K2CO3对饲草干燥效果的初步研究

为寻求一种快速，低成本的饲草干燥新方法，研究了Ｋ２ＣＯ３对红苔藤饲草的脱水效果和对干草品质的影响。结果表明：Ｋ２ＣＯ３处理明显地缩短了干燥时间，可使饲草含水量达１８％的时间缩短６－４４ｈ，Ｋ２ＣＯ３浓度越高饲草脱水越快，压扁十Ｋ２ＣＯ３处理比单独压扁或Ｋ２ＣＯ３处理的饲草干燥的速度快。     

鹅肉嫩化技术的研究进展

为了提高鹅肉的食用价值,进一步研究鹅肉嫩化技术,比较各种方法的优缺点,本文从鹅肉理化性质、影响鹅肉嫩度的因素、鹅肉的嫩化方法等方面说明了鹅肉的不同处理方法与其嫩度之间的关系,分析了一些常用嫩化方法的优点及存在的问题,为鹅肉的加工提供了技术支持.     

高活性复合酶液嫩化风鹅肉效果研究

采用木瓜蛋白酶、弹性蛋白酶、CaCl23种成分组成的复合酶液对鹅肉进行嫩化处理,测定处理前后鹅肉的肌肉剪切力、可溶性蛋白含量及肌原纤维小片化指数。正交试验结果表明,木瓜蛋白酶、弹性蛋白酶、CaCl2和嫩化时间,对鹅肉均有嫩化作用,其中以木瓜蛋白酶的嫩化作用最大。由极差分析得到复合酶液在风鹅加工中的最佳工艺参数为:木瓜蛋白酶浓度0.01%,弹性蛋白酶浓度0.005%,CaCl2溶液浓度0.15%,嫩化时间为18h。     

添加铬对肥育绵羊生产性能及屠宰性能影响的研究

选用１６只１７．５ｋｇ左右、５月龄左右的本地公绵羊肥育６０天,添加吡啶羧酸铬（ＣｒＰｉｃ）、ＣｒＣｌ３．６Ｈ２Ｏ＋烟酸和ＣｒＣｌ３．６Ｈ２Ｏ研究对肥育绵羊生产性能及屠宰性能的影响。结果表明：日粮添加ＣｒＰｉｃ、ＣｒＣｌ３．６Ｈ２Ｏ＋烟酸和ＣｒＣｌ３．６Ｈ２Ｏ对绵羊干物质采食量无显著影响,而日增重和饲料利用率ＣｒＰｉｃ、ＣｒＣｌ３．６Ｈ２Ｏ＋烟酸组有显著影响、ＣｒＣｌ３．６Ｈ２Ｏ却无显著影响;添加Ｃ     

碳酸钠胁迫对星星草种子萌发的影响

星星草种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、幼苗生长势与所胁迫的Ｎａ２ＣＯ３浓度负相关极其显著。影响星星草种子累积发芽率的Ｎａ２ＣＯ３浓度的适宜值，临界值和极限值分别为０．８２％、１．３０％、２．１６％，清水复萌实验表明，经较高浓度Ｎａ２ＣＯ３处理的种子仍具有较高的发芽潜能。表明星星草种子具有较强的抗盐碱性。     

盐分对星星草种子萌发的胁迫作用

用模拟松嫩碱化草地土壤盐分组成配制的混合盐和Ｎａ２ＣＯ３，ＮａＨＣＯ３，ＮａＣｌ胁迫星星草种子萌发的胁迫作用是混合盐＞ＮａＣｌ＞Ｎａ２ＣＯ３＞ＮａＨＣＯ３。星星草种子萌发对Ｎａ２ＣＯ３和胁迫的反相似，对混合盐协迫的反应不同于它们而与ＮａＣｌ相近。     

过氧乙酸的制备及临床应用

过氧乙酸为强氧化剂，杀菌作用快而强。对细菌、病毒、霉菌和芽胞均有效，杀菌谱广。现将其制法、浓度测定及临床应用简述如下。１配制原理以硫酸为溶媒，过氧化氢与冰醋酸反应生成过氧乙酸，反应式如下：ＣＨ３ＣＯＯＨ＋Ｈ２Ｏ２Ｈ２ＳＯ４→ＣＨ３ＣＯＯＯＨ＋Ｈ２Ｏ２...     

饲养业与温室效应

集约饲养业出现了从一开始就应重视的环境污染。大量氨（ＮＨ３），甲烷（ＣＨ４）和氧化亚氮（Ｎ２Ｏ）的排放会影响全球气候和区域性土壤质量。ＣＨ４和Ｎ２Ｏ是农业活动中大量释放出的有效温室气体。由于土壤中的生物学和化学过程，氨会增加Ｎ２Ｏ的排放，使土壤酸化并影响敏感的自然生态系统中的植被。气候条件的改变可能严重影响到发展中国家的农业，在农业实践中应当重视如何对动物粪便加以处理，以减少ＮＨ３、ＣＨ３、Ｎ２Ｏ     

交联淀粉

为了获得高凝胶强度的改性淀粉，通常采用交联处理方法。由于淀粉葡萄糖单位上的Ｃ２和Ｃ３上的ＯＨ游离状态，并且Ｃ２上的ＯＨ基团比Ｃ３上的ＯＨ基团更活泼，因此，使得淀粉分子上的Ｃ２上的羟基与多官能团的试剂起反应，生成新的化学键，将不同淀粉分子交叉联结起来。...     

肉嫩化方法及机理简述

嫩度是肉的主要食用品质之一 ,它是消费者评判肉质优劣的最常用指标 ,是主导肉质的决定因素和重要的感官特征 ,肉的嫩度是一种综合感觉 ,是肌原纤维蛋白和结缔组织蛋白 (胶原 )物理及生化状态的反映。人们为了提高肉的嫩度采用了许多方法 ,笔者就肉的嫩化方法及机理做以下简述。1　物理嫩化法1 1　机械嫩化法在肉类加工中 ,采用肉类嫩化器和滚揉工艺 ,是常用的嫩化方法。嫩化器是通过机械上许多锋利的刀板或者尖针压迫肉体 ,由于机械力的作用 ,肌纤维细胞和肌间结缔组织被切断、打碎 ,肉的正常结构被破坏 ,改变了肌肉组织的性能 ,增大肉的表…     

TMR日粮加工调制技术研究

TMR日粮的加工调制是提高生产效率的重要环节,本试验目的就是研究开发TMR日粮的加工调制技术规范。试验结果表明,粗饲料加工到3～4cm的长度,瘤胃pH值能够保持6.3以上的正常水平;产奶量达到153kg（〈0.01）;奶牛消化代谢紊乱现象解除,食欲大增,饲料进食量达到133.1kg;料奶比0.87：1。全面考虑上述试验...     

Effect of roll clearance of mechanical processing of corn silage harvested at the black‐line stage of maturity on carbohydrate and protein utilization in dairy cows

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of roll clearance of mechanical processing of whole plant corn silage (CS) on carbohydrate and protein utilization in dairy cows. Treated CS was harvested at the black‐line stage of maturity and chopped at a theoretical length of cut (TLC) of 9.5 mm without processing or at a TLC of 19 mm with processing at a roll clearance of 1, 3 and 5 mm. Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated dry cows were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design for 14‐day periods. Cows were fed diets containing 77% CS and 23% soybean meal (dry matter basis) to equalize the crude protein supply. Mechanical processing had no significant effect on dry matter intake and neutral detergent fiber digestibility. Ruminal and total tract starch digestibility and total digestible nutrients tended to be higher with processing at a roll clearance of 1 or 3 mm than at 5 mm. Microbial nitrogen efficiency in cows did not differ among all treatment groups. These results suggest that when CS is harvested at the black‐line stage of maturity, roll clearance should be 3 mm or less with a TLC of 19 mm.     

Effects of length of cut and mechanical processing on utilization of corn silage harvested at the black line stage of maturity by lactating dairy cows

The effects of length of cut and mechanical processing on corn silage utilization by dairy cows were evaluated. Corn silage treatments were harvested at the black line stage of maturity and chopped at a theoretical length (TLC) of 9.5 mm without processing (Control) or at a TLC of 19 mm with processing at roller clearances of 1, 3, or 5 mm. Eight multiparous Holstein cows were assigned in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21‐day periods. Corn silage treatments were fed in diets containing 78.3% corn silage and 21.7% soybean meal (DM basis). Treatments had no significant effects on DMI, milk and 4% FCM production. The efficiency of converting DMI to FCM tended to be greater with processing at a roller clearance of 1 and 3 mm than at other clearances. Apparent total tract digestibility of starch tended to be lowest for cows fed control silage, and increased as roller clearance decreased. Ruminal ammonia concentrations in cows fed control silage were numerically higher than in cows fed proccesed silages. These results suggest that when corn silage is harvested at the black line of maturity, roller clearance should be 3 mm or less with a TLC of 19 mm.     

饲料加工过程中水分变化及其控制

饲料经原料接收进料、输送、吸风、粉碎、配料、混合、调质(均质)、制粒冷却、膨化干燥、包装和储存等工序会使饲料中的水分损耗(亦称减湿、解湿)或增加(亦称增湿、吸湿),少则0.1%,多则1.0%,总损耗可达1.5%～2%。水分过多的损耗不仅影响饲料的适口性,而且严重影响饲料加工企业的经济效益。一个年产20万吨饲料加工厂,年因水分损失可造成的经济损失达300～400万元。本文对饲料在加工过程水分损失或增湿的机理及主要水分损失或增湿的影响因素进行了分析。并对如何使饲料在加工过程中减少水分损失和如何使饲料安全增湿,提出了看法和建议,指出饲料加工厂的工艺设计及饲料加工厂管理应是精细化的,这样才能获得较好的经济效益并在激烈的市场竞争中处于有利地位。     

Effect of grain processing degree on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation, and performance characteristics of steers fed medium-concentrate growing diets

Three trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of degree of barley and corn processing on performance and digestion characteristics of steers fed growing diets. Trial 1 used 14 (328 +/- 43 kg initial BW) Holstein steers fitted with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas in a completely randomized design to evaluate intake, site of digestion, and ruminal fermentation. Treatments consisted of coarsely rolled barley (2,770 microm), moderately rolled barley (2,127 microm), and finely rolled barley (1,385 microm). Trial 2 used 141 crossbred beef steers (319 +/- 5.5 kg initial BW; 441 +/- 5.5 kg final BW) fed for 84 d in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement to evaluate the effects of grain source (barley or corn) and extent of processing (coarse or fine) on steer performance. Trial 3 investigated four degrees of grain processing in barley-based growing diets and used 143 crossbred steers (277 +/- 19 kg initial BW; 396 +/- 19 kg final BW) fed for 93 d. Treatments were coarsely, moderately, and finely rolled barley and a mixture of coarsely and finely rolled barley to approximate moderately rolled barley. In Trial 1, total tract digestibilities of OM, CP, NDF, and ADF were not affected (P > or = 0.10) by barley processing; however, total tract starch digestibility increased linearly (P < 0.05), and fecal starch output decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with finer barley processing. In situ DM, CP, starch disappearance rate, starch soluble fraction, and extent of starch digestion increased linearly (P < 0.05) with finer processing. In Trial 2, final BW and ADG were not affected by degree of processing or type of grain (P > or = 0.13). Steers fed corn had greater DMI (P = 0.05) than those fed barley. In Trial 3, DMI decreased linearly with finer degree of processing (P = 0.003). Gain efficiency, apparent dietary NEm, and apparent dietary NEg increased (P < 0.001) with increased degree of processing. Finer processing of barley improved characteristics of starch digestion and feed efficiency, but finer processing of corn did not improve animal performance in medium-concentrate, growing diets.     

Effects of time of collection and sample processing on von Willebrand factor concentration in retired racing greyhounds

Background: Concentrations of von Willebrand factor (vWF) are less than 30% in approximately 10% of Greyhounds. Hypothesis: That sample collection, processing, and storage can affect the concentration of vWF in plasma of Greyhounds. Animals: Nineteen healthy former racing Greyhounds. Methods: Prospective study: Blood samples were obtained from the jugular vein of dogs at 4 times during the day. Samples were divided and processed in each of 3 ways. The 1st tube was centrifuged immediately, the 2nd tube was kept in a household refrigerator, and the 3rd tube was kept at room temperature for 3 hours before centrifugation and processing. Results: There were no significant differences in the vWF concentration between different sample storage and processing (P=5.31). There was no statistically significant diurnal variation in vWF concentration in the samples evaluated (P=.37). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Time of sample collection and short‐term storage temperature do not influence the vWF concentration in retired racing Greyhounds.     

Carcase downgrading of broiler chickens

1. Data were collected (1981‐82) from four commercial processing plants in different states of Australia. Total downgrading was classified into damage occurring on the farm, bruising and processing plant damage.

2. The average proportion of birds downgraded each day (TDG) for the four plants varied from 9·6 to 15·7% of production and the largest component was the proportion bruised (3·5 to 8·0% of daily production).

3. The distribution of bruises was similar for the four plants, with breast and leg bruises predominating.

4. There was no correlation between the processing plant line speed and the TDG.

5. No correlation was found between the Performance Indication Factor, a measure of efficiency of food utilisation, and the TDG.

6. Records were available for 77 flocks processed over two consecutive working days. Correlation was low (r = 045) between the TDG for the first and the second day's processing suggesting that farm practices were unlikely to affect the incidence of bruising.

     

豆秸加工方式和用量对辽宁绒山羊日粮营养物质消化代谢的影响

试验选用24只2.5岁,体况良好,体重相近(36.02±1.62)kg的辽宁绒山羊公羊,采用2×3因子设计,研究了豆秸加工方式(揉搓5~7 cm,揉搓1~3 cm)和添加量(豆秸占粗饲料比例为30%、50%、70%)对辽宁绒山羊日粮营养物质消化和氮代谢的影响。结果表明:随着豆秸添加量的增加,粗饲料干物质采食量(P<0.05),NDF摄入量显著降低(P<0.01),NDF消化率(P<0.01),食入氮(P<0.01),可消化氮(P<0.01)和沉积氮显著降低(P<0.01);揉碎豆秸组氮表观消化率、氮的总利用率显著高于揉切豆秸组(P<0.05),不同加工方式的可消化氮、氮沉积和NDF消化率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。加工方式和豆秸添加量对食入氮、可消化氮的互作效应显著(P<0.01),表现为30%揉碎豆秸组的食入氮和可消化氮低于50%揉碎豆秸组。豆秸添加量的增加,降低了粗饲料干物质采食量、纤维消化率、氮沉积;揉搓粒度1~3 cm提高了氮表观消化率和氮的总利用率,但倾向于降低食入氮,对可消化氮、沉积氮和纤维物质消化率无显著影响。     

大豆加工废弃物对徐淮白山羊生产和繁殖性能的影响

本研究开展2个试验,旨在评估用大豆加工废弃物饲喂徐淮白山云对其生产和繁殖性能的影响.试验1选择平均初始体重为(12.39±0.16)kg的徐淮白山羊36头,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复3头,每天分别提供的大豆加工废弃物量为体重的0.4％、0.8％和1.6％,试验为期19周.试验2选择妊娠1?d、平均体重为(19...     

新型复合酸羊乳饮品配方及工艺研究

为确定新型复合酸羊乳饮品的加工工艺、方法及最佳配方。研究选用枸杞、核桃、杏仁、花生和羊奶为原料,采用正交试验研究了新型复合酸羊乳饮品各原料的加工工艺、最佳配方比例、及饮品的稳定性。结果表明:采用枸杞浸提液中枸杞和水的比例为1:8,80℃浸提3次,每次30 min,磨浆后八层纱布过滤;核桃汁中核桃与水的比例是1:2.5,磨浆,八层纱布过滤,胶体磨均质;花生汁、杏仁汁中花生,杏仁和水的比例分别为1:2和1:4,磨浆,八层纱布过滤,胶体磨均质。同时参照酸牛奶的加工工艺,发酵期延长2 h制作酸羊奶。得出新型复合酸羊乳最佳配方为:酸羊奶35%,核桃乳9%,枸杞汁3.5%,杏仁乳3%,花生乳10%,白砂糖5%,纯净水34%,稳定剂CMCNa:0.5%。