Growth and mortality of cultured bay scallops in the Damariscotta River, Maine (USA)

Growth and mortality of hatchery-reared bay scallops, Argopecten irradians, were determined over an 18 month period (July 1994-December 1995) at two locations in the Damariscotta River, Maine, north of its natural distribution. Growth occurred primarily between May and October when mean water temperature exceeded 10 °C. Final mean shell height (56.3 mm) was significantly greater (p 0.0005) at the upriver site than at the downriver site in association with a higher mean water temperature. Cumulative mortality (43-49%) over this period occurred primarily over the winter months, in conjunction with mean water temperatures below 5 °C. Although it is possible to rear bay scallops to commercial size in Maine, the short growing season, high winter mortality, and costs associated with over-wintering and fouling will likely deter commercial culture.     

Age, size distribution and growth of native and cultured Japanese scallops in Possjet Bay, Sea of Japan, Russia

Stock size, distribution, size and age composition, and growth of Japanese scallops,Mizuhopecten yessoensis, were studied at eight sites in Possjet Bay, Sea of Japan, Russia. At seven sites, most of the scallops were cultured animals (seeded as one-year-olds in 1986–1989). At the eighth site, only native (i.e. naturally settled) scallops were present. Cultured scallops had an irregular strip-like distribution at all locations. Maximum growth of scallops occurred in the northwestern part of Reid Pallada Bight. Only at Temp Bight did both native and the majority of cultured scallops attain the harvest size of 100 mm shell height at age 3 years. At all other sites in Possjet Bay, cultured scallops reached harvest size at an age of 4 years.     

Effect of the density on the growth and survival of the Caribbean scallops Argopecten nucleus and Nodipecten nodosus in suspended culture

Juveniles of the Caribbean scallops Argopecten nucleus and Nodipecten nodosus were suspended in pearl nets at densities of 25%, 30% and 50% coverage of the bottom of the net (BC) during days. Additionally, adults of A. nucleus (>35 mm) were placed in lantern nets at densities of 40%, 50% and 65% BC during days. Stocking density affected the growth of animals, with higher growth rates obtained at the lower densities. Although the survival of the two scallops was not influenced at the densities studied, the 15-day net changes, and culture in water of <28 °C produced better survival of A. nucleus and N. nodosus respectively. Predators of the families Cymatiidae, Grapsidae, Portunidae, Majidae and Xanthidae were found in the culture nets of juvenile A. nucleus , but during the adult phase they were absent. Predators exhibited a dense-independent behaviour in relation to scallops. There was not any association between predator frequency and survival of A. nucleus .     

Feeding habits of Baird's beaked whale Berardius bairdii, in the western North Pacific and Sea of Okhotsk off Japan

ABSTRACT:   We examined the stomach contents of 26 Baird's beaked whales caught off the coast of Japan by small-type coastal whalers. The main prey for these whales was rat-tails and hakes in the western North Pacific. Pollock and squids were also important food in the whales collected from the southern Sea of Okhotsk. The prey species found in the stomachs of the whales were almost identical to those caught in bottom-trawl nets at depths greater than about 1000 m in the western North Pacific, which suggests that the Baird's beaked whale forages for prey at depths of about 1000 m or more. Baird's beaked whales in the western North Pacific migrate to waters of 1000–3000 m in depth, where demersal fish are abundant. This implies that Baird's beaked whales migrate to waters where demersal fish, especially rat-tails and hakes, are abundant. Although there is limited information on the feeding habits of ziphiid whales, they are generally thought to prefer squid. The present data suggest that demersal fish are also important prey for ziphiid whales.     

’95溢洪对大伙房水库鲢、鳙渔业造成损失的估测

根据１９９０、１９９８年鲢、鳙渔获物的年龄组成,相关成份的放养尾数及１９９５年后的历年捕获量,结合可捕群体、补充群体等假设条件,利用修正的“恒定参数系统法”拟合分析了１９９５年溢洪后大伙房水库鲢、鳙的残存率、死亡系数、回捕率,探讨了′９５溢洪对该水库鲢、鳙渔业的影响,并根据理论捕获量推算出溢洪造成的损失分别为鲢２５０～３５０ｔ,鳙２３７～４３６ｔ。     

黄、东海冬季底层鱼类群落结构及多样性变化

根据1991年和2000年冬季在黄海中南部和东海中北部海域进行的底拖网调查资料，对黄、东海底层鱼类群落的资源状况、重要种类的生态优势度与结构、多样性及其空间分布格局等方面的动态变化进行了分析。结果表明，生物量指数明显下降，个体小型化使生物资源密度显著上升；重要种类成分发生演替，优势度有较大变化；物种丰富度指数(D)下降极其显著，Shannon—Wiener多样度指数(H′)也有所下降，但不显著。     

东海中、北部及黄海南部海域底层渔业生物多样性时空分布特征

为研究和认识渔业生物群落结构和海洋生态系统在时间和空间上的变化特征和规律,实验依据2000年4个季度大面积定点底拖网的调查数据,利用海洋生态学研究常用的多样性指数,采用聚类的分析方法和空间投射的图示方法,对东海中、北部及黄海南部海域底层渔业生物多样性季节间的分布变化特征和规律进行了归纳,探讨了生物数量和重量季节变化不统一的可能原因,并分析了多样性与生物重量和数量之间的联系。结果显示,各季站点均可分成多样性水平高、中、低3个类群,各类群呈点、线和块状分布,且呈现中心、夹层和外层分别由高、中、低多样性类群构成的"三明治"结构或组合。各季"三明治"结构分布可能与渔业资源的生理周期洄游活动相关,结构中心水域可能对应多数渔业生物洄游活动主要范围。各季均出现高、低多样性类群直接相联、多样性呈现空间上跳跃性变化的水域,这些水域的资源生物量普遍相对较低,但一般都是毗邻生物量相对较高水域,其分布范围与毗邻相对高生物量水域的绝对生物量水平呈负向关系。春、冬季各类群对应生物平均重量和数量等级一致,而夏、秋季则不一致,这可能与各季渔业生物产卵、生长、补充等不同生命周期过程相关。不管重量还是尾数,多样性指数随生物量增加而下降的情形均多于增加的情形;多样性指数随生物尾数增加的正向关系明显高于与生物重量之间的正向关系。     

秋季东海北部和黄海南部沙海蜇资源分布及其与底层温盐度的关系

根据2006～2009年秋季在东海北部和黄海南部对沙海蜇(Nemopilema nomurai)和温盐度的同步监测数据,对秋季沙海蜇的资源分布特点及其和底层温盐度的关系进行了研究。结果表明:秋季东海北部和黄海南部沙海蜇的高生物分布区主要集中在以下3个海域:(1)南黄海西侧浅水海域;(2)南黄海中央深水区(32°30'N～34°00'N、123°00'E～124°30'E);(3)大沙和长江口外海水域。前2个高生物量分布区某些年份会连成一片,第二个高生物量区基本上每年都会出现,第三个高生物量区某些年份可能不会出现。结合底层温盐度的分布特征,可以看出:沙海蜇高生物量区主要出现在黄海冷水团的前缘或冷暖水团的交汇处,且在冷暖水团的交汇处,更易形成高生物量聚集。而在暖水团控制的海域内,其生物量较低,在垂直分布上,沙海蜇可能主要活动区域在30 m以深的水温相对较低(低于15℃)且变化幅度较小、盐度处于中盐水平(32.0～33.5)的水体内。     

水混流急海域开发海带养殖技术研究

为开发山东半岛南部浅海养殖，在苏山岛海域采用“顺流筏架、大筏距、多浮力、浅水层”等技术，大面积养殖海带成功，１９９２年试养２００亩，平均每亩效益１５８３元；１９９３年试养４５０亩，平均每亩效益１６３８元，皆高于荣成桑沟湾海区海带养殖效益。     

Bottom-up forcing and the decline of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Alaska: assessing the ocean climate hypothesis

Declines of Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) populations in the Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska could be a consequence of physical oceanographic changes associated with the 1976–77 climate regime shift. Changes in ocean climate are hypothesized to have affected the quantity, quality, and accessibility of prey, which in turn may have affected the rates of birth and death of sea lions. Recent studies of the spatial and temporal variations in the ocean climate system of the North Pacific support this hypothesis. Ocean climate changes appear to have created adaptive opportunities for various species that are preyed upon by Steller sea lions at mid‐trophic levels. The east–west asymmetry of the oceanic response to climate forcing after 1976–77 is consistent with both the temporal aspect (populations decreased after the late 1970s) and the spatial aspect of the decline (western, but not eastern, sea lion populations decreased). These broad‐scale climate variations appear to be modulated by regionally sensitive biogeographic structures along the Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska, which include a transition point from coastal to open‐ocean conditions at Samalga Pass westward along the Aleutian Islands. These transition points delineate distinct clusterings of different combinations of prey species, which are in turn correlated with differential population sizes and trajectories of Steller sea lions. Archaeological records spanning 4000 yr further indicate that sea lion populations have experienced major shifts in abundance in the past. Shifts in ocean climate are the most parsimonious underlying explanation for the broad suite of ecosystem changes that have been observed in the North Pacific Ocean in recent decades.     

东海区刺鲳资源密度不同估算方法的差异比较

海洋生物的分布具有不均匀性,从而造成底拖网调查数据显著偏斜。对于该类型调查数据,国外学者提出了统计模型法加以处理;而在中国,通常采用调查设计法加以处理。本研究利用2005年东海区渔业资源底拖网调查资料,分析了刺鲳的资源密度空间分布特征,引用Δ-分布模型法估算了刺鲳的平均资源密度,并与调查设计法估算结果进行比较分析。结果表明,东海区刺鲳各季节的资源密度空间分布具有明显的右偏性,非零值资源密度的自然对数转换服从正态分布;利用Δ-分布模型法估算的春、夏、秋、冬季的平均资源密度均高于调查设计法的估算,依次高出30.8%、33.3%、67.7%、14.0%;通过本研究发现,调查设计法估算的资源密度均值偏低,且调查数据不服从正态分布,而使用Δ-分布模型法转换后服从正态分布,符合估算资源密度均值和置信区间的条件,可作为我国今后渔业资源调查数据标准化的模型。     

基于对数正态分布理论上的小黄鱼三种资源密度估算方法比较

海洋生物的空间分布通常是不均匀的,表现为资源密度的频数分布是偏斜的,这给资源密度的估算带来一定的难度。本文基于Δ-分布模型法,结合2008年夏季、秋季和冬季东海区渔业资源底拖网大面调查中小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)的渔获资料,发现三个季节小黄鱼的资源密度依次服从均值为5 068.74 g/h、73 811.34 g/h、4 282.19 g/h,标准误为2 703.61、33 522.19、1 632.95的对数正态分布。根据不同季节小黄鱼的资源密度分布特征做Monte Carlo模拟试验,利用Matlab软件随机生成12个不同的样本尺度下各1 000组资源密度值,分别计算不同样本尺度下的算术平均值、Finney-Sichel均值和几何均值,通过均方根误差(RMSE)和偏倚(BIAS)两个指标,比较三个不同的估计值与Δ-分布均值间的离散程度后发现,几何均值估算总体时的精度和准度相对较高,且随着样本尺度的增加,几何均值表现的更加稳健。特别地,几何均值受极端值影响较小。因而建议用几何均值来估算总体,来降低资源评估的误差。     

东海区方形目与菱形目拖网网囊对小黄鱼的选择性研究

采用套网法对双船底拖网不同网目尺寸(40、50、60、65 mm)的方形目和菱形目网囊捕捞东海区小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)进行选择性实验,对不同网囊网目结构、不同网囊网目尺寸的选择性数据进行了比较分析。结果表明:(1)网囊网目尺寸小于50 mm,小黄鱼的逃逸率极低,网目结构选择性差异不明显。大于50 mm时,方形目网囊逃逸率均略高于菱形目结构,但方形目与菱形目逃逸率差异并不显著(P0.05)。(2)网目尺寸为50 mm、60 mm和65 mm时,方形目网囊的50%选择体长(L_(0.5))分别比菱形目网囊的L_(0.5)大28.5%、16.8%和7.3%,方形目网囊对于小黄鱼具有较好的选择性。(3)根据小黄鱼的50%选择体长(L_(0.5)),结合现行可捕体长标准以及不同阶段渔获物体型特征,建议菱形网目尺寸为60 mm或者方形网目尺寸为55 mm,二者具有相同的选择性和渔获率。     

低盐环境对3种规格刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)幼参生长与消化酶活力的影响

为探明低盐环境中刺参幼参各生长阶段的消化酶活力变化,采用实验生态学方法,测定了低盐(16、18、20、22、24)环境中3种规格,体质量分别为(28.37±3.21) g、(7.52±1.25) g、(2.03±0.68) g 的刺参幼参生长和肠道蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力。结果显示,3种规格刺参特定生长率变化趋势一致,随盐度升高而升高。盐度16时,特定生长率最低,与对照组差异显著(P<0.05),刺参身体不能正常自然伸展,多数个体匍匐在水槽底部,几乎不摄食;盐度31时,特定生长率最高。在盐度16?24范围内,刺参消化道内蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶活性变化趋势一致,随盐度的升高而升高;盐度24时,蛋白酶活性均达到最高水平,与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),小规格刺参肠道蛋白酶活性在盐度20、22时无显著差异(P>0.05);盐度20、22、24实验组淀粉酶活性无显著差异(P>0.05),中规格刺参淀粉酶活性在盐度22升至24时出现显著增高(P<0.05);大规格刺参肠道脂肪酶活性在盐度20升至22时出现显著增高(P<0.05),小规格刺参在盐度升至24时脂肪酶活性出现显著增高(P<0.05);当盐度高于24时 3种消化酶活性随盐度升高而降低。     

The role of nutritional factors in the prevention of peroxidative damage to tissues

The multi-level defence system present in vertebrate cells to protect against chain reactions initiated by free radicals (mainly toxic metabolites of oxygen) is outlined. It comprises superoxide dismutases (Cu-Zn and Mn dependent), glutathione peroxidase (Se dependent), vitamin E and glutathione S-transferase.The protective role of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was demonstrated by studies on trout (Salmo gairdneri) retina (Desrochers and Hoffert 1983). This tissue is subject to very high O₂ tensions but has a high resistance to O₂ toxicity that is dependent on a high dismutating capacity. The activities of both the cytosolic Cu-Zn SOD and the mitochondrial Mn SOD in the liver of rainbow trout were significantly altered in response to changes in dietary intake of these minerals.Deficiency of Se did not affect the growth rate of rainbow trout but led to greatly reduced activities of hepatic and plasma glutathione (GSH) peroxidase. There was no evidence of a Se-independent GSH peroxidase activity. In rainbow trout depleted of Se there was a compensatory increase in hepatic GSH S-transferase activity. This enzyme in conjunction with GSH has been shown to inhibit lipid peroxidation in the Festimulated microsomal systemin vitro. A dietary synergism between vitamin E and Se in rainbow trout has been demonstrated.The vitamin E requirement of rainbow trout is related to the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of the diet. The molar ratio PUFA: vitamin E in rainbow trout tissues is lower than that in rats. Time course studies on the uptake of orally administered vitamin E showed rapid incorporation into biomembranes; few differences between normal and vitamin E deficient fish were evident. The ester form of vitamin E was more slowly assimilated than the alcohol.     

Interannual variability of the ecosystem of the Kii Channel, the Inland Sea of Japan, as influenced by bottom intrusion of cold and nutrient-rich water from the Pacific Ocean, and a recent trend of warming and oligotrophication

Interannual variability of the ecosystem of the Kii Channel, productive shelf water on the Pacific side of south‐western Japan, was analysed based on physicochemical environmental variables and abundance of major zooplankton taxa collected monthly for 12 yr from 1987 to 1999. The Kii Channel experienced both short‐term (i.e. 3–4 yr) cyclical changes and a long‐term (i.e. decadal) environmental trend. The short‐term variability was primarily associated with year‐to‐year differences in intrusion of subsurface, cold nutrient‐rich water along the bottom of the Kii Channel from the Pacific Ocean. When this bottom intrusion was intense, the Kii Channel experienced a cold, new production‐dominated ecosystem. The bottom intrusion, however, has become less intense in recent years, because of the closer proximity of the Kuroshio flow axis to the Kii Channel. Hence, there was a consistent trend towards warming and a regenerated production‐dominated ecosystem. In accordance with such environmental changes, the zooplankton community shifted towards more oceanic conditions; major herbivorous calanoids (i.e. Calanus sinicus, Paracalanus parvus (s.l.), Clausocalanus spp. and Acartia omorii) decreased, while carnivores (i.e. hydromedusae and Sagitta spp.) increased. The amount of total fish catch also decreased, while the catch of subtropical species increased. These findings lead us to conclude that the bottom intrusion from the Pacific Ocean plays a key role in determining the biological production in the Kii Channel.     

东海、黄海秋季渔业生物群落结构及其平均营养级变化特征初步分析

为了探讨东海、黄海渔业生物群落结构长期、连续的变化特征,采取聚类和平均营养级的分析方法研究了连续14年的底拖网秋季调查数据,对该海域主要渔业生物结构的变化阶段和规律进行了归纳与分析,将主要的渔业生物进行了类群划分,并分析了渔业生物群落平均营养级与资源密度之间的关系.结果表明,研究时间范围内渔业生物群落结构的发展分为3个阶段:水母暴发前期(1999-2003年),水母暴发期(2004-2007年)和水母暴发后期(2008-2012年).暴发前期,资源量波峰与波谷变化周期为2年,后期则变为1年.水母暴发后,经过5年的剧烈波动发展,群落结构变化恢复到接近暴发前状态的趋势.此外,研究的主要渔业生物品种可以划分为暴发(沙海蜇)、优势(带鱼和小黄鱼)、异常(竹筴鱼)、常见(刺鲳、银鲳和黄鲫)、水母伴随(白色霞水母和海月水母)和偶见(日本鲭、龙头鱼等)6个物种类群.另据物种资源量在水母暴发前后的发生水平,偶见类群中的物种又可分为前期高后期低(龙头鱼、多棘腔吻鳕等)、前期低后期高(蓝点马鲛、大管鞭虾等)和没有变化(日本鲭)3个小类群,这些小类群中的物种具备了作为生态系统健康状态指示种的特征.最后,14年的渔业生物群落平均营养级与总资源密度对数呈极显著负相关(P<0.001),具体关系式为TL=-0.896 5·ln(CPUE)+14.142 1(TL为平均营养级,CPUE为单位捕捞努力量渔获量),此结果显示在营养级降低的同时会伴随整体资源量的增加,反之亦然.     

底拖网调查数据的Delta-模型分析及其在黄海小黄鱼和银鲳资源评估中的应用

底拖网调查(扫海面积法)的数据处理方法主要有两大类,即基于调查设计的方法(design-based method)和基于模型的方法(model-based method),其中基于调查设计的方法在我国的应用较为常见,而基于模型的方法则较少应用.介绍了渔业资源底拖网调查数据的Δ-分布模型分析方法,并采用此方法对2000年秋季黄海小黄鱼和银鲳的资源量进行了评估.结果显示,调查海区小黄鱼资源的平均分布密度为66.3 kg·km-2,95%置信区间为(23.4,109.2) kg·km-2;总资源量均值为14 626.9 t,95%置信区间为(5 168.4,24 085.5) t.银鲳资源密度均值为19.0 kg·km-2,95%置信区间为(3.5,34.5) kg·km-2;总资源量均值为4 194.3 t,95%置信区间为(773.2,7 615.4) t.传统的基于调查设计的方法得到的置信区间范围则较宽,且下限出现负值.上述结果表明Δ-分布模型法的评估结果具有较高的精度,是一种值得推广的渔业资源底拖网调查数据分析与资源评估方法.