冬小麦–夏玉米轮作体系不同新型尿素的氮素利用率及去向

  【目的】  以华北平原冬小麦–夏玉米轮作体系为研究对象，探究新型尿素对作物氮素吸收及去向的影响。  【方法】  于2016年10月至2017年9月，在河北省辛集市河北农业大学马庄试验站进行小麦15N田间微区试验，微区面积为1 m2，设置施用普通尿素、普通尿素 + 硝化抑制剂 (Nr)、控失尿素、聚能网尿素和腐植酸尿素5个处理，各施肥处理氮素施用量均为N 225 kg/hm2，并以不施氮肥处理为对照。  【结果】  5个氮肥处理相比，控失尿素处理的冬小麦产量最高，为8123 kg/hm2；腐植酸尿素处理次之，为8083 kg/hm2；再次为聚能网尿素处理，为8049 kg/hm2。控失尿素、腐植酸尿素、聚能网尿素、普通尿素 + Nr、普通尿素的15N当季利用率分别为43.6%、41.1%、37.8%、34.2%、32.2%；控失尿素、腐植酸尿素的15N当季利用率显著高于普通尿素 + Nr和普通尿素处理，聚能网尿素的15N当季利用率显著高于普通尿素，普通尿素 + Nr处理则与普通尿素处理的15当季利用率无显著差异；控失尿素的15N当季利用效果最为突出，较普通尿素15N当季利用率提高了35.4%，腐植酸尿素、聚能网尿素较普通尿素15N当季利用率显著提高了27.6%、17.4%。后茬玉米能吸收利用前茬小麦残留在土壤中的氮素，但后茬玉米的土壤残留15N利用率仅为2.98%～3.62%，4种新型尿素处理间后茬玉米15N利用率无显著性差异。小麦收获后，4种新型尿素均显著提高了土壤上层 (0—40 cm) 硝态氮残留量，有利于后茬玉米对氮素的吸收，减少氮素淋溶的可能性。肥料氮总损失表现为控失尿素、聚能网尿素 < 腐植酸尿素、普通尿素 + Nr < 普通尿素。  【结论】  新型尿素显著促进作物对氮素的吸收利用，减少氮素损失，获得高产。4种新型尿素相比，控失尿素增产增效最为突出，土壤中氮残留少，损失率低，其当季利用率、残留率和损失率分别为43.6%、40.8%和15.6%；腐植酸尿素氮当季利用率仅次于控失尿素，而损失率较高达19.8%；聚能网尿素有利于氮素固持在土壤中，其残留率、损失率分别为46.1%、16.1%；普通尿素 + Nr处理的氮素当季利用率偏低而土壤残留率最高，分别为34.2%和47.4%。     

尿素施肥方式对水稻增产增效和土壤氮素损失的影响

【目的】探讨尿素施用量、基施比例和方法对水稻产量、吸氮量和氮肥利用率的影响,以及肥料氮的去向,为制定科学合理的施氮措施提供理论依据。【方法】水稻季田间试验于2019年和2020年在江苏太湖地区开展。供试脲酶抑制剂为N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT),硝化抑制剂为对羟基苯丙酸甲酯(MHPP),二者用量均为施氮量的1%。试验共设6个处理：1)不施氮肥对照(CK);2)表施尿素N 300 kg/hm² (当地常规施肥,CN);3)表施尿素N 225 kg/hm² (RNB);4)尿素N 225 kg/hm²,50%表施,50%深施(RND);5)表施尿素N 225 kg/hm²+NBPT+MHPP (RNB+DI);6)尿素N 225 kg/hm²+NBPT+MHPP,50%表施,50%深施(RND+DI)。表施氮肥处理基肥∶分蘖肥∶孕穗肥为4∶3∶3;深施氮肥处理基肥∶孕穗肥为7∶3。2020年在处理小区内设置了¹⁵N示踪微区试验。调查了水稻产量、吸氮量、氮肥利...     

侧深施氮对机械直播水稻产量及氮素利用的影响

为探究侧深施肥对川西平原区机械直播水稻产量形成和氮素利用的影响,本研究以常规籼稻黄华占为试验材料,采用单因素随机区组试验设计,研究不施氮肥(N0)、尿素2次撒施(TF)、尿素1次撒施(UB)、尿素侧深施(UM)、尿素和缓释尿素混合侧深施(SRUM)对机械直播水稻干物质积累,氮素积累、转运、分配,产量形成及氮素利用的影响。结果表明,直播水稻干物质积累、氮素吸收总量、氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥农学利用率和产量均表现为SRUM>UM>TF>UB>N0。SRUM和UM茎叶氮素表观转移量、茎叶转移的氮对籽粒氮的贡献率均显著高于其他处理。SRUM茎叶干物质转运量显著高于UB和UM,增幅分别为28.97%和4.17%。SRUM和UM有效穗数显著高于其他处理,处理间差异达显著水平(P<0.05),产量分别较UB增长8.00%和12.95%。与TF相比,UM、SRUM氮肥吸收利用率分别提高11.35%、46.94%,氮肥农学利用率分别提高7.22%、25.88%。相比其他施氮处理,SRUM能够显著提高直播水稻的有效穗数、干物质积累量、氮素吸收总量、茎叶氮素表观转移量和茎叶干物质转运量,同步提高产量和氮肥利用率。可见,SRUM既能减少机械直播水稻的施肥次数,又能增产增效,值得大面积推广应用。本研究为川西平原直播稻的轻简化生产提供了参考。     

缓释尿素对两种土壤小麦氮素运转、产量和土壤无机氮的影响

为探明缓释尿素与普通尿素掺混比例对安徽小麦花后氮素运转特征和土壤氮素盈余的影响,分别选择安徽省北方小麦产区小麦—玉米轮作和南方小麦产区小麦—水稻轮作方式,土壤类型分别为两合土和黄棕壤,设置不施氮肥处理(CK)、农民习惯处理(Ncon)、减少普通尿素用量的优化氮素处理(Nopt)、缓释尿素及其掺混普通尿素处理(SRU1、SRU2、SRU3)和普通尿素全部基施处理(SRU4),分析了不同施肥处理在两种土壤上小麦花后氮素转运、产量、氮肥利用率和土壤无机氮积累量。结果表明:与黄棕壤比较,相同施肥处理两合土上小麦产量、花后氮素积累量和氮素运转量显著增加,平均分别增加了71.8%,199.1%和25.8%,而氮素转移率和土壤氮素表观盈余量平均分别降低16.1%和49.7%。在两种土壤上,与Ncon比较,缓释尿素及其掺混普通尿素处理小麦产量差异不大,显著提高了氮肥利用率,黄棕壤和两合土上增幅分别达43.7%~91.9%和6.6%~26.9%,以缓释尿素掺混普通尿素比例2∶1处理(SRU2)最高;与Nopt相比,仅两合土上SRU2氮肥利用率显著提高。在小麦生育后期,农民习惯施肥处理0—30cm土壤NO_3~-—N和NH_4~+—N积累量明显高于缓释尿素处理,且土壤氮素盈余量高于其他处理。缓释尿素与尿素掺混实现了一次性简化施肥,可保障小麦产量、提高氮肥利用率、减少土壤氮素盈余量及降低环境污染风险。     

树脂包膜尿素对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了树脂包膜尿素对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,树脂包膜尿素处理比普通尿素处理显著提高水稻产量和氮肥利用率。施氮素180kg/hm2,树脂包膜尿素和普通尿素按氮素用量7∶3比例掺混基施处理,水稻增产效果和经济效益最好,其中产量增幅为5.6%～30.5%。减少氮素用量30%,即施氮素126kg/hm2,树脂包膜尿素基施和普通尿素追施按氮素用量6∶4处理,水稻氮肥利用率最高,且水稻产量亦高于普通尿素常规处理。表明树脂包膜尿素可以减少氮肥用量,保证水稻产量,又有利于保护环境。     

尿素与复合氮肥增效剂配施对水稻氮素利用的影响

采用^15N-尿素进行盆栽和田间试验，研究了复合氮肥增效剂用量、尿素与复合氮肥增效剂配施对水稻生长、籽粒产量和氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明，适宜用量（施氮量的20％）的复合氮肥增效剂能显著促进水稻幼苗生长发育；尿素全量配施复合氮肥增效剂不影响水稻生长，能显著提高水稻植株Ndff％、氮吸收总量，氮素利用率和^15N的吸收量,尿素减量5％～15％（即减少施氮7．8～23．7kg／hm^2）配施复合氮肥增效剂基本上不影响水稻生长、籽粒产量和吸氮总量，能显著提高氮素的农学效率、生理效率和氮素利用率；植株吸氮总量、净吸收氮量和^15N总吸收量与不施增效剂的处理相当或有所提高。尿素减量达30％以上配施复合氮肥增效剂，对水稻植株生长和氮素吸收利用产生明显不利影响。尿素与施氮量20％的复合氮肥增效剂配施，不影响大田水稻植株生长和单季产量，能提高氮素利用率，节省氮肥投入达15％。     

施用控释氮肥对减少稻田氮素径流损失和提高水稻氮素利用率的影响

采用渗漏池模拟研究了洞庭湖区双季稻种植条件下施用控释肥料对氮素径流损失、水稻产量和稻株氮素含量的影响。结果表明,施用等N量控释氮肥 (CRNF) 和70%N量控释氮肥 (70% CRNF) 的处理总氮 (TN) 径流损失量比施用尿素处理 (CF) 分别降低了24.5%和27.2% (P0.05)。主要是施用控释氮肥显著降低了水稻前期 (施肥后10 d内)的径流水中氮素浓度。与施用尿素相比,两种土壤上施用控释肥的早、晚稻产量均明显提高,特别是在河沙泥上,稻谷总产量以70% CRNF处理最高,比尿素处理增产4.95% (P0.05)。控释氮肥能明显提高水稻生长后期的植株和子粒中的N含量;在水稻增产显著的河沙泥上,70% CRNF处理的早、晚稻子粒N含量较CF处理提高了9.4% (P0.05)和23.3%(P0.01);其氮素利用率高于施用全量尿素的CF处理。     

控释氮肥在淹水稻田土壤上的去向及利用率

通过土壤渗漏装置、微区和田间小区试验,研究了15N标记控释氮肥在淹水稻田土壤上氮素的去向和利用率。结果表明,施用控释氮肥能明显地降低氨挥发、淋失和硝化—反硝化的损失。控释氮肥处理的氨挥发量比尿素降低54.0%,氮淋失量降低32.5%。尿素的硝化—反硝化损失量占施入氮量的34.5%,而控释氮肥的只占2.0%;控释肥料与尿素氮在0—80cm土层中的残留率相近。控释氮肥一次性全量作基肥施入土壤,水稻的氮肥利用率平均为65.6%,比尿素(基肥+追肥)高出32.2个百分点。控释氮肥的农学效率显著地高于尿素。     

氮肥减施对稻-麦轮作体系作物氮素吸收、利用和土壤氮素平衡的影响

田间试验研究了稻-麦轮作体系中减施氮肥对作物氮素吸收、利用和土壤氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,与当地习惯施肥(小麦:N 225 kg/hm2,基肥与分蘖肥各半;水稻:N 210 kg/hm2,基肥和分蘖肥为3∶2)相比,减氮20%～30%处理产量并没有降低,而氮肥当季利用率、氮素农学利用率以及氮素偏因子生产力则有所增加;而且,氮肥分次追施,能增加子粒产量,并减少氮肥成本。虽然减氮20%～30%处理0—40 cm土层无机氮含量较习惯施肥处理降低,但是并没有降低植株地上部对氮素的吸收。在小麦和水稻收获期,减施氮肥处理0—100 cm土壤无机氮残留量低于习惯施肥处理;且稻-麦轮作系统中氮的表观损失主要发生在水稻季。初步认为,在长江中下游平原稻-麦轮作体系氮素过量施用地区,第一个轮作周期减施氮肥20%～30%不仅不影响产量,而且可提高氮素利用率,有利于保护环境。     

露地种植大白菜的氮肥效应与氮素损失研究

采用田间小区和微区试验,研究了施用化学氮肥在露地大白菜上的氮肥效应和氮素损失。氮素总损失用15N示踪法测定,氨挥发用通气密闭室法测定,反硝化损失用乙炔抑制原状土柱培养法测定,不加乙炔测定N2O排放。结果表明,施用化学氮肥增产显著,用差值法计算得到的氮肥利用率在25.3%4～7.2%之间,相应的示踪法氮肥利用率为18.1%2～4.6%。化学氮肥显著增加了氨挥发、反硝化和N2O排放等气态氮损失;其中氨挥发占施氮量的0.97%1～7.1%,反硝化占4.33%8～.55%,N2O排放在1.09%1～.63%之间变化。大白菜收获时9.2%～10.9%的标记尿素被淋洗到40.cm以下土层。试验期间尿素的氮素总损失达41.1%4～8.1%,以表观淋洗损失最为严重,其次是氨挥发,而反硝化损失最低。与普通尿素相比,包衣尿素明显降低了氨挥发。     

Liming reduces nitrogen uptake from chemical fertilizer but increases that from straw in a double rice cropping system

Liming materials are widely applied to alleviate soil acidification and increase rice yield in acidic soils, but their effects on nitrogen (N) use efficiency are still unclear. Here, we conducted a field-, pot-, and micro-plot experiment to investigate how the application of slaked lime (i.e., Ca(OH)₂) affects the fate of chemical fertilizer-N and straw-N in a double rice cropping system. In the field experiment, liming increased grain yield and N uptake by an average of 9.0% and 10.6%, respectively. In contrast, CaCl₂ application did not affect rice yield and N uptake, suggesting that the effects of lime application were not related to the addition of Ca²⁺. Results from a ¹⁵N tracer experiment (i.e., ¹⁵N-labeled urea and straw) indicated that liming reduced N uptake from fertilizer (−5.7%), but increased N uptake from straw (+31.3%). Liming also reduced soil retention of both urea- and straw-N and increased their loss rates. Taken together, our results indicate that although liming increases rice yield and N uptake, it lowers the use efficiency of fertilizer N and facilitates N losses. In addition, our results emphasize the need for long-term studies on the impact of liming on soil N dynamics in paddy soils.     

氮肥配施增效剂实现寒地水稻增产、提质与增效

研究氮肥增效剂对寒地水稻产量、品质及氮素利用的影响,旨在为制定合理的稻田氮素管理措施及增产、提质和增效策略提供科学依据。2017年和2018年在黑龙江省方正县设置田间试验,研究氮肥配施硝化抑制剂和脲酶抑制剂对水稻产量、品质、氮素利用和转化及经济收益的影响。结果表明:尿素配施硝化抑制剂CP和脲酶抑制剂NBPT(N+NI+UI)显著提高水稻产量,2017年较氮肥处理(N)水稻籽粒、秸秆和总生物量分别增产6.4%,4.9%和5.8%,2018年分别增产8.8%,7.2%和8.2%。施用氮肥增效剂可以提高寒地水稻碾磨品质、外观品质和营养品质,并促进水稻氮素吸收,提高氮肥利用效率。与N处理相比,N+NI+UI处理水稻氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力分别提高15.6%,19.1%和7.6%。CP和NBPT配施对氮素转化表现出明显的协同抑制效果,延迟和降低土壤NH4^+—N含量峰值,保持水稻生育期较高的NH4^+—N含量,延长了氮素供应时间。施用氮肥增效剂可使寒地水稻增收2499.08元/hm^2。可见,寒地水稻氮肥配施硝化抑制剂CP与脲酶抑制剂NBPT能够延长氮素释放周期,促进水稻氮素吸收,增加水稻产量,改善水稻品质,提高氮肥利用效率,增加经济效益。     

脲酶/硝化抑制剂对沿淮平原水稻产量、氮肥利用率及稻田氮素的影响

添加氮素抑制剂是提高水稻氮肥利用率的有效途径之一。采用大田试验,探讨了氮素抑制剂(脲酶抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)、硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)及其组合)对沿淮平原水稻产量、氮肥利用率及稻田氮素的影响,旨在为优化沿淮稻田生态系统氮素养分管理,减少氮素损失提供科学依据。以"常糯1号"为供试材料,于2018年6—10月在安徽省怀远县(沿淮平原典型水稻种植区)进行试验。试验设5个处理:不施氮肥(CK);尿素(U);尿素+硝化抑制剂(U+DMPP);尿素+脲酶抑制剂(U+NBPT);尿素+硝化抑制剂+脲酶抑制剂(U+NBPT+DMPP)。结果表明:尿素配施NBPT或者DMPP均有利于提高水稻产量、植株吸氮量和氮素利用效率,NBPT效果优于DMPP,NBPT和DMPP联合施用表现出协同增效作用。尿素配施抑制剂的3个处理U+NBPT、U+DMPP和U+NBPT+DMPP较单独施用尿素U处理的产量分别增加6.8%,4.3%,8.6%,植物吸氮量分别增加9.6%,6.5%,12.2%,与U处理之间差异达显著水平(P0.05)。尿素单独配施NBPT或者NBPT+DMPP组合均显著提高了氮肥吸收利用率(NRE)、氮肥农学利用率(NAE)、氮素吸收效率(NUP)和氮肥偏生产力(NPFP)(P0.05),而尿素单独配施DMPP也有不同程度的提高,但差异未达到显著水平(P0.05)。另外,尿素单独配施DMPP或者DMPP+NBPT组合均显著提高了水稻成熟期土壤铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)和微生物量氮(SMBN)的含量,降低了硝态氮(NO_3~--N)的含量,提高了土壤中铵/硝比,而尿素单独配施NBPT对水稻成熟期土壤NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和SMBN无显著影响。总体认为,在沿淮平原稻作种植体系中,尿素配施NBPT或者DMPP可以有效地增加水稻产量,促进水稻对氮素的吸收利用,提高氮素利用效率,NBPT和DMPP联合施用效果最理想。     

Nitrogen-15 balance in transplanted and direct-seeded flooded rice as affected by different methods of urea application

Summary Alternative N-fertilizer management practices are needed to increase productivity and the N-use efficiency of flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.). In the 1987 dry season, a field study using ¹⁵N-labeled urea evaluated the effect of the time and method of fertilizer-N application on grain yield and N-use efficiency in transplanted and direct-seeded flooded rice. Conventional fertilizer application (broadcasting and incorporation) was compared with band placement of liquid urea and point placement of urea supergranules. With band or point placement, the grain yields were significantly greater, and the partial pressure of NH₃ (pNH₃) in the floodwater was significantly reduced. In the transplanted rice, conventional fertilizer-N application gave a 64% total ¹⁵N recovery and 38% crop (grain and straw) recovery. Band placement of liquid urea N resulted in 92% total and 73% crop recovery. In the direct-seeded flooded rice, a conventional N application gave 72% total and 42% crop recovery; band placement, 98% total and 73% crop recovery; and urea supergranule point placement, 97% total and 75% crop recovery.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. K. Mengel, Giessen, FRG, in honor of his 60th birthday.     

Influence of Residue Management and Tillage Systems on Carbon Sequestration and Nitrogen,Phosphorus, and Potassium Dynamics of Soil and Plant and Wheat Production in Semi-arid Region

Reducing the tillage and application of mulch are important strategies for soil and water conservation and sustainability of agricultural systems. Soil can be a source or sink for carbon (C) depending on management strategies and plays a major role in the global C cycle. These interacting practices can alter nutrient movement and availability to the crops, reduce water loss, slow down organic-matter (OM) decomposition, and thus enhance C sequestration. A 2-year field study was conducted to quantify the tillage and mulching effect on soil organic C (SOC), OM, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) at two depths (i.e., 0–15 and 15–30 cm deep) in the soil profile and N, P, and K concentrations (g kg^?1) in plant shoots at harvest on a Typic Calciargids in wheat–maize rotation. The four tillage systems used were zero tillage (ZT), minimum tillage (MT), conventional tillage (CT), and deep tillage (DT), and four mulch rates [control, 2 (M₂), 4 (M₄), and 6 (M₆) Mg ha^?1 year^?1 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw] were applied in combination with each tillage system, keeping recommended rates of fertilizers. There was a linear positive response of mulch application on SOC for both years, but it was more pronounced during the second year. Greater values were found in ZT and the lowest in CT at all depths, although greater SOC content was found in upper layers than in deeper ones. Greater shoot N, P, and K concentrations were found in MT, CT, and DT, whereas the lowest concentration was found in ZT. Mulch application has no effect on N, P, and K concentrations in shoots. The soil N concentration was not affected by tillage and mulch, yet greater soil N content was found at 0–15 cm than 15–30 cm deep. There was significant effect of tillage on soil P and K during one year as greater P and K concentrations were found under MT, CT, and DT compared to ZT. More N, P, K, and OM concentrations were found at 0–15 cm deep than at 15–30 cm deep during the whole study period. Mulch effect was significant on K, and significantly greater amounts were found at greater levels of mulch application. The increases in the soil OM were 34.5, 35.75, and 24% at 0–8, 8–16, and 16–24 cm deep respectively from the first year to the second year. Tillage effect on soil organic-matter content was not significant. Tillage increased grain production for both years. For the first year, 22.9 and 27% greater yields were found in CT and DT, whereas in the second year yields were 10.6, 17.9, and 57% greater, respectively, in MT, CT, and DT as compared to ZT. Grain production was increased at a result of mulch application by 12.9, 20.3, and 10.6% during the first year and 11.45, 23.74, and 10.9% during the second year as compared to control (i.e., without mulch). Results show the importance of mulch application and crop residue retention. Both can increase the SOC content and water-holding capacity, which will result in improved production and soil physical health over long and continuous use of mulch.     

硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素对土壤硝态氮含量及氮素平衡和氮素利用率的影响

【目的】控释尿素已被证明对于提高氮素利用率、减少氮素损失和增产有积极意义,且不同包膜的控释尿素由于包膜材料的不同,对于氮素的释放和供应强度有所不同。本文在黄淮海区域采用玉米田间试验,探讨硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素在氮素供应和减少氮素损失等方面的效应,以期为黄淮海区域夏玉米在高温多雨的种植条件下两种控释尿素的选择和应用提供依据。【方法】以硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素为研究对象,采用田间试验研究0—100 cm土壤剖面中的硝态氮含量,玉米整个生育期的土壤氮素平衡和玉米产量以及氮素利用率。【结果】与相同施氮量的普通尿素相比,硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素均具有"前控后保"的特性,使玉米苗期0—100 cm土层的土壤硝态氮含量降低了11.7%~56.7%和28.8%~68.2%,玉米灌浆期和收获期0—40 cm土层的硝态氮含量分别提高了16.3%~46.7%、0.5%~60.7%;两种控释尿素均能有效降低玉米整个生育期土壤残留的无机氮量、氮素表观损失量和盈余量,降幅分别为12.0%~18.4%、13.2%~66.4%和15.6%~30.9%,使玉米产量提高14.6%~37.5%,氮素利用率提高12.3~20.8个百分点。在N 210 kg/hm2、N 300 kg/hm2两种施氮量条件下,与相同施氮量的硫膜控释尿素相比,树脂膜控释尿素处理的玉米苗期0—60 cm土层的硝态氮含量降低了26.4%~39.1%,灌浆期0—40 cm土层和收获期0—20 cm土层的硝态氮含量分别提高了10%~21.8%和9.6%~16.4%,土壤残留无机氮量、氮素表观损失量和盈余量分别降低了2.3%~6.0%、44.6%~61.3%和17.0%~17.7%,玉米产量提高了6.8%~8.3%,氮素利用率提高了7.1~8.4个百分点,说明树脂膜控释尿素的效果优于硫膜控释尿素。树脂膜控释尿素和硫膜控释尿素在施氮量N 300 kg/hm2时均比N 210 kg/hm2条件下玉米整个生育期不同土层的硝态氮含量提高了1.2%~90.9%和2.0%~56.7%,玉米整个生育期土壤残留无机氮量、氮素表观损失量和盈余量分别提高了42.1%~47.6%、66.2%~137.9%、52.5%~53.8%,玉米产量和氮素利用率分别提高了20.8%和22.5%、6.5和5.2个百分点,施氮量N 300 kg/hm2优于N 210 kg/hm2。【结论】树脂膜控释尿素在减少夏玉米农田土壤剖面硝态氮残留、维持土壤氮素平衡和提高氮素利用率等方面的效果优于硫膜控释尿素和普通尿素。综合考虑保证土壤氮素供应、减少氮素损失、提高玉米产量及氮素利用率等因素,在黄淮海区域高温多雨气候条件下种植夏玉米,以施氮量N 300 kg/hm2的树脂膜控释尿素或者硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素二者配合施用效果最佳。     

红壤水稻土上双季稻氮素减施增效方法比较

目前我国正在大力推进化肥零增长战略,各种减肥增效措施的实际应用效果越来越受到关注。本文通过连续3年的田间定位试验,探索在红壤地区双季稻种植模式下减氮增效的方法。在江西省典型的红壤水稻土上,设置不施氮肥(CK)、常规施氮量下的农民习惯施氮(C1)、减氮30 kg/hm_2下分次施氮(C2)、减氮30 kg/hm_2下20%缓释尿素一次施用(H1)、减氮30 kg/hm_2下50%缓释尿素一次施用(H2)和减氮30 kg/hm_2下80%缓释尿素一次施用(H3)共6个处理。结果表明:C2、H1、H2和H3处理在早晚稻上比C1处理减施氮素30 kg/hm_2的情况下,产量、秸秆生物量、有效穗数、千粒重、籽粒和秸秆的养分含量没有显著性差异(P0.05);同样除CK外,其他处理植株吸氮总量和氮收获指数也没有显著差异(P0.05);试验3年后各处理的土壤全氮和速效养分也没有显著性差异(P0.05)。但是C2、H1、H2和H3处理的氮肥偏肥生产力和氮肥吸收利用率都显著高于C1处理(P0.05),其中C2、H1、H2和H3处理的氮肥偏生产力6季平均分别提升了19.0%、17.8%、19.9%和24.5%,而氮肥吸收利用率6季平均分别提升了61.7%、44.9%、57.3%和72.3%。而C2处理的氮肥偏肥生产力和氮肥吸收利用率与H1、H2和H3处理之间无显著差异(P0.05)。分次施氮和施用缓释尿素两种方法均是红壤水稻土上减氮增效的有效方法。减氮30 kg/hm_2下,普通尿素配合施用20%比例的缓释尿素可以满足水稻生长的需求,而施用更高比例的缓释尿素(50%和80%)并不会提高水稻产量和氮肥利用率。综合考虑成本,一次性施用20%的缓释尿素是更为切实可行的减氮增效方法。     

Fertilizer nitrogen uptake by rice increased by biochar application

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that biochar application can increase rice yield through improving nitrogen (N) uptake and utilization by rice plants under N application conditions. A pot experiment was done with a hybrid rice cultivar grown on a Fe-leachi-Stagnic Anthrosols with and without biochar application. The N fertilizer used was ¹⁵N-labeled urea. Results showed that biochar application resulted in 23–27 % increase in fertilizer N uptake by rice plants and consequently 8–10 % increase in grain yield. The higher fertilizer N uptake under biochar application was associated with a reduced fertilizer N loss. Fertilizer N loss rate was reduced by 9–10 % by applying biochar. We suggest that further studies are needed to assess the short-term and long-term effects of different biochars on N uptake and utilization by rice under field conditions.     

灌溉模式和有机肥配施对水稻产量、光合特性和氮肥利用率的影响

针对湘北地区农业水资源日益紧缺和水稻生产上滥施化学氮肥的现状,为了节约淡水资源、降低化肥用量、实现水肥协同和资源高效利用,设置2种灌溉方式(W₁：全生育期淹水灌溉;W₂：全生育期湿润灌溉)和4个施氮水平(N₀：不施氮肥;N₁：施N量150 kg/hm²,肥料为尿素氮100%;N₂：施N量150 kg/hm²,肥料为尿素氮80%+有机氮(菜枯)20%;N₃：施N量150 kg/hm²,肥料为尿素氮60%+有机氮(菜枯)40%),分析水稻产量、光合特性、氮素代谢和氮肥利用率对灌溉模式和有机肥配施的响应规律。结果表明：与W₁相比,W₂显著增加水稻产量、氮肥利用率、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等;在不同施氮处理下,增加有机肥比例能显著提高产量,N₃、N₂、N₁分别比N₀