烟草与丛枝菌根真菌的共生效应研究进展

丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌是陆地生态系统中广泛存在的一类专性共生土壤微生物,是根系土壤区域中重要的功能菌群之一.AM真菌可侵染植物根系形成丛枝菌根共生体,改变植物根系形态和改善营养状况,从而提高宿主植物的生长发育、产量、质量和抗逆性.目前从烟草根系土壤分离报道的AM真菌已达13属5...     

丛枝菌根提高植物耐盐性的研究进展

近年来,土地盐渍化越来越多的引起人们的关注,已成为最常见的农业问题之一,其对人类造成的危害主要是使农作物减产甚至绝收,并间接造成生态环境恶化。研究表明丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi,AMF)在盐胁迫下能与很多种植物共生,能够提高植物的耐盐性,促进植物在盐胁迫中生长。因此,探索AMF缓解盐胁迫对植物的危害是近年来生态学和农业生产中的热点问题。综述了AMF在植物干物质的积累、营养吸收、渗透调节、抗氧化酶系统、叶绿素浓度、水分状况、植物激素信号以及一些耐盐相关基因方面国内外最新的研究成果,并对利用AMF提高植物耐盐性相关研究提出了展望,以期为盐碱地的改良及农业生产提供参考依据。     

丛枝菌根真菌生态功能及其与共生植物互作机理

丛枝菌根真菌是陆生植物根系广泛存在的一类真菌类群,并与宿主植物形成互惠共生体,在土壤生态环境中发挥着重要的生态作用和功能。从丛枝菌根提高宿主植物非生物胁迫(水、温度、盐碱和重金属等)抗性、生物胁迫(植物病害等)抗性以及改变宿主根际微生态等方面,对丛枝菌根真菌的生态作用、互作机理和研究热点进行了综述。     

干旱胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌对玉米生理生化特性的影响

在土壤有效磷含量较高的条件下,研究了接种丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, AMF）对不同水分处理梯度（田间最大持水量的70%、 45%和20%）条件下玉米生长和抗旱性的影响。结果表明,在三种不同水分处理条件下,接种AMF显著提高了玉米植株地上部的生物量,且对玉米地上部、 地下部全磷含量有显著提高作用。水分胁迫显著降低了玉米叶片水势,增加了玉米叶片脯氨酸、 丙二醛、 过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶含量,而不同水分梯度条件下接种AMF均显著提高了植株叶片水势,降低了脯氨酸含量,提高了叶片保护酶（过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶）活性从而减少丙二醛的积累,减轻植物叶片膜脂过氧化的伤害。由此说明,接种AMF在土壤有效磷含量较高的条件下能够与玉米根系形成良好的共生关系,提高玉米的抗旱性。     

丛枝菌根真菌缓解土壤过量微量元素和重金属对植物毒害的研究进展

土壤中过量的植物所需微量元素和重金属污染均会抑制植物的生长代谢,导致植物生物量降低,引起植物的生理病害甚至死亡。丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）能够促进植物生长,提高植物养分吸收能力,同时在提高植物重金属耐受性方面有着重要作用。本文基于土壤金属污染现状,概述了AMF的作用机制,分析了铁（Fe）、硼（B）、镍（Ni）、锌（Zn）、铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）、砷（As）、铬（Cr）、汞（Hg）胁迫条件下AMF缓解植物毒害的主要机制,总结了AMF缓解不同金属对植物毒害机制的差异,以期为AMF缓解土壤过量微量元素和重金属对植物毒害的进一步研究提供理论参考。     

蚯蚓与丛枝菌根真菌的相互作用及其对植物的影响

蚯蚓和丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌都是有益的土壤生物,对提高土壤养分有效性和植物吸收利用营养元素具有重要影响。本文综述了蚯蚓对AM真菌取食、传播和侵染的影响、蚯蚓与AM真菌相互作用的效应和机制方面的最新研究进展,以及AM真菌与蚯蚓互作改善植物营养和生长以及协同修复土壤重金属方面的作用,以期为今后研究发展提供依据。     

葫芦科蔬菜对丛枝菌根真菌依赖性的研究

在盆栽条件下试验研究了5种葫芦科（Cucurbitaceae)蔬菜对2种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhiza,AM)真菌的语性。结果表明，AM真菌Glomus mosseae(G.m)和Gigaspora rosea(Gi,r)均能有效地促进葫芦科蔬菜的生长，显著增加叶面积和植株干物质量，提高叶片的光合速率，降低气孔阻力。供试葫芦科蔬菜对菌根的依赖程度顺序为黄瓜＞西瓜＞苦瓜＞葫芦＞南瓜。5种葫芦科蔬菜对AM的依赖性与AM真菌对根系的浸染率呈正相关关系，符合直线回归方程：y＝117．19＋0．7468x。     

丛枝菌根真菌根内菌丝碱性磷酸酶活性与菌根共生效应的研究

试验研究 3种丛枝菌根真菌根内菌丝碱性磷酸酶活性与菌根共生效应的结果表明 ,3种丛枝菌根真菌对宿主植物的效应不同 ,与接种G .spp处理和未接种对照相比 ,接种G .m和G .i处理显著增加玉米地上部和根系干物质量、P浓度和吸P量 ,但后两者间无显著差异 ;而接种G .spp处理与对照无显著差异。播种后 35d时接种G .m和G .i处理根内菌丝碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于接种G .spp处理 ,而前二者间无显著差异 ,且随生长时间的变化趋势相似 ,35d时酶活性最高 ,35～ 5 0d呈迅速下降趋势 ,至 70d时酶活性仍下降且趋于平缓。G .spp酶活性则一直处于较低水平 ,随生长时间的延长略有起伏。即接种不同丛枝菌根真菌时 ,根内菌丝碱性磷酸酶活性高的菌根真菌对玉米生长促进作用较大 ,可提高玉米P营养状况 ;反之则对玉米生长和P营养状况无明显促进作用 ,且与对照无显著差异。出苗后 35d时根内菌丝碱性磷酸酶活性是预测丛枝菌根真菌对玉米生长效应的有效生理指标之一。     

喀斯特土壤生境下丛枝菌根真菌侵染对任豆根系构型的影响

研究不同养分喀斯特土壤生境下,菌根真菌对宿主根系形态影响,为喀斯特地区植被定植、恢复和水土保持提供微生物干扰途径,同时也为喀斯特地区筛选优势菌种提供依据.以石灰岩地区造林树种任豆幼苗为试验材料,摩西球囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae,Fm)、根内球囊霉(Rhizoglomusintraradices,R...     

丛枝菌根真菌对NaCl胁迫下番茄内源激素的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了不同浓度NaCl（03%、06%和10%）胁迫下,接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae-2 对番茄内源激素的影响。结果表明：（1）盐胁迫下,植株生长受抑,生长促进物质IAA、GA3和Zeatin含量下降,生长抑制物质ABA含量增加,接种Glomus mosseae-2增加了植株干物质量和这些激素的含量;（2）菌根形成过程中,Glomus mosseae-2参与调节内源激素平衡, 降低了叶片ABA/IAA、ABA/GA3、ABA/Zeatin及ABA/ (IAA+GA3+Zeatin)的比值; （3）气孔导度（gs））和ABA/Zeatin值呈极显著负相关,同一盐浓度胁迫下,接菌株有较高gs和较低的ABA/Zeatin值。 ABA和Zeatin共同调节气孔对盐胁迫的响应,维持接菌株较高的气孔导度,增强了番茄的耐盐性。     

AM真菌和水分条件对稀土尾矿堆中植物生长的影响

通过温室盆栽试验研究了不同水分处理下接种3种丛枝菌根（AM）真菌（Diversispora spurcum、Glomus aggre gatum和Glomus constrictum）后对稀土矿砂中黑麦草（Lolium perenneL.）和狗牙根（Cynodon dactylon（L.）Pers.）植物株高、地上和地下部分干重及植株内Pb和Zn含量的影响。结果表明：不同水分处理下黑麦草和狗牙根与AM真菌均有一定的结合。在干旱胁迫（W1和W2）下,接种3种AM真菌均提高了黑麦草的株高、地上和地下部分干重,其中,接种Glomus aggregatum促进作用最为显著,重度干旱胁迫（W1）处理下接种后黑麦草株高、地上和地下部分干重比对照分别提高了76.16%、202.86%和481.82%;接种Glomus constrictum显著提高了狗牙根的株高、地上和地下部分干重,W1处理下狗牙根接种后的株高、地上和地下部分干重比对照分别提高了119.17%、290.63%和247.37%。接种AM真菌的植株内Pb和Zn含量与AM真菌种类、植物品种、水分处理及重金属性质等相关,在W1处理下接种Glomus constrictum显著降低了黑麦草植株内Pb的含量,而对Zn的含量影响不大;而对于狗牙根,在W1处理下接种Glomus constrictum显著增加了其Pb和Zn的含量。此外,还测定了植物叶片丙二醛和脯氨酸含量,结果显示接种AM真菌明显降低了干旱处理下黑麦草和狗牙根叶片丙二醛和脯氨酸含量,表明接种AM真菌能有效提高植物的抗逆性。     

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Acclimatization of Micropropagated Citrus

Micropropagated plantlets lack mycorrhizal symbionts and therefore present some physiological hindrances when transferred from axenic to ex vitro conditions. The purpose of the present study was to research the effects of Glomus mosseae and G. versiforme on growth, photosynthesis, and nutrient uptake of micropropagated citrus plantlets at the acclimatization stage. The two mycorrhizal fungi successfully colonized the roots of citrus plantlets after an acclimatization period of 170 days, and the mycorrhizal developments were apt to low levels. Inoculation with G. mosseae improved acclimatized growth performance; increased photosynthetic rates, transpiration rates, and stomatal conductance; and stimulated the accumulations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) in leaves and roots compared to the noninoculated treatment. These observations suggested that only G. mosseae was the more efficient fungus, exhibited better adaptation to transplanted conditions, and therefore is appropriate to introduce into the micropropagation protocol of citrus.     

丛枝菌根真菌对鸢尾的促进作用研究

为高效利用水陆两栖植物鸢尾修复污染水体,本研究通过测定不同的丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)与鸢尾构建共生体系的生长指标、土壤理化性质及植物光合作用指标,探讨不同AMF对水生植物鸢尾的促进作用。结果表明:AMF对鸢尾的促进作用主要体现在地上及地下两部分,其中地下部分通过利用其庞大的菌丝网络吸收土壤中的营养物质,进而促进了鸢尾的生长,其中对比无菌剂侵染的空白植物,摩西球囊霉作用的鸢尾对氮元素的吸收率提高71.75%,磷元素的吸收率提高8.36%,而根内球囊霉作用的鸢尾对氮元素的吸收率提高42.55%,磷元素的吸收率提高9.5%;而地上部分则是通过加强叶片气孔导度的开启来调控植物净光合速率与蒸腾速率之间的平衡,进而提高了鸢尾的最优水资源利用率,加快植物的新陈代谢,最终促进植物的生长发育。其中对于鸢尾光合作用的调节摩西球囊霉的促进效果显著好于(P0.05)根内球囊霉。     

Responses of Lentil to Co-Inoculation with Phosphate-Solubilizing Rhizobial Strains and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the responses of lentil (Lens culinariscv. ‘Ziba’) to co-inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and some indigenous rhizobial strains varying in phosphorus (P)-solubilizing ability in a calcareous soil with high pH and low amounts of available P and nitrogen (N). A factorial experiment with completely randomized block design was conducted under controlled greenhouse conditions. The treatments consisted of (1) three inoculants of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strains and a mixed rhizobial inoculant with an effective P-solubilizer strain of Mesorhizobium ciceri, (2) two AM fungal species, Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices, (3) two P sources, superphosphate and phosphate rock. Four replications were prepared for each treatment and a related control. After the growth period of three months, the dry matter of shoots plus seeds, their P and N contents, and percent of root colonized by AM fungus were measured. The results showed that the effects of AM fungi, rhizobial strains, and P fertilizers were highly significant (p < 0.01) for all the characteristics studied. The rhizobial strain with P-solubilizing ability showed a more beneficial effect on plant growth and nutrient uptake than the strain without this ability, although both strains had similar effectiveness for N₂-fixation in symbiosis with lentil. Synergistic relationships were observed between AM fungi and some rhizobial strains that related to the compatible pairing of these two microsymbionts. The P-uptake efficiency was increased when P fertilizers were applied along with AM fungi and/or P-solubilizer rhizobial strains.     

Screening of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi for Symbiotic Efficiency with Sweet Potato

A greenhouse study was conducted to study the efficiency of 14 isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi isolated from a local agricultural soil on the productivity of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). The different AM fungi enhanced the biomass and nutritional status of sweet potato seedlings to different extents. The genus Glomus was more effective than Acaulospora or Scutellospora. Efficiency also varied among isolates of Glomus irrespective of individual host plant or location of origin. Intraspecific differences were sometimes greater than interspecific differences. Benefits deriving from fungal isolates were positively correlated with the root-colonization rate and the abundance of extraradical propagules of the AM fungi. Taking plant yield parameters, nutritional status of the plants, and fungal attributes into consideration, GEGM (Glomus etunicatum together with Glomus mosseae) and GE6 (Glomus etunicatum) were the most effective AM symbionts for sweet potato under the experimental conditions.     

土壤因子对西藏高原草地植物AM真菌的影响

于西藏高原中部地区就土壤因子对草地植物AM真菌的影响进行的研究表明：AM真菌孢子密度与菌根侵染率、菌根侵染强度无相关性；土壤质地对AM真菌孢子密度的影响明显大于土壤类型，壤土、粉砂土中AM真菌对植物根系的侵染率高于砂壤土；土壤pH与植物根围土壤孢子密度、菌根侵染率分别呈显著正相关和正相关，与菌根侵染强度则呈负相关；土壤有机质与AM真菌孢子密度呈负相关，菌根侵染效果则随土壤有机质含量的增加而提高；高磷土壤环境对AM真菌产孢和侵染均具不同程度的抑制作用，其中植物菌根侵染率随土壤有效磷含量的提高而呈显著下降；AM真菌对莎草科植物矮生嵩草、扁穗莎草根系具有良好的侵染效应。     

Enhancing Plant Water Relations,Quality, and Productivity of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) through Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,Inorganic Phosphorus,and Irrigation Regimes in an Himalayan Acid Alfisol

The present investigation was carried out at Palampur, India, during 2009–11 to enhance plant water relations and productivity in pea through arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in a Himalayan acidic Alfisol. The field experiment was replicated three times in a randomized block design comprising 14 treatments involving AMF, inorganic phosphorus (P), irrigation regimes, generalized recommended nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) dose and irrigations, and farmers’ practice in the region. The study revealed that treatments involving AMF inoculation along with inorganic P nutrition at varying irrigation regimes led to significantly greater relative leaf water content (2%), xylem water potential (12%), and water-use efficiency (10%), respectively, in comparison with non-AMF inoculated counterparts. Similarly, maximum increase in quality parameters such as total soluble solids (6%), ascorbic acid (6%), and crude protein content (3%) in pea was registered under AMF inoculation involving treatments. Further, AMF-inoculated treatments indicated an economy of about 25% in soil-test-based P dose without impairing crop productivity.     

根瘤菌和AM真菌对紫花苜蓿结瘤和产质量的影响

了解酸性土壤条件下紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)接种中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium medicae,SM)和丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)的作用,有益于扩大西南地区牧草种植,促进牧业发展。选择当地典型、有代表性的酸性黄壤,设置不接种(CK)、接种SM(SM)、接种AMF(AMF)、混合接种(SM+AMF)四个处理,通过微区试验研究SM与AMF对紫花苜蓿生长、品质、根系结瘤和植株养分吸收等的影响。结果表明:在SM+AMF处理中,菌根真菌感染率和结瘤数分别较单接种提高,但根瘤单重显著减少,固氮效率和吸磷能力增加,其牧草产量、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分、氮、磷、钾、钙、镁积累量均显著高于其他处理,表现出SM与AMF的协同效应。与CK相比,SM或AMF处理均促进苜蓿生长,提高牧草产量,改善品质,但SM和AMF处理之间无显著差异。在SM处理中,地上部氮含量和氮、磷、钾积累量高于CK,植株氮积累量高于AMF。在AMF处理中,其根系活力显著高于SM处理,有益于养分吸收,可解释植株磷、钾、钙、镁含量和积累量高于SM的原因。因此,SM和AM...     

Pungency of Spring Onion as Affected by Inoculation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Sulfur Supply

ABSTRACT

The influence of sulfur (S) supply and mycorrhizal colonization on the growth and pungency of spring onion (Allium fistulosum L.) seedlings grown for four months in Perlite and nutrient solution containing three levels of sulfate [0.1, 1.75, and 4 mM sulfate (SO₄ ^2?)] were investigated. Plants were inoculated with Glomus etunicatum, Glomus intraradices, or Glomus mosseae, and uninoculated controls were included. Shoot and root dry weights of mycorrhizal and control plants supplied with 4 mM SO₄ ²⁺ were higher than with 0.1 or 1.75 mM SO₄ ^2?. Enzyme produced pyruvic acid (EPY) and plant sulfur concentrations increased with increasing SO₄ ^2? supply. The EPY and plant S concentrations were usually higher in mycorrhizal plants than controls irrespective of S supply, and shoot total S concentrations and EPY were strongly correlated. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization appeared to make a substantial contribution to the sulfur status of spring onion, and may thus have had a strong influence on its flavor characteristics.     

丛枝菌根真菌对紫花苜蓿吸收土壤中镉和锌的影响

采用温室盆栽试验方法,研究了镉（Cd）、锌（Zn）污染土壤中,8种不同丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）Glomus lamellosum（G.la）、Acaulospora mellea（A.m）、Glomus mosseae（G.m）、Glomus intraradices（G.i）、Glomus etunicatum（G.e）、Glomus constrictum（G.c）、Diversispora spurcum（D.s）、Glomus aggregatum（G.a）对紫花苜蓿（Medicagosativa L.）吸收Cd、Zn的影响。结果表明,Cd、Zn污染下AMF仍然明显侵染紫花苜蓿,并促进紫花苜蓿对Cd、Zn的吸收积累,但不同AMF影响的效应和植株不同部位对重金属的吸收积累规律存在差异。AMF处理下紫花苜蓿根部Cd、Zn含量和积累量明显增加,但地上部Cd、Zn的含量则降低,地上部Zn的积累量也减小,这表明AMF处理减弱了Cd、Zn由根部向地上部的运移,减轻了植物地上部毒害。接种AMF条件下,植株尤其是根部生物量增加是Cd、Zn在其体内含量和积累量增加的重要因素,不同种类AMF促进植株生物量增加的幅度不同,导致植株对Cd、Zn的积累和抗性存在差异。