analysis for IgE-reactive components of fetal calf serum in dogs that developed allergic reactions after non-rabies vaccination

We previously demonstrated the presence of IgE directed to fetal calf serum (FCS) in the sera from dogs that developed allergic reactions after vaccination. In this study, by an immunoblot analysis, we investigated the IgE-reactive components of FCS using sera from 16 dogs that exhibited allergic reactions after vaccination. The immunoblot analysis revealed that several FCS proteins of approximately 25-, 50-, 66-, 75-, 120-, and 175-kDa strongly reacted with IgE in the sera from dogs that showed post-vaccination allergic reactions. The 66-kDa band was detected in the sera from 14 of the 16 dog serum samples analyzed in the immunoblot analysis for FCS, and it was speculated to be albumin based on its molecular weight; however, serum IgE reactivity to bovine serum albumin could be detected in only four of the 14 dog samples. These findings demonstrated that a variety of FCS components including albumin could function as allergens in dogs that developed allergic reactions after vaccination.     

Effects of routine prophylactic vaccination or administration of aluminum adjuvant alone on allergen-specific serum IgE and IgG responses in allergic dogs

OBJECTIVE: To determine the acute corn-specific serum IgE and IgG, total serum IgE, and clinical responses to s.c. administration of prophylactic vaccines and aluminum adjuvant in corn-allergic dogs. ANIMALS: 20 allergic and 8 nonallergic dogs. PROCEDURE: 17 corn-allergic dogs were vaccinated. Eight clinically normal dogs also were vaccinated as a control group. Serum corn-specific IgE, corn-specific IgG, and total IgE concentrations were measured in each dog before vaccination and 1 and 3 weeks after vaccination by use of an ELISA. The corn-allergic dogs also had serum immunoglobulin concentrations measured at 8 and 9 weeks after vaccination. Twenty allergic dogs received a s.c. injection of aluminum adjuvant, and serum immunoglobulin concentrations were measured in each dog 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 weeks after injection. The allergic dogs were examined during the 8 weeks after aluminum administration for clinical signs of allergic disease. RESULTS: The allergic dogs had significant increases in serum corn-specific IgE and IgG concentrations 1 and 3 weeks after vaccination but not 8 or 9 weeks after vaccination. Control dogs did not have a significant change in serum immunoglobulin concentrations after vaccination. After injection of aluminum adjuvant, the allergic dogs did not have a significant change in serum immunoglobulin concentrations or clinical signs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Allergen-specific IgE and IgG concentrations increase after prophylactic vaccination in allergic dogs but not in clinically normal dogs. Prophylactic vaccination of dogs with food allergies may affect results of serologic allergen-specific immunoglobulin testing performed within 8 weeks after vaccination.     

Allergic pulmonary and ocular tissue responses in the absence of serum IgE antibodies (IgE) in an allergic dog model

Allergen-specific serum IgE may be insensitive as a marker for IgE-mediated reactions at the mucosal level. Five of six atopic beagle dogs developed high ovalbumin (OVA)-specific serum IgE levels after sensitization. This study aimed to show that these dogs still express allergen-specific IgE at the pulmonary and ocular mucosal levels and in the skin even when corresponding serum IgE was below the detection limit. When serum IgE levels were negative, all dogs exhibited allergic reactions at the tissue level. Specifically, they displayed positive ocular reactions after an ocular OVA challenge. After airway challenge with aerosolized OVA, five out of six animals reacted with decreased compliance and increased resistance of the lungs. Furthermore, an eosinophilia in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was observed. Four weeks after the last exposure to OVA, IgE-positive BALF cells were seen in all animals. Six weeks on, all dogs still displayed positive skin reactions to OVA. This indicates that not only skin testing but also detection of ocular and pulmonary allergic tissue reactions including cell-bound IgE in BALF can serve as more sensitive and lasting surrogate markers of hypersensitivity in the allergic dog model than detection of allergen-specific serum IgE levels.     

IgE ELISA using antisera derived from epsilon chain antigenic peptides detects allergen-specific IgE in allergic horses

Equine disease with an allergic etiology is common. Environmental antigens most often implicated as allergens in horses include molds, dusty hay, grass pollen, hay dust mites, and insect saliva. Although intradermal testing with allergen is a useful diagnostic tool for some species, skin testing frequently produces false positive results in horses. Allergen deprivation as a diagnostic tool is often impossible and at best it is ineffective at diagnosing the specific allergic reactivity. Synthesis of IgE after exposure to allergen is the instigator of the allergic process. While IgE exerts its effect after binding strongly to mast cell Fc receptors, the presence of free IgE in the serum can be used to quantify and determine the allergen specificity of the allergic disease. A lack of widely available reagents for detection of equine IgE has limited this approach in horses. We have used the nucleotide sequence of equine IgE to prepare a peptide-based immunogen to elicit equine epsilon chain-specific antisera. Selection of peptides was based on antigenic attributes of the deduced amino acid sequence of the equine epsilon chain. Six peptides were selected for conjugation to carrier molecules and rabbit immunization. Of these, one peptide elicited antisera that was successfully used in enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) to screen horse serum from 64 allergic horses for allergen-specific IgE. Twenty-four of the 64 horses showed positive reactivity to one or more of the following allergens: grass, grain mill dust, mosquito, and horsefly. This study demonstrates the usefulness of peptide-based immunogens for development of antisera to rare or difficult to purify antigens such as IgE. Resultant antisera has great usefulness in diagnostic assays for equine allergy and as a research tool.     

IgE and IgG antibodies in skin allergy of the horse

In horses, allergies have been characterized by clinical signs and/or intradermal (i.d.) allergen testing. Our aim was to find the first direct evidence that immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediates equine allergy. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that immediate skin reactions in horses can also be mediated by IgG. Anti-IgE affinity columns were used to purify IgE from serum of one healthy horse and three horses affected with summer eczema, an allergic dermatitis which is believed to be induced by Culicoides midges. A modified Prausnitz-Küstner experiment was performed in four clinical healthy horses by i.d. injection of the purified serum IgE antibodies. The following day, Culicoides allergen was injected at the same sites. Skin reactions were not observed in response to allergen alone, and in two horses after stimulation at any previous IgE injection site. However, the other two horses showed an immediate skin reaction at the previous injection sites of IgE obtained from allergic horses. In addition, purified monoclonal antibodies to various equine immunoglobulin isotypes were injected i.d. into six healthy horses. Immediate skin reactions were observed in response to anti-IgE (6/6 horses) and anti-IgG(T) injections (5/6 horses). The specificities of both antibodies for IgE and IgG(T), respectively, were confirmed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. The results provide the first direct evidence that IgE mediates classical Type-I allergy in horses and plays a major role in the pathogenesis of summer eczema. The data also suggest that IgG(T) can bind to skin mast cells and might contribute to clinical allergy.     

Generation of equine TSLP-specific antibodies and their use for detection of TSLP produced by equine keratinocytes and leukocytes

Allergic horses react to innocuous environmental substances by activation of Th2 cells and production of allergen-specific IgE antibodies. The mechanisms leading to Th2 differentiation are not well understood. In humans and mice, epithelial cell-derived thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) plays a central role in this process. Little is known about equine TSLP (eqTSLP) and its role in allergic diseases and our current knowledge is limited to the assessment of TSLP mRNA expression. In order to be able to study eqTSLP at the protein level, the aim of the present study was to produce recombinant eqTSLP protein and generate TSLP-specific antibodies. EqTSLP was cloned from a skin biopsy sample from a horse with chronic urticaria and eqTSLP protein was expressed in E.coli and in mammalian cells. Recombinant proteins were designed to include C-terminal Histag, which allowed subsequent purification and detection by Histag-specific Ab. Polyclonal and monoclonal eqTSLP-specific Ab were generated after immunization of mice with E.coli-expressed TSLP. Their specificity was tested by western blotting and ELISA. In addition, a commercially available polyclonal human TSLP-specific antibody was tested for cross-reactivity with eqTSLP. Expression of TSLP protein was confirmed by western blotting using Histag-specific Ab. E.coli-expressed TSLP appears as a band of ～13 kDa, whereas mammalian cell-expressed TSLP showed several bands at 20-25 kDa, probably representing several glycosylation forms. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies generated in this study, as well as commercially available human TSLP-specific Ab reacted with both E.coli- and mammalian cell-expressed TSLP in western blotting and ELISA. A capture ELISA was established to quantitate TSLP in cell supernatants and validated using supernatants from primary equine keratinocytes and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL). Increased TSLP concentrations were found after stimulation of keratinocytes with PMA+ionomycine and with Culicoides extract. Similarly, increased TSLP concentrations were detected in PBL after stimulation with ConA, Culicoides extract, or IgE cross-linking. In conclusion, recombinant TSLP proteins and TSLP-specific antibodies produced in this study will allow further studies of the role of TSLP in equine allergic diseases.