水稻质膜H+-ATPase基因对拟南芥遗传转化及其抗盐性分析

RT-PCR扩增得水稻质膜H -ATPase全长cDNA(PM-H -ATPase),构建了植物表达载体获得质粒pBI121-PM-H -ATPase,农杆菌介导、真空渗入法转化PM-H -ATPase基因入拟南芥,得35株T1代卡那抗性植株.抗性植株PCR分析表明,抗性植株整合了目的基因.Northern杂交分析进一步表明T3代转基因拟南芥表达了目的基因.抗盐(NaHCO3和NaC1)性分析表明:转基因植株的耐盐能力明显高于野生型;盐碱胁迫下转基因植株开花优先于野生型植株.     

抗除草剂基因在黄瓜杂种纯度快速鉴定上的应用研究

黄瓜抗除草剂转基因T0植株经除草剂抗性筛选,连续2代自交获得T1和T2种子;分别对T1植株进行bar基因PCR检测和T2植株Southern杂交检测,证明bar基因已整合到黄瓜染色体上;以非转基因黄瓜为对照,摸索出田间抗性鉴定和室内种子抗性鉴定的除草剂临界浓度;从田间和室内筛选除草剂抗性纯合性转基因株系3个;以表现较好的2个抗性纯合转基因株系为父本,与非转基因母本杂交,获得F1种子,并在室内进行了杂交种纯度鉴定,鉴定效率达100％。建立了一套在种子发芽阶段或2片真叶期进行黄瓜杂交种纯度鉴定的新技术。     

小麦类甜蛋白基因的转化及转基因植株的抗病性分析

目前已克隆出许多类甜蛋白基因并成功转化马铃薯、水稻和小麦等植物,均可引起植株抗病性的提高。在以往的研究中我们从小麦中克隆了一个类甜蛋白基因(Ta-Tlp),该基因在高抗白粉病的小麦6VS/6AL易位系中能够高水平表达,推测它与白粉病抗性密切相关。为进一步研究该基因的功能,本研究构建了包含在ubi强启动子控制下的Ta-Tlp基因的表达载体pAHC-TlP,用基因枪将其导入小麦品种扬麦158的幼胚愈伤组织,在含除草剂的选择培养基上经两轮筛选和分化,获得再生抗性植株。对T0、T1和T2代植株进行PCR、Southern杂交与RT-PCR分析,结果表明Ta-Tlp基因已整合进受体基因组并且能够表达。对T0代及其衍生的T1代(来自6个T0代阳性株系的183个单株)和T2代(来自6个T0代阳性株系的241个单株)转化植株进行白粉病抗性鉴定,Ta-Tlp基因超量表达的转基因植株,能延缓白粉病发病进程,其白粉病抗性有一定提高。对T2代阳性转化植株进行赤霉病抗性鉴定表明,其抗性与受体对照相比无显著差异。     

农杆菌介导的辽宁碱蓬胆碱单氧化酶基因CMO转化烟草提高抗氧化胁迫的研究

通过农杆菌介导的遗传转化,将来自辽宁碱蓬的甜菜碱合成关键基因－胆碱单氧化酶基因CMO 转入烟草,以提高烟草耐受氧化胁迫的能力,并对得到抗生素抗性植株进行了分子检测和百草枯诱导 的氧化胁迫。Southern 和Northern 检测表明CMO 已经整合到烟草基因组中,并得到了正确的表达,但 不同转基因株系中的拷贝数不同,株系T1、T2、T6 为单拷贝;株系T4、T5 为双拷贝;株系T3 为3 个拷 贝。在10 μM 和20 μM百草枯胁迫24 h 的情况下,转基因植株表现了较强的耐受氧化胁迫能力,各转 基因株系和野生型相比具有较低的丙二醛含量和较高的超氧化物歧化酶活性。这可能是转基因植物 中甜菜碱的积累诱导或保护了抗氧化酶的活性,使得转基因植株受到的氧化胁迫较低,转基因植株中 较低的电导率也证明了这一点。转CMO 基因烟草耐氧化胁迫能力的提高,说明CMO 基因可以进一步 在玉米、水稻等重要农作物中应用以提高其耐受干旱、低温等非生物胁迫的能力。     

转金属硫蛋白基因(MT1)烟草抗Cd2+胁迫的生理特性分析

将柽柳(Tamarixsp.)金属硫蛋白基因(MT1,GenBank登录号:AB298390)插入植物表达载体pBI121,取代花椰菜病毒35S启动子下游的gus基因,利用农杆菌(Agrobactrium tumefaciens)介导法将MT1导入烟草(Nicotiana tobacum)基因组。对具有卡那霉素抗性,且经PCR-Southern检测和Northern杂交表现阳性的转基因株系进行抗Cd2 分析表明,金属硫蛋白基因的过量表达提高了转基因植株的抗Cd2 能力,在含200μmol L-1和400μmol L-1Cd2 的MS培养基上,转基因植株的株高和鲜重均明显优于非转基因株系;在生理性状上表现为转基因植株MDA含量及POD活性明显低于非转基因株系,叶绿素含量和SOD活性比非转基因株系明显增加。     

小麦TaPIM1基因的克隆及其转基因烟草的抗病性分析

TaPIM1是从小麦中克隆获得的1个病原诱导的小麦MYB基因,编码由323个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白TaPIM1。TaPIM1具有R2R3类MYB转录因子的典型结构,即2个保守的MYBDNA结合域(R2和R3)、核定位位点和酸性激活区。TaPIM1的全长氨基酸序列与已克隆MYB蛋白的一致性仅为43.69%以下,为植物MYB转录因子家族R2R3亚群的一个新成员。小麦纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia cerealis)、根腐病菌(Bipolaris sorokiniana)侵染可快速诱导抗病小麦中TaPIM1基因的上调表达,说明TaPIM1可能参与小麦对纹枯病菌、根腐病菌的防御反应。将TaPIM1基因构建到由组成型强启动子CaMV35S控制的双子叶转化载体pBI121上,通过农杆菌介导法将其转入烟草W38品系。通过卡那霉素抗性筛选和PCR检测,鉴定出转TaPIM1基因烟草T0代株系M66、M102、M110等12个株系。对转基因烟草T1代株系进行PCR、RT-PCR分析和青枯病菌抗性分析,结果表明,TaPIM1超量表达的转基因烟草株系M66、M102和M110对青枯病菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)的抗性显著高于未转基因烟草对照,TaPIM1正向调控烟草对某些病原菌的防御反应。     

Error-prone PCR获得EPSP酶突变基因提高水稻的草甘膦抗性

将通过Error-prone PCR方法获得的表达水稻EPSP酶突变基因epsp102和未经修饰的水稻epsp基因分别导入籼稻恢复系明恢86,获得转化克隆84个和109个。对T1、T2代转基因水稻三叶期和分蘖期喷施草甘膦,各选出4个对草甘膦高抗性的T3代材料,进行分子鉴定。对其中的3个株系进行农艺性状考察,并各选1个株系作为父本与其他优良恢复系进行杂交,进一步考察epsp和epsp102基因在不同遗传背景下的抗性和农艺性状表现。Southern结果显示：epsp的整合拷贝数为2～3拷贝,epsp102拷贝数为1-2拷贝。萌发种子、三叶期及分蘖期对草甘膦抗性检测显示：转基因萌发种子对草甘膦的抗性提高15倍;三叶期对草甘膦的抗性提高3-4倍。分蘖期剂量效应检测结果显示：非转基因对照在施0．1倍以上的致死剂量农达时,植株显著失水,而转基因株系水分生理正常。两地两季的农艺性状考察显示：与对照相比转基因株系的穗数明显增多,转基因株系ep-3和ep102-20结实率和单株重与对照没有显著差异;以ep-3和ep102-20作父本,与4个恢复系杂交的F：代对草甘膦的抗性没有降低,两个组合的结实率显著增加,SK／ep-3组合结实率显著下降,其余组合的结实率与对照持平。     

转基因抗丝黑穗病玉米的遗传、表达及选育研究

本研究以几丁质酶基因导入玉米自交系海92-1所获得的转基因植株的种子作为试验材料,对其To代种子进行了潮霉素抗性筛选试验,结果表明T1代的分离比分别为3:1和15:1(表1).这证实大多数转基因植株中几丁质酶基因是以单拷贝、单位点整合到植株的基因组中,个别转基因植株中是以单拷贝、多位点整合到转基因植株的基因组中的.农艺性状调查分析,转基因株系的株高和穗位高都高于对照植株,单株结穗数基本不变,而转基因植株的穗长值和穗粒数值均比对照植株大,穗长增加4～7 cm,穗粒数增加1%～7%.对T1,T2,T3代株系的PCR检测结果说明目的基因在转基因植株中可稳定遗传.田间抗病鉴定结果显示,转基因株系的发病率比当代对照株系明显减少2～4级,选育得到的纯合系06006和06012的发病率为0,表现出高抗病性.     

抗玉米丝黑穗病转基因株系的分子检测及抗病株系选育

采用花粉介导方法将质粒pGL II_RC_1导入玉米自交系海92_1中,获得了T0种子128粒,种子经潮霉素抗性筛选得到抗潮霉素植株16株。对抗性植株分离的统计分析表明,多数情况下几丁质酶基因以单拷贝形式导入转基因植株,后代分离比约为3∶1。抗性苗移栽到大田后,5~6叶期取样进行PCR扩增、PCR Southern blot杂交分析,对T1的分析结果表明,几丁质酶基因已导入转基因植物细胞中。对T2,T3植株的检测结果显示,目的基因已整合到转化植株基因组中并可随植株世代稳定遗传。田间抗病鉴定结果表明,转基因植株及后代的玉米丝黑穗病发病率明显比对照降低。根据分子检测及田间抗病鉴定结果,得到GH05024,GH05028 2个抗丝黑穗病的纯合转基因株系。     

大豆花粉管通道技术转化雪花莲凝集素(GNA)基因

采用花粉管通道技术,用雪花莲凝集素基因（Galanthus nivalis agglutinin,GNA）转化吉林省主推品种吉林20号、吉林30号、吉林45号品种大豆。通过接蚜鉴定和PCR鉴定,从所获得的种子苗中筛选出转基因植株。对转基因植株的后代进行分子生物学鉴定：（1）PCR分析,转基因植株97TGR1和97TGR2的T2代表现阳性,第5代表现阳性纯合;97TGR1、97TGR2和98FD1～98FD20的T3代Western blotting检测结果证明,GNA基因在蛋白质水平有表达,最高表达量占总可溶性蛋白的0．7％;97TGR1、98TGR2和99JI45 TGR2的Southern blotting检测结果显示,GNA基因已插入大豆基因组;（2）遗传学分析,97TRG1的T2代呈孟德尔3：1分离,97TGR2的T3代出现种皮颜色不规则分离。经过抗蚜性鉴定和连续的筛选,获得抗性纯系;（3）抗蚜性鉴定,转基因株的T1、T2世代转基因植株可抑制蚜虫繁殖量50％～90％;（4）品系鉴定,转基因大豆的抗蚜性达到农学标准抗（R）和高抗（HR）水平;大面积环境释放试验自然感蚜鉴定,转基因系蚜虫发生的高峰比对照延迟,高峰期过后群体蚜量的下降速度也比对照快。本研究认为,大豆花粉管通道技术可以利用于大豆的转基因研究和应用中,GNA基因在改良大豆的抗蚜性上是可取的。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.