假俭草低温胁迫的伤害与适应

假俭草经低温4、8、12℃处理12h，叶片的电解质渗透率和丙二醛含量缓慢增加。随温度的降低，叶片的过氧化酶活性快速升高、游离脯氨酸大量累积、可溶性糖含量急剧增加。试验结果表明：假俭草具有较强的抗寒能力，能通过一系列保护性的生理生化反应来适应低温胁迫，以减轻低温伤害。     

外源腐胺与亚精胺提高假俭草低温胁迫耐受性的研究

为明确外源多胺对低温胁迫下假俭草体内的抗氧化酶活性及渗透调节物质含量的调节作用,以及对假俭草耐寒性的影响,本文测定分析了外源多胺处理对低温胁迫下假俭草叶片组织的相对电导率、丙二醛含量、抗氧化酶活性以及渗透调节物质含量的影响。研究结果表明：喷施0.1mM浓度的外源腐胺与亚精胺显著降低假俭草在低温胁迫过程中叶片组织的相对电导率与丙二醛含量,并显著提高了超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶与过氧化氢酶等抗氧化酶的活性,以及可溶性多糖、脯氨酸、腐胺、亚精胺与精胺等渗透调节物质的含量。研究结果证实了外源多胺处理可以通过提高假俭草叶片组织抗氧化酶的活性和渗透调节物质的含量,减轻组织在低温胁迫下的伤害程度,这为草坪养护过程中使用外源多胺物质提高假俭草耐寒性提供了依据。     

几种暖季型草坪草对低温的生理反应

在佛山市对低温下台湾草(Zoysia tenuifolia Willd. ex Trin.)、地毯草(Axonopus compressus (Swartz) Beauv.)、夏威夷草(Paspalum vaginatum Sw.)、假俭草(Eremochloa ophiuroides(Munro)Hack.)、结缕草(Zoysia japonica Steud.)和钝叶草(Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze)等6个暖季型草种的生理反应进行了比较研究。田间种植的草坪草材料在受到2004年12月份的寒潮袭击后,假俭草5号未受到伤害,地毯草和兰引3号受到的伤害较严重;台湾草、兰引3号和钝叶草的光合速率大大降低,而夏威夷和假俭草5号的光合速率变化不大;地毯草和兰引3号的叶片可溶性糖含量变化不大,而其它几种暖季型草坪草的叶片可溶性糖含量升高,各草种的根系可溶性糖含量降低。结果表明,耐寒的假俭草5号在低温下光合速率受抑制较小与叶片可溶性糖含量积累较多有关,而对低温敏感草种的叶片可溶性糖积累较少。     

EDTA-Fe对假俭草抗寒性和绿期的影响

为了提高暖地型草坪草假俭草(Eremochloa ophiuroides)的抗寒性,延长其青绿期,设置了4个不同乙二胺四乙酸铁-钠(EDTA-Fe)剂量(1、5、10和15 mL/L),对盆栽假俭草进行处理.结果显示,在低温条件下,与空白对照相比,不同处理假俭草叶片的叶绿素、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量均有不同程度地提高,而其...     

EDTA-Fe对假俭草抗寒性和绿期的影响

为了提高暖地型草坪草假俭草(Eremochloa ophiuroides)的抗寒性,延长其青绿期,设置了4个不同乙二胺四乙酸铁-钠(EDTA-Fe)剂量(1、5、10和15 mL/L),对盆栽假俭草进行处理。结果显示,在低温条件下,与空白对照相比,不同处理假俭草叶片的叶绿素、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量均有不同程度地提高,而其相对电导率均有不同程度地下降;不同剂量EDTA-Fe处理,提高假俭草抗寒效果不同,其中,以10 mL/L EDTA-Fe处理效果最好,可延长假俭草青绿期达15 d。     

铅递进胁迫对假俭草和结缕草生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了铅递进胁迫对假俭草和结缕草叶片脂质过氧化程度、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量及叶片抗氧化系统等的影响.结果表明,随着Pb2 处理浓度的升高,1)假俭草叶片出现不同程度的伤害,结缕草伤害较轻;2)2种草叶片膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,增大幅度假俭草大于结缕草;3)超氧化物歧化(SOD)活性在假俭草中先升高后降低,结缕草变化不明显;4)假俭草过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,而结缕草恰好相反;5)游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量假俭草随铅胁迫浓度的增加先升高后降低,结缕草游离脯氨酸含量一直升高;6)2种草叶绿素含量都是呈现出先升高后降低的变化趋势.分析表明结缕草对铅的耐受性比假俭草强.     

践踏胁迫对两种暖地型草坪草叶片形态及生理的影响

通过测定践踏胁迫下野生假俭草和结缕草2种草坪草叶片的几项生理指标,初步探讨了在践踏胁迫下叶片的超氧化物歧化酶活性、可溶性总糖含量、脯氨酸含量、相对电导率和叶绿素含量等生理指标的变化特征.结果表明,1)践踏胁迫下假俭草和结缕草草层厚度、叶片长度和宽度均比对照有显著的减少.2)践踏胁迫下结缕草和假俭草的相对电导率、可溶性总糖、脯氨酸含量均显著高于对照;SOD酶活性要低于对照.3)践踏胁迫下可溶性总糖含量、脯氨酸含量、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的含量均为:假俭草>结缕草.综合评价,通过形态和生理指标分析假俭草叶片耐践踏能力大于结缕草.     

氮肥对假俭草抗寒性和青绿期影响的研究

用尿素(0、5、10、15和20 g/L)对盆栽假俭草E-126材料进行处理,研究其对假俭草Elemochloa ophiuroides的抗寒性和绿期的影响,结果表明,在低温条件下,尿素处理的假俭草与对照相比,不仅降低了电导率,提高了叶绿素的含量、抑制了叶绿素的分解,而且提高了可溶性糖、脯胺酸的含量,从而提高了抗寒性.其中效果最好的处理为10 g/L,可延长假俭草绿期11～12 d.     

假俭草叶片渗透调节物质含量对冬前低温的响应及其与低温伤害的关系

在2014年11-12月冬季降温期间,田间小区试验研究了8个不同基因型假俭草的抗寒性与叶片细胞内可溶性多糖、脯氨酸,以及游离态腐胺、亚精胺、精胺等渗透调节物质含量的关系。结果表明,在冬前降温过程中,假俭草其叶片色泽持续下降,叶片相对电导率与丙二醛(MDA)的含量持续升高。基因型E02、E07、E09和E10在降温过程中的相对电导率与MDA的含量显著低于其他4个基因型,而叶片内的可溶性多糖、脯氨酸、亚精胺和精胺含量则显著高于其他4个基因型。相关分析结果表明,可溶性多糖、脯氨酸、亚精胺和精胺含量与假俭草的耐寒性存在显著正相关。因此,可溶性多糖、脯氨酸、亚精胺和精胺等渗透调节物质对增强假俭草的耐寒性有重要作用。     

假俭草叶片渗透调节物质含量对冬前低温的响应及其与低温伤害的关系

在2014年11-12月冬季降温期间,田间小区试验研究了8个不同基因型假俭草的抗寒性与叶片细胞内可溶性多糖、脯氨酸,以及游离态腐胺、亚精胺、精胺等渗透调节物质含量的关系。结果表明,在冬前降温过程中,假俭草其叶片色泽持续下降,叶片相对电导率与丙二醛(MDA)的含量持续升高。基因型E02、E07、E09和E10在降温过程中的相对电导率与MDA的含量显著低于其他4个基因型,而叶片内的可溶性多糖、脯氨酸、亚精胺和精胺含量则显著高于其他4个基因型。相关分析结果表明,可溶性多糖、脯氨酸、亚精胺和精胺含量与假俭草的耐寒性存在显著正相关。因此,可溶性多糖、脯氨酸、亚精胺和精胺等渗透调节物质对增强假俭草的耐寒性有重要作用。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein