日粮能量水平对母羊繁殖性能影响的研究进展

能量是影响母羊繁殖性能的重要因素之一.满足母羊不同时期的能量需求是提高母羊生产效益的重要措施,对保证母羊繁殖和羔羊健康生长有重要意义.能量主要通过下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴来影响母羊的繁殖性能.文章综述不同能量水平对母羊的发情、胚胎发育、泌乳和羔羊生长的影响,以期为母羊合理的日粮能量水平提供依据.     

舍饲因素对妊娠后期繁殖母羊生产性能影响研究

本项研究的目标是通过试验分析,找出舍饲条件中对繁殖母羊生产性能起主导作用的影响因素,并探索应对措施以指导生产。为此,笔者于2009年末开始在洮南市向阳乡开展了舍饲对母羊生产性能影响要素研究试验。结合我省西部的气候和饲料资源条件,总结试验结果,我们推荐在生产中使用代谢能8.50MJ/kg、粗蛋白9.50%、环境温度＋4℃、饲养密度0.8只/m2、环境湿度60%的参数,对妊娠后期繁殖母羊有较好的增产效果。     

中草药饲料添加剂对母羊繁殖性能的影响

试验设3个处理组（A组为中药组、B组为中草药＋激素组、C组为激素组）,于母羊配种开始时将中草药添加于饲料中,每只羊每天25克,连用20 d,C组不添加。结果表明：1）A组使阴道涂片上皮细胞变化明显,间质细胞最终转化成角化细胞;使母羊发情并排卵,但排卵作用较弱;使处于非繁殖季节母羊于用药9 d后进入发情前期,用药15 d后进入发情期,并且出现发情外观变化;可有效诱导非繁殖季节羊的发情,并且阴道细胞学变化明显;诱导非繁殖季节母羊发情时,发情率达到80%,受胎率仅有25%。2）B组可有效诱导非繁殖季节母羊发情,效果显著,发情率达87.5%,受胎率高到85.5%。     

Effect of short‐term supplementation with rumen‐protected fat during the late luteal phase on reproduction and metabolism of ewes

This study was designed to study the effect of short‐term supplementation with rumen‐protected fat during the late luteal phase on reproduction and metabolism of sheep during breeding season. Seventy‐six ewes (Rahmani, Barki and Awassi × Barki) were allocated to two groups considering genotype: the control ewes (C‐group) received a maintenance diet, and the fat‐supplemented ewes (F‐group) received the maintenance diet plus 50 g/head/day of rumen‐ protected fat (Megalac) for 9 days during which oestrus was synchronized. The latter had been accomplished using double intramuscular injection of prostaglandin F_2α (PGF_2α) 11 days apart. Ovarian activity, serum concentration of cholesterol, glucose, insulin and reproductive performance variables were recorded. Data were analysed considering treatment (group) and genotype. Supplementation had positive effects on the overall mean serum concentrations of cholesterol (p < 0.05), glucose (p < 0.05) on day 6 of nutritional treatment and insulin (p = 0.07) on day 8. Fat supplementation did not affect the total number of follicles, follicle populations and ovulation rate. However, fat‐supplemented Rahmani ewes tended to have higher ovulation rate compared with other breeds (treatment × breed interaction, p = 0.06). Treatment also did not affect the mean concentration of serum estradiol or progesterone. Supplemented ewes had higher conception (p = 0.06) and lambing rates (p < 0.05) compared with control. In conclusion, short‐term supplementation with rumen‐protected fat as a source of energy around breeding time improved metabolism, conception and lambing rates of ewes without effects on steroidogenic capacity and ovarian activity being apparent.     

The effect of high calcium intake by pregnant Awassi ewes at late gestation on minerals status and performance of ewes and newborn lambs

Calcium (Ca) requirement increase rapidly by pregnant ewes at late gestation as a result of high fetal growth. Furthermore, Ca deficiency results in poor growth and bone development in growing newborn lambs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of calcium supplementation (Calcium carbonate–CC) and vitamin AD₃E injection (75,000 IU/shot) to pregnant Awassi ewes at late gestation (− 45 days prepartum) on their mineral levels and performance of their newborn lambs. Forty pregnant Awassi ewes at late gestation (65 ± 6.1 kg) were selected before parturition (− 45 days; using hormonal sponges for estrus synchronization) and randomly divided to 4 dietary treatments. The treatments were: group 1 Control (1.4% CC); group 2 (2.4% CC); group 3 (1.4% CC + 2 shots vitamin AD3E at − 45 and − 21 days prepartum); group 4 (2.4% CC + 2 shots vitamin AD3E at − 45 and − 21 days prepartum). Blood samples were collected from ewes (− 45, 0 days prepartum: 30 and 60 days postpartum) and lambs (0, 30 and 60 days old). Average milk yield and samples were collected. Body weights of lambs were taken at birth, 30 and 60 days old. Blood serum and milk samples were prepared and analyzed by AAS for Ca, Mg, Co, Mn and Cu concentrations.Calcium concentrations in bloods serum of ewes, 0 and 60 days postpartum, and lambs at weaning (60 days old) from group 4 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher compared to other groups. No significant effect (P > 0.05) of treatment on Co, Mg and Cu in blood serum of ewes and lambs except for Cu concentration in ewes. Moreover, a significant increase (P < 0.01) in milk inorganic% (30 and 60 days samples) in ewes from group 2 when compared with other groups. The average milk yield (AMY) of ewes from group 2 and 4 at late stage of lactation (45–60 days) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to groups 1 and 3. In addition, Ca% in colostrums samples from ewes in groups 2 and 4 were significantly higher (P < 0.01). The average daily gain (ADG) and total body gain for lambs up to weaning (60 days old) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in groups 1 and 2 compared with the other groups.In conclusion, increasing level of Ca intake in feed of Awassi ewes at late gestation, with or without vitamin AD₃E injections, improve the calcium concentration in colostrums and blood serum of ewes and their lambs without negative effect in their health and performance.     

繁殖营养素对西杂母牛繁殖性能、产后健康及犊牛生长性能的影响

摘要：［目的］探究繁殖营养素对西门塔尔杂交母牛繁殖性能、产后健康及犊牛生长性能的影响。［方法］试验对33头390kg左右妊娠8-9月的初配西门塔尔杂交母牛饲喂不同添加量的繁殖营养,对母牛繁殖性能、产后健康及犊牛生长性能的数据进行分析。［结果］饲喂10g/(头·d)繁殖营养素母牛人工助产率较对照组大幅降低,且犊牛成活率提高,犊牛发病率减少。第一次发情时间提前7.42d,且受胎率也有所提高;饲喂10g/(头·d)繁殖营养素大幅度降低了母牛胎衣不下、子宫炎和乳房炎疾病的发病率;添加了10g/(头·d)繁殖营养素组的犊牛从出生到产后3月龄,其体重和体尺都有不同程度提高。［结论］母牛日粮中添加10g/(头·d)繁殖营养素能提高母牛繁殖性能、降低母牛产后疾病的发生率以及一定程度上提高犊牛的生长性能。     

营养水平对母羊繁殖性能的影响及精准营养调控的研究进展

繁殖性能是羊产业的重要经济性状之一,直接关系到养羊业生产成本和效率。羊的季节性繁殖特性导致其繁殖效率低,是羊产业高效养殖的主要瓶颈。在羊生产中,营养水平直接影响母羊的繁殖性能。综述了营养水平对发情、排卵、受孕等母羊繁殖过程和羊非繁殖季繁殖性能的影响,以及精准营养调控母羊繁殖性能的研究进展,以期为进一步研究营养水平对母羊繁殖性能的调控机制提供参考。     

Effect of induced body condition score differences on physiological response,productive and reproductive performance of Malpura ewes kept in a hot,semi‐arid environment

This study was undertaken to study the influence of induced body condition score (BCS) differences on physiological response, productive and reproductive performance of Malpura ewes to optimise BCS for these ewes for maximising production making it economically viable. The study was conducted for a period of 1 year using thirty healthy Malpura ewes (2–4 year old). The animals were randomly divided and different BCS was induced within three groups named Group I (BCS 2.5; n = 10), Group II (BCS 3.0–3.5; n = 10) and Group III (BCS 4.0; n = 10). The parameters included in the study were allometric measurements, physiological response, wool yield and reproductive performance. BCS had a significant influence on allometric measurements, respiration rate and different reproductive parameters studied, while wool production differed significantly during spring and non‐significantly during autumn. The results revealed that the reproductive performance of Malpura ewes with a BCS of 3.0–3.5 was better in comparison with the groups with lower and higher BCS. It may be concluded from this study that an active management of breeding sheep flock to achieve a BCS of 3.0–3.5 may prove to result in an economically viable return from these flocks.     

Reproductive response in suckling Corriedale ewes to the ram effect during the non-breeding season: Effect of postpartum condition and the use of medroxyprogesterone priming

The response to the ram effect and the use of progestagen priming was studied in postpartum suckling Corriedale ewes. Two experiments were carried out during the non-breeding season. In experiment 1, the effectiveness of the ram effect to induce fertile oestrus in postpartum ewes was determined. While no significant differences in the frequency of ewes in oestrus were found, the overall conception rate was significantly higher in ewes that were weaned at least 6 months before the study started (63.3%) than in 60–90 days postpartum ewes (45.3%, p < 0.01). In experiment 2, the influence of medroxyprogesterone acetate priming on the response to the ram effect in suckling Corriedale ewes was determined. The frequency of ewes in oestrus and conception rate between ewes that remained unprimed and 6-days-primed ewes were similar. We conclude that it is possible to induce oestrus in postpartum suckling Corriedale ewes using the ram effect during the non-breeding season and that the use of progestagen priming seems to be ineffective in improving the response of postpartum ewes to the ram effect.     

被毛突变小鼠解剖及繁殖学特性观察

对一种新的具有个毛、无毛、稀毛３种表型的被毛突变小鼠的大体解剖学特性研究结果表明,其心肝、脾、肺、肾、肾上腺等脏器的位置、形态及组织学结构无表型间差异,但无毛小鼠被毛和皮肤结构异常,大多数脏器的重量和脏器系数表现出表型差异和性别差异（Ｐ〈０．０５或Ｐ〈０．０１）。繁殖学特性研究结果表明,虽然无毛小鼠雌雄生殖系统的器官组成、发情周期与其他２种表型之间无明显差异,但其雄性的初情期明显滞后（约２周左右）     

Reproductive performance and milk production of Israeli-Holstein cows with different supplementation during the dry period]

In three field trials comprising 602 Israeli-Holstein dairy cows, the effect of the dry period ration on reproductive performance, culling rate and milk production was investigated. The cows were fed in groups. The basic dry period rations consisted for two herds of medium quality cereal hay and for one herd of corn straw, which were fed ad libitum. In each herd dry cows were assigned to an experimental and control group. Cows of the experimental group were supplemented with 1.5 to 3 kg of lactating cows mixed ration (LMR), whereas in the control group the amount of supplement was increased by the factor two or 3.3. In the experimental group the amount of the supplement was calculated to achieve levels of net energy and of crude protein close to NRC requirements; in the control group the level of net energy and protein was 12 to 18% higher as compared to the experimental group. The amount of LMR supplement in the experimental group of herds A, B, C were 1.5 kg, 1.9 kg, and 3 kg, respectively. In the control groups these amounts were 5 kg, 3.8 kg, and 6 kg, respectively. The groups fed moderate amounts of LMR supplement had a higher conception rate at first insemination, a higher percentage of cows conceiving and fewer cows culled in the consecutive lactation than cows fed increased amounts of LMR supplement. The lactational incidence of reproductive disorders and the milk production were not affected by the differences in feeding during the dry period. Reproductive performance and culling rate appeared to be more favorable for cows fed moderate amounts of supplement during the entire dry period or during the last 3 to 4 weeks of the dry period.     

Effect of cooling Holstein cows during the dry period on postpartum performance under heat stress conditions

Two experiments were completed to determine whether cooling Holstein cows during their 60-day prepartum period improved their immediate physiological status as well as subsequent postpartum performance. In Experiment 1, 38 cows were divided into two pens that were not cooled, or where the cows were moved twice daily to be cooled by soaking until their body was completely wet. Prepartum respiration rate (RR) and rectal temperatures (RT) did not differ between groups, indicating that the cooling system was largely ineffective, which was consistent with differences that only numerically favored the treated group in postpartum productive (milk production, milk fat content and related response variables), and reproductive (services per conception and days open) performance. In Experiment 2, 52 Holstein cows were used over 3 years (n = 24 in year one; n = 12 in year two; n = 16 in year three) and cows were housed in pens either not cooled or cooled with water spray and fans. Cooled cows had lower RR and RT prepartum at 14:00 and 18:00 h vs. non-cooled cows, indicating that the cooling system was effective, and this was consistent with improved productive (milk production, milk fat content and related response variables), and reproductive (services per conception and days open) performance postpartum. In addition, there was a trend (P = 0.10) to higher birth weights of calves from cooled mothers (which was consistent with a numeric difference in Experiment 1). Use of effective cooling systems under hot and dry conditions during the dry period can improve postpartum productive and reproductive performance of Holstein cows.     

妊娠期饲粮纤维水平对深县母猪繁殖性能及血清生殖激素水平的影响

本试验旨在探讨妊娠期饲粮纤维水平对深县母猪繁殖性能和血清生殖激素水平的影响。选择头胎妊娠深县母猪30头,随机分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复2头猪。试验期从母猪妊娠开始到哺乳期结束。1组、2组、3组母猪在妊娠期分别饲喂粗纤维(中性洗涤纤维)水平分别为10%(31.58%)、12%(31.96%)和14%(32.65%)的饲粮,哺乳期各组母猪饲喂相同的饲粮。结果表明:1)2组和3组母猪的窝产仔数和窝产活仔数均极显著高于1组(P0.01)。2组母猪的死胎率显著低于1组(P0.05)。2组母猪的初生窝重、初生个体重、断奶窝重和断奶个体重均极显著高于1组和3组(P0.01)。3组母猪所产仔猪的断奶窝重极显著高于1组(P0.01),初生窝重和断奶个体重显著高于1组(P0.05)。2)饲粮纤维水平对母猪妊娠第85天时的血清雌二醇、孕酮和催乳素水平均无显著影响(P0.05),但2组和3组母猪妊娠第114天时的血清孕酮和催乳素水平均显著高于1组(P0.05),而血清雌二醇水平各组间差异不显著(P0.05)。综合各项指标得出,深县母猪妊娠期饲粮的粗纤维(中性洗涤纤维)水平为12%(31.96%)时其繁殖性能最佳。     

Bee pollen and propolis as dietary supplements for rabbit: Effect on reproductive performance of does and on immunological response of does and their offspring

To evaluate the effect of bee pollen (BP) and/or propolis (Pro) supplementation on rabbit does, 64 nulliparous NZW rabbits does were distributed among eight groups (eight animals/group). One unsupplemented group was the control; the other seven groups were supplemented, respectively, with zinc bacitracin (ZnB) at 100 mg, BP at 150 and 300 mg, Pro at 150 and 300 mg, BP+Pro at 150 and 300 mg of each three times/week, day after day continuously along eight parities. The BP300, Pro300 and BP+Pro150 groups had higher body weight of litter at birth and number of kids born alive. The BP supplementation at 150 mg increased plasma total protein and albumin than the control group. The BP or Pro at 150 mg decreased plasma T₃ than the other groups except for BP+Pro150. The ZnB group had significantly greater T₃/T₄ ratio compared to BP, Pro and BP+Pro at 150 mg. The BP+Pro150 group had less ALT than the control; BP300 and Pro 300 mg resulted in lower plasma AST than the groups Pro150 with or without BP and the control group. The plasma alkaline phosphatase of BP at 150 or 300 mg and BP+Pro150 was significantly greater than that of the Pro150 group. The BP+Pro300 group had higher WBCs than the other groups. In contrast, the lymphocytes were greater in the Pro and BP+Pro300 groups than in BP, Pro and BP+Pro at 150 mg. The groups supplemented with BP and BP+Pro at 150 and 300 mg had significantly greater SRBCs of doe rabbits and their offspring compared to the control and the ZnB group. The BP at 300 mg increased the serum albumin and α₁‐globulin than the control group. The Pro300 group had greater serum α₂‐globulin and β‐globulin than the control group. The total globulin was significantly greater for the 300 mg propolis‐supplemented groups than the control.     

Reproductive response of fat‐tailed Barbarine ewes subjected to short‐term nutritional treatments including spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus‐indica f. inermis) cladodes

Reproductive outputs in fat‐tailed Barbarine sheep in central Tunisia are often low because of feed shortage and the low nutritive value of diets. Supplementation with conventional concentrates is economically unsuitable in central Tunisia, so more cost‐effective and sustainable alternative feeding strategies need to be developed. We tested effects of short‐term nutritional treatments including cactus cladodes during the induction of ‘male effect’ on fertility and prolificacy parameters (follicular growth, ovulatory response and early embryo losses). One hundred and twenty ewes were distributed in 4 equal groups balanced for live weight grazed natural pastures and were supplemented for 21 days, starting day 10 after introduction of rams, with cactus cladodes (CA), cactus cladodes and soybean meal (CAS), concentrate (CC) or only soybean meal (S). Nutritional treatment did not affect live weight in this experiment. Ewes receiving cactus had higher number of large pre‐ovulatory follicles (≥6 mm; 1.08 ± 0.05), between days 14 and 19 after introduction of rams, than females in the CC and S ewes (0.64 ± 0.06; p < 0.05). However, there were no differences in the onset of oestrous behaviour in response to ‘male effect’ or in the number of corpora lutea. Average ovulation rates were 1.42 ± 0.16 for CC, 1.47 ± 0.13 for CAS, 1.31 ± 0.15 for CA and 1.31 ± 0.13 for S groups respectively. Finally, reproductive wastages at day 35 after mating were not different between groups being 0.33 ± 0.19 for CC, 0.60 ± 0.17 for CAS, 0.43 ± 0.16 for CA and 0.31 ± 0.15 for S groups respectively. It is concluded that Barbarine ewes fed nutritional treatments including cactus performed similarly to those receiving diets including conventional concentrate feeds.     

羟甲基丁酸钙盐对妊娠后期-哺乳期母猪繁殖性能、乳成分及仔猪生长性能的影响

文章旨在评估日粮中添加羟甲基丁酸钙盐对妊娠后期到哺乳期母猪繁殖性能、乳成分及仔猪生长性能的影响.试验选择32头胎次接近的二元母猪,随机分为2组,每组4个重复,每个重复4头猪.对照组母猪在妊娠后期和哺乳期饲喂基础日粮,处理组母猪在妊娠和哺乳期饲喂基础日粮+8?mg/kg羟甲基丁酸钙,试验从分娩前6?d到仔猪21?d断奶....     

Reproductive performance of postpartum ewes treated with insulin or progesterone hormones in association with ram effect

The reproductive performance of postpartum Santa Inês (SI) and Morada Nova (MN) ewes treated with insulin or progesterone hormones in association with ram effect was evaluated. Ewes from SI (n = 69) and MN (n = 69) breeds were randomly allocated to three groups of each breed (T1—ram effect only; T2—ram effect + insulin; T3—ram effect + progesterone). Progesterone concentrations (ηg/ml; mean ± SD) before and after introduction of rams (n = 6) were 0.51 ± 0.22 and 3.78 ± 0.68 (T1), 0.65 ± 0.21 and 3.77 ± 0.78 (T2) and 0.52 ± 0.21 and 3.84 ± 0.84 (T3) in SI ewes and 0.74 ± 0.19 and 3.71 ± 0.56 (T1), 0.70 ± 0.21 and 3.79 ± 0.75 (T2) and 0.81 ± 0.14 and 3.87 ± 0.80 (T3) in MN ewes, respectively. Thus, lower progesterone concentrations were found before the introduction of rams (p < .05). After the introduction of rams, preovulatory peaks of LH (ηg/ml) occurred at 28 (T1), 44 (T2) and 48 (T3) hr in SI ewes and at 64 (T1), 40 (T2) and 44 (T3) hr in MN ewes. The mean number of ovulations was similar between groups (p > .05), was 1.3 ± 0.51 (T1), 1.5 ± 0.54 (T2) and 1.6 ± 0.51 (T3) in SI ewes and 1.3 ± 0.51 (T1), 1.6 ± 0.51 (T2) and 1.6 ± 0.51 (T3) in MN ewes. In conclusion, the ram effect alone is effective at inducing and synchronizing oestrus in sheep under postpartum anoestrus, irrespective of hormone treatments.     

Fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat from Nellore steers fed dry or high moisture corn and calcium salts of fatty acids

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the fatty acid composition of the Longissimus muscle from carcasses of Nellore steers fed diets with calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) and high moisture corn. Forty eight steers were fed during 70 days four diets containing dry corn (DC), high moisture corn (HM), dry corn plus CSFA (DC-CSFA) or high moisture corn plus CSFA (HM-CSFA). Fatty acid composition of the Longissimus muscle was determined by gas chromatography. Corn type had no effect on the ether extract percentage and in the content of the majority of the fatty acids, although steers fed HMC showed higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated/saturated ratio. Feeding CSFA increased ether extract percentage but had no effect on total of saturated, unsaturated and saturated: unsaturated ratio. Both high moisture corn and calcium salts of fatty acids increased CLA (cis9, trans11) and total CLA concentrations in intramuscular fat.     

杜蒙杂交母羊的繁殖规律研究

旨在研究杜蒙杂交母羊的繁殖规律。对内蒙古自治区乌兰察布市四子王旗范围内养殖的杜蒙杂交母羊（n=668）的首次发情时间、妊娠期、产羔率、产双羔率等指标数据进行整理;采用公羊试情方法,观察并记录杜蒙杂交母羊（n=302）的发情周期和发情持续时间。对上述指标数据进行分析,探究该地区杜蒙杂交母羊的繁殖规律。结果表明：杜蒙杂交母羊平均首次发情时间为8.5月龄（最早7.0月龄、最晚10.7月龄）,平均发情周期为16.0 d（最短13.5 d、最长18.5 d）,平均发情持续时间为24.0 h（最短20.0 h、最长27.5 h）,平均妊娠期为146.0 d（最短143.0 d、最长149.0 d）,产羔率为119.7%,产双羔率为19.7%。研究结果为掌握杜蒙杂交母羊自然发情规律,以及准确把握最佳配种时间提供了依据。     

Effects of different fat sources (saturated and unsaturated) on reproductive performance and biological indices of ewes during flushing period

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding different sources of fat during flushing period on the reproductive performance, lambing percent, and twin numbers of Afshari ewes. A total of 84 ewes (mean weight 48 ± 3 kg; age: 3–4 years) were divided into seven groups of 12 animals and received flushing-specific rations for 5 weeks. The control group just received a basic ration (non-flushing). Lipid sources were calcium salt of palm oil (CaP), pure palm oil (PO), calcium salt of flaxseed (CaFL), calcium salt of sunflower oil (CaSF), flaxseed oil (FLO), and sunflower oil (SFO). Estrous cycles were synchronized in all ewes using 14-day CIDRs followed by 400-IU PMSG injection at the time of CIDR removal. Fertility and lambing percent were higher in ewes fed with diets containing calcium salts of flaxseed and SFO, as compared to other treatments. Total number of lambs in flushing treatments was significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.01). Serum cholesterol and progesterone levels were significantly greater in omega-3 (CaFL) and omega-6 (CaSF) treatments relative to other treatments (p < 0.01). It was concluded that supplementing the flushing diet with calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) increased blood metabolites and hormones related to reproductive performance; and improved fertility, lambing rate and ewes of CaFL treatment have the highest number of lambs (16 lambs) between different groups. Using saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, especially in their CSFA forms during flushing period, could improve the reproduction problems induced by progesterone deficiency, lack of durability of the fetus due to hormonal instability, and abortion control factors.