柑桔线虫抗性主基因座Tyr1的特异标记开发与遗传作图改进(英文)

本文利用先期从BAC文库获得的NBS-LRR类候选抗病基因克隆序列Pt8a和Pt9a,进一步开发与柑桔线虫抗性主效基因位点Tyr1连锁的分子标记。以Pt8a和Pt9a序列作探针,通过高密度克隆印迹杂交,从BAC文库筛选出200个以上的阳性克隆,以阳性克隆插入序列设计引物,对柑桔抗线虫材料和感线虫材料开展以PCR扩增为基础的集群分离分析,发现一部分克隆序列与柑桔线虫抗性主效基因位点Tyr1紧密连锁;再通过染色体步行测序,分别从3个克隆（7A4,4L17和29F20）获得3个完整的NBS-LRR类候选抗病基因序列。从此类序列开发更高特异性的分子标记,并在利用原有分子标记的基础上,对柑桔线虫抗性杂交后代群体（9145 family）构建较高密度的遗传图谱;同时,将新开发的分子标记应用于柑桔衰退病抗性杂交后代群体（9401 family）,以初步估算柑桔线虫抗性主效基因位点Tyr]与柑桔衰退病抗性基因Ctv的遗传距离。     

棉花多抗品种中植棉KV-1抗病基因同源序列的克隆与分析

 许多抗病基因都具有核苷酸结合位点（NBS）和富亮氨酸重复区（LRR）。根据已知的NBS-LRR类抗病基因的保守序列,分别设计一对简并引物和一对特异引物,用以扩增棉花基因组中的抗病基因同源序列。获得一条大小约500 bp的扩增片段,克隆测序后得到10条NBS-LRR类RGAs。推导的氨基酸均具有抗病基因的P-loop（kinase-1a）、kinase-2、kinase-3a及GLPL区。同源性比较发现,其中1条属于TIR-NBS LRR类,其余9条属于non-TIR-NBS-LRR类。1条TIR-NBS-LRR类RGAs与已克隆的N、L6、M等抗病基因的同源性为51%~60%,9条non-TIR-NBS-LRR类RGAs与已克隆的RPS5、RPR1、Xa1等抗病基因的同源性为51%~60%。这些抗病基因同源序列（RGAs）可作为分子标记筛选棉花的抗病候选基因。     

果蔗NBS类抗病基因同源序列的克隆与分析

为发掘果蔗抗病基因,促进果蔗抗病分子机制的研究,并为后续通过基因聚合分子育种提高果蔗品种的广谱抗性奠定基础,本研究根据已克隆的植物抗病基因保守结构域设计简并引物,采用RT-PCR方法对抗病果蔗品种黔糖5号的RNA进行扩增,共获得7条果蔗富亮氨酸重复的核苷酸结合位点(nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat,NBS-LRR)类抗病基因同源序列。氨基酸序列比对分析结果表明,这7条果蔗NBS-LRR类抗病基因同源序列均具有NBS典型结构域,且彼此间在氨基酸水平上表现出丰富的多态性。与7个已克隆的典型植物抗病基因同源序列构建系统进化树,7条果蔗抗病基因同源序列与基因RPM1和RPS2的亲缘关系较近,需进一步进行基因全长克隆和功能验证来确定含有这些片段的基因功能。     

柑桔抗病分子育种研究进展

本文综述了柑桔抗病分子育种近年来的研究动态和所取得的研究成果。柑桔分子育种始于上世纪90年代,以期克服常规育种面临的多方面严重阻碍,如杂种不育、杂交不亲和、较长的童期和大的树体积,以及随之而来的用地和巨大的人力、物力、成本等;其相对较小的基因组已使其成为果树分子育种研究领域的模式植物之一。首先在利用富有目标抗病基因的柑桔近缘属枳(Poncirustrifoliate)作亲本,培育杂种群体,开发分子标记与连锁遗传作图等方面取得突破,同时在基因组BAC文库与物理图谱的构建、抗病基因的克隆、遗传转化体系的建立、外源抗病基因及候选抗病基因的转化等诸多方面也已取得长足进展,并已摸索出适合柑桔基因工程操作的一整套方法。此外,本文对柑桔基因组的候选抗病基因转化及抗病基因工程研究中存在的问题也进行了讨论与分析。     

三种野生稻候选抗病基因的克隆与分析

候选抗性基因克隆策略是克隆植物新抗性基因的重要途径.根据已知NBS-LRR类抗病基因结构中的氨基酸保守区域,设计兼并引物,通过RT-PCR扩增、克隆和测序,从茶陵野生稻,东乡野生稻和小粒野生稻中共获得了11条NBS-LRR类抗病基因同源序列.通过聚类分析可将同源序列分为3类,其中茶陵野生稻中得到1类,东乡野生稻中得到2类,而小粒野生稻中得到3类.但是小粒野生稻包含有其他两种野生稻的序列.三类序列都与水稻抗病基因RPR1具有较高的同源性,有一类氨基酸序列同源性甚至高达88%,可能为其家族成员.利用电子定位将三类序列定位在水稻基因组11号染色体上RPR1附近.根据序列比对分析结果认为其中可能有1～2个新抗病基因.     

基于大豆胞囊线虫病抗性候选基因rhg1的InDel标记开发与鉴定

大豆胞囊线虫病是严重危害大豆生产的重要病害之一,根据抗病候选基因开发标记可为分子标记辅助选择抗病材料提供标记资源.本研究通过对大豆胞囊线虫抗性候选基因rhg1的序列比对分析,发现4个插入/删除位点,针对其中3个多碱基插入/缺失位点开发了InDel标记.应用开发的3个InDel标记对33份栽培大豆进行基因型鉴定,共检测到等位变异11个,平均每个位点3.67个.其中rhg1-I1位点有等位变异5个,rhg1-I2位点有等位变异2个;rhg1-I4位点有等位变异4个.各等位变异发生频率范围为0.8%～77.3%.InDel标记与大豆胞囊线虫抗性间的关联分析表明,rhg1-14为抗性相关标记,对抗病资源的检出效率为88.2%,对感病资源的检出效率为100%.该标记的288 bp等位变异和294 bp等位变异为抗病相关等位变异,269 bp等位变异和272 bp等位变异为感病相关等位变异.此标记与常用于标记辅助选择的Satt309配合鉴定可以提高SCN抗病资源的检测效率.     

基于大豆胞囊线虫抗病候选基因rhg1的InDe1标记发掘与鉴定

大豆胞囊线虫病是严重危害大豆生产的重要病害之一,根据抗病候选基因发掘标记可以为分子标记辅助选择抗病材料提供标记资源。本研究通过对大豆胞囊线虫抗病候选基因rhg1的序列比对分析,发现4个插入/删除位点,针对其中3个多碱基插入/缺失位点开发了InDel标记。应用开发的3个InDel标记对33份栽培大豆进行基因型鉴定,共检测到等位变异11个,平均每个位点3.67个。其中rhg1-I1位点有等位变异5个,rhg1-I2位点有等位变异2个;rhg1-I4位点有等位变异4个。各等位变异发生频率范围为0.8%~77.3%。InDel标记与大豆胞囊线虫抗性间的关联分析表明,rhg1-I4为抗性相关标记,对抗病资源的检出效率为88.2%,对感病资源的检出效率为100%。该标记的288 bp等位变异和294 bp等位变异为抗病相关等位变异,269 bp等位变异和272 bp等位变异为感病相关等位变异。此标记与常用于标记辅助选择的Satt309配合鉴定可以提高SCN抗病资源的检测效率。     

利用磁珠富集马铃薯BAC文库中NBS-LRR类晚疫病抗性基因

栽培马铃薯是高度杂合的四倍体作物,利用传统的基因克隆方式进行晚疫病抗性基因分离难度很大。然而,晚疫病抗性基因具有序列保守性,属于NBS-LRR类基因。本研究中,根据晚疫病抗性基因R3a家族的序列比对结果设计R3a基因家族的保守探针,并将含有R3a基因的BAC SH23G23部分酶切成7~11 kb DNA片段。通过结合保守探针的磁珠系统对上述7~11 kb DNA片段进行R3a基因分离,将磁珠富集的片段克隆到双元载体pBINPLUS上。通过阳性克隆和菌落PCR鉴定表明,含有R3a基因的克隆比率达到82.76%,相对于磁珠系统富集前,提高R3a基因比率近19倍。本研究建立了抗病基因及其同源序列的磁珠分离系统,为分离马铃薯等多倍体作物中具有保守结构的基因提供了实验基础。     

香蕉NBS-LRR类抗病基因同源序列的克隆与分析

根据已知植物抗病基因的保守区域设计引物,从香蕉基因组DNA扩增出一条与植物抗病基因同源的序列,命名为BRGA1,该同源片段含有典型的NBS-LRR类抗病基因所拥有的保守性结构p-loop、Kinase-2a、Kinase-3a和疏水结构域HD,它与部分已知NBS-LRR类抗病基因的氨基酸序列同源性为23.8%-42.7%。Northern杂交表明BRGA1在香蕉中受水杨酸调控,属诱导型表达。     

东乡野生稻NBS类抗病基因同源片段的克隆及序列分析

根据已知的NBS-LRR 类抗病基因结构中氨基酸的保守区域,设计简并引物,通过RT-PCR扩增及克隆,从东乡野生稻(Dongxiang Oryza rufipogon Griff.)中共获得7个新的NBS-LRR 类抗病基因同源片段.所有7 个抗病基因同源序列均含有NBS-LRR 类抗病基因的保守序列,如P-loop、...     

Molecular mapping and identification of candidate gene conferring organophosphate-sensitive reaction in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

Some sorghum cultivars are sensitive to organophosphate insecticides, which cause red to purple injury spots and, in severe cases, leaf death. Sensitivity to organophosphates is conditioned by a single locus on chromosome 5. We constructed a high-density genetic map around the locus, termed osr, using DNA markers, and delimited osr to a 377-kb region on the short arm of chromosome 5. Sequence analysis of this region predicted 19 gene candidates. Four of the candidates are homologous to a disease resistance NBS-LRR gene. mRNA-Seq analysis of gene expression and SNPs from two resistant cultivars (‘JN43’ and ‘Greenleaf’) and one sensitive cultivar (‘Nakei MS3B’) suggest that one or more members of this NBS-LRR gene family are osr. Our results suggested that the recessive allele of osr results in sensitivity to OP insecticides.     

Development and characterization of tomato SSR markers from genomic sequences of anchored BAC clones on chromosome 6

Simple sequence repeat motifs are abundant in plant genomes and are commonly used molecular markers in plant breeding. In tomato, currently available genetic maps possess a limited number of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers that are not evenly distributed in the genome. This situation warrants the need for more SSRs in genomic regions lacking adequate markers. The objective of the study was to develop SSR markers pertaining to chromosome 6 from bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) sequences available at Solanaceae Genomics Network. A total of 54 SSR primer pairs from 17 BAC clones on chromosome 6 were designed and validated. Polymorphism of these loci was evaluated in a panel of 16 genotypes comprising of Solanum lycopersicum and its wild relatives. Genetic diversity analysis based on these markers could distinguish genotypes at species level. Twenty-one SSR markers derived from 13 BAC clones were polymorphic between two closely related tomato accessions, West Virginia 700 and Hawaii 7996 and were mapped using a recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between these two accessions. The markers were distributed throughout the chromosome spanning a total length of 117.6 cM following the order of the original BAC clones. A major QTL associated with resistance to bacterial wilt was mapped on chromosome 6 at similar location of the reported Bwr-6 locus. These chromosome 6-specific SSR markers developed in this study are useful tools for cultivar identification, genetic diversity analysis and genetic mapping in tomato.     

首批海岛棉基因组来源的微卫星标记的分离、评价和定位

海岛棉(Gossypium barbadense)是世界上最重要的栽培棉种之一。海岛棉纤维品质优良,是优质棉的重要产源。为了研究海岛棉的遗传多样性,为海岛棉育种提供参考依据,从海岛棉遗传标准系中分离基因组来源的微卫星标记用于海岛棉遗传评价。采用两种方法分离微卫星标记,一是用ISSR (inter simple sequence repeat) 引物扩增Pima3-79,克隆测序后从中开发微卫星标记;二是利用简并引物扩增Pima3-79,克隆测序后从中开发微卫星标记。共挑选1 447个克隆,筛选出239个独立克隆。测序后得到214个单一序列,其中包含微卫星并可用于引物设计的序列70个,获得86对引物。86对引物用于扩增56个海岛棉材料和4个陆地棉材料,16对引物没有扩增,43对引物在所有材料中没有多态性;27对引物在海岛棉和陆地棉之间有多态性,19对引物在海岛棉中表现多态性。利用Jaccard相似系数和UPGMA方法进行聚类分析可以明显区分陆地棉和海岛棉,并且将海岛棉分为4类。14对引物在BC₁群体中表现多态性,产生14个位点。9个位点整合到BC₁连锁图的7个染色体上,4个位于A亚基因组,5个位于D亚基因组。海岛棉微卫星标记扩展了棉花微卫星标记,有助于海岛棉遗传多样性的研究,有利于棉花遗传图谱的进一步丰富。     

Development of gene-based markers from functional Arabidopsis thaliana genes involved in phosphorus homeostasis and mapping in Brassica napus

Brassica napus is an important oilseed and fodder crop grown throughout the world. Although it is widely grown, little is known about the molecular basis of phosphorus (P) homeostasis for this species. In this research, a population of 124 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) (designated as BE-RIL) derived from a cross between P-inefficient cv. ??B104-2?? and P-efficient cv. ??Eyou Changjia?? was used to construct a genetic map of P homeostasis genes. A set of gene-based markers (GBMs) was developed from functional genes involved in Arabidopsis thaliana P homeostasis. In total, 46 GBMs corresponding to 26 genes, assigned to eight functional categories, were integrated into the BE-RIL map. A total of 243 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed from 171 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) end sequences and/or B. rapa seed BAC sequences. Of these SSR markers, 74 were added to the BE-RIL map. Based on the newly constructed genetic map, comparative genetic analysis between A. thaliana and B. napus was performed. A total of 90 conserved genomic blocks were aligned between A. thaliana pseudochromosomes and the BE-RIL linkage groups. According to physical positions on the Arabidopsis genome, 1223 orthologs of 356 genes involved in Arabidopsis P homeostasis were mapped onto syntenic blocks and insertion segments. This high-density genetic map will be useful for identifying quantitative trait loci (QTL) that control P homeostasis and putative candidate genes for the efficient use of P in B. napus.     

Identification, characterisation, and chromosome locations of rye and wheat specific ISSR and SCAR markers useful for breeding purposes

Rye (Secale cereale L. and S. strictum) offers potential to increase the genetic variability and to introduce desirable characters for wheat improvements. Cytogenetic techniques have been used to screen wheat lines containing rye chromatin. These techniques are not adequate since they are highly technical and time consuming. They are not suitable for breeding programs that require rapid screening of large numbers of genotypes. The main objective of this study was to develop and characterize ISSR and SCAR markers that can distinguish wheat from rye genome. Total DNA from wheat, rye, and triticale accessions from different provenances were amplified with ISSR primers in PCR assays. Three wheat-diagnostic sequences were identified. In addition three rye-diagnostic ISSR markers of which, one marker specifically diagnostic for Secale strictum were characterized. Pairs of primers flanking these specific sequences were designed to produce SCAR markers. Two SCAR markers were rye genome-specific. One SCAR was present in all the seven rye chromosome, and another was specific to rye chromosomes two, three, four, and seven. These newly developed ISSR and SCAR markers should be useful to wheat breeders screening genotypes that may contain rye chromatins.     

甜叶菊微卫星富集文库的构建与多态性标记的筛选

甜叶菊是我国一种重要特种经济作物, 其分子标记相关遗传背景研究甚少。本研究基于生物素与链霉亲和素的强亲和性原理, 用链霉亲和素顺磁颗粒捕捉人工合成的标记有生物素的寡核苷酸探针(AG)₁₅, 间接筛选出含有甜叶菊基因组微卫星序列的DNA酶切片段, 将筛选得到的片段连接到pUC-T载体中, 构建甜叶菊微卫星序列的富集文库。挑取354个克隆进行菌落PCR检验, 从中筛选出158个阳性克隆进行测序。结果表明, 134个(84.81%)克隆中含有微卫星序列, 其中完美型85个(63.43%)、非完美型15个(11.19%)、复合型34个(25.38%)。根据微卫星序列共设计出71对微卫星引物, 其中62对能扩增出稳定的条带。利用24个甜叶菊品系对这62对引物的遗传多样性的分析表明, 有16个位点表现出多态性, 等位基因数为2~8个, 平均每个位点扩增得到4.5个等位基因, 多态性信息含量在0.3163~0.7595之间, 观测杂合度(H_o)与期望杂合度(H_e)的范围分别为0.2174~0.9167与0.3555~0.8076。通过聚类分析, 将甜叶菊分为大小叶两大类。本研究开发出的微卫星标记可为甜叶菊的分子遗传育种提供有效的遗传标记。     

Microsatellite variability and its use in the characterization of cultivated clones of Hevea brasiliensis

Microsatellite markers were developed and evaluated in Hevea brasiliensis, an important crop species producing natural rubber of commercial utility. Of eight microsatellite markers, four were found to be highly informative, amplifying a total of 19 alleles when evaluated against 27 cultivated Hevea clones/genotypes. Power of discrimination of the microsatellite loci was in the range of 0.62‐0.89, with a mean of 0.76 indicating these microsatellites could be valuable genetic markers for diversity characterization. A combination of four microsatellite markers was successfully used to discriminate uniquely all the 27 Hevea clones and some clone‐specific allelic profiles were generated. Cross‐species amplification of the markers developed in H. brasiliensis had also been demonstrated with two other Hevea species, H. benthamiana and H. spruceana, indicating a high degree of sequence homology at the flanking regions. Sequence analysis of the repeat region at the 3′‐UTR of the hydroxymethylglutaryl‐coenzyme A reductase gene, containing clusters of AG repeats in 15 clones, revealed the existence of two alleles based on the repeat length polymorphisms. Homozygosity as well as heterozygosity for both the alleles had also been detected among the clones. Frequency of homozygotes for the smaller allele (allele‐1) was found to be lower than the larger allele (allele‐2) among the primary clones of H. brasiliensis.     

Strategies to develop polymorphic markers for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coffea arabica</Emphasis> L.

This study reports the implementation of three strategies for the development of genetic markers and their evaluation in both progenitors of an F2 population used for the construction of a genetic map of Coffea arabica. The strategies were Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences (CAPS), Single Strand Conformational Polymorphism (SSCP), and sequence analysis predicted Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP). The methodologies were developed from different sequence sources: For CAPS, we used 25 COS sequences derived from Hedyotis spp. and 29 COSII sequences derived from Solanaceae and Rubiaceae species; for SSCP, we used 111 coffee EST sequences, 50 COSII sequences, and 10 C. arabica BAC end sequences. A low polymorphism was identified with the CAPS and SSCP methodologies. A total of 61 SNPs were identified in silico from 5,371 ESTs of coffee and from amplified, cloned, and sequenced COSII markers. Sixteen of these SNPs were validated with Luminex technology and 2 of them were polymorphic in C. arabica genotypes. This study highlights the difficulties of finding polymorphism in the species C. arabica where SNP identification seems to be the best strategy to search for polymorphic markers for this low diversity plant.     

宁麦9号与扬麦158株高及其构成因素的遗传解析

宁麦9号与扬麦158是我国长江中下游麦区的主栽品种和骨干亲本,长江中下游麦区近3年来审定品种中80%都是其衍生后代,研究其性状的遗传具重要意义。以宁麦9号与扬麦158为亲本构建的包含282个家系的重组自交系群体为材料,利用Illumina 90k芯片对群体进行基因型分析,建立高密度遗传图谱。连续3个生长季对株高及节间长度、穗长等株高构成因素进行测定,结合遗传图谱对株高及相关性状进行QTL定位,获得14个控制株高及其构成因素的稳定表达位点。通过进一步位置比对,聚焦到6个染色体区段,初步明确了各节间对株高的遗传调控机制。同时,将6个染色体区段中同源性较低的连锁标记转化为适用于高通量筛选的KASP标记,利用101份区域试验材料进行标记效应验证,结果显示聚合Qph-2D与Qph-5A.1两个位点具有较高的选择效率,继续聚合Q2A后,中选材料显著减少,可能降低选择效率;对Q2A与Q5A两个一因多效位点的选择建议以降低株高的等位变异为主;Qd1-5D可作为穗下节间(D1)的选择标记对株高展开优化选择。期望以上结果能为长江中下游麦区的小麦株高遗传改良提供帮助。