Studies on ticks of veterinary importance in Nigeria XVII. Resistance of rabbits to infestation with Amblyomma variegatum and Boophilus decoloratus (Acari: Ixodidae)

Rabbits exposed to larvae, nymphs and adults of Amblyomma variegatum acquired resistance to the infestation with adults of this tick. The degree of acquired resistance was lowest in the rabbits exposed once previously to larvae and highest in those exposed twice previously to adults. Rabbits also acquired resistance after primary infestation with Boophilus decoloratus; their resistance became very high during the thrice-repeated feeding. New terms are introduced for the quantification of the degree of resistance of animals to tick infestation. Rabbits were protected against infestation with B. decoloratus by intravenous injection of serum from the rabbits on which the ticks had fed three times. The relevance of the results to integrated tick control strategies is discussed.     

Studies on ticks of veterinary importance in Nigeria. VIII. Differences observed in the biology of ticks which fed on different domestic animal hosts

Ticks of the species Amblyomma variegatum (Fabr.), Boophilus decoloratus (Koch), Boophilus geigyi Aeschl. et Morel, and Hyalomma rufipes Koch were detached from cattle, sheep and horses and the influence of these various hosts on the biology of ticks was investigated. No A. variegatum was found in horses. The parameters studied were preoviposition and oviposition periods, ovipositional capacity, eclosion period, hatching patterns, egg sizes and temperature effect. Although the preoviposition and eclosion periods were similar in each tick species irrespective of the host from which the adults were detached, the oviposition period was longest among ticks detached from cattle and least among those detached from horses. The ticks engorged on cattle also laid the highest number of eggs and those which engorged on horses laid the least number. The hatching pattern of the eggs in any tick species was not influenced by the host from which the female was detached. The lengths of eggs of the ticks whose adults were detached from horses were generally smaller than those detached from cattle and sheep. Temperature affected the adult females detached from cattle, sheep and horses equally and this was also true of the larvae they produced. The practical field applications of these results are discussed.     

影响禾谷缢管蚜自然种群变动的关键因素研究

试验表明 ,影响禾谷缢管蚜自然种群变动的主要因素是气候和天敌。低龄若蚜主要受风雨的影响 ,高龄若蚜和成蚜主要受天敌和风雨共同作用。天敌主要为七星瓢虫和食蚜蝇。禾谷缢管蚜是典型的γ对策昆虫 ,具有较高的内禀增殖率 ,又具有较高的死亡率。种群的变动受自身密度的影响 ,γ值的大小可以说明自然种群变化的趋势     

Photolysis of pirimicarb in water under natural and simulated sunlight conditions

The photostability of pirimicarb, (2-dimethylamino-5,6-dimethylpyrimidin-4-yl dimethylcarbamate) in aqueous media, under natural and artificial sunlight irradiation conditions, is reported. The pH of the irradiated solutions remained constant during degradation time. The photodegradation mechanism seemed to be similar under both conditions, but the half-life was found to be about three times longer under natural than under artificial conditions. Four main photo-products ( 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 ) were isolated and identified by spectroscopic methods. It is proposed that a common photodegradation pathway exists for pirimicarb under both irradiation conditions. The results obtained from the photodegradation of pirimicarb and of its four main products isolated on solid phase permit the construction of a possible photodegradation pathway. Photoproduct 4 (2-methyl-formylamino-5,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxypyrimidine) is here described for the first time.     

小核盘菌保藏过程中活力和致病力影响因素研究

研究了小核盘菌保藏过程中活力和致病力影响因素,结果表明：接种后培养6 d的小核盘菌活力（以该菌在PDA平板上培养形成的菌落直径表示）和致病力（以该菌在蒲公英叶片上形成的菌斑直径表示）最大,分别为66.2 mm和52.9 mm。保藏期间小核盘菌的活力和致病力均随时间呈下降趋势。保藏90 d后,培养8 d的小核盘菌的活力和致病力最大,分别为31.7 mm和17.9 mm;培养4 d的小核盘菌的活力和致病力最小,分别为6.3 mm和2.6 mm。保藏期间低水活度有利于小核盘菌活力和致病力的保持,活力和致病力均随水活度的降低而增加。当水活度低于0.432时,活力和致病力不再增加,趋于稳定。低温有利于小核盘菌活力和致病力的保持, 25 ℃下保藏90 d的小核盘菌失去了全部活力和致病力,而-16 ℃下小核盘菌的活力和致病力仅分别下降25.8 %和 13.7%。     

Insecticidal potency of novel compounds on multiple insect species of medical and veterinary importance

BACKGROUND: Vector‐borne diseases continue to present significant threats to human, animal and plant health. Mosquitoes, houseflies, sand flies and stable flies are well‐known vectors of several human and animal pathogens. The toxicity of selected semiochemicals with molecular structures indicative of insecticidal activity was determined against these insect species with the aim of developing novel insecticides toxic to multiple insect species. RESULTS: Three semiochemicals, namely beta‐damascone, cyclemone A and melafleur, showed remarkable toxicity to three mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti L., Ae. albopictus (Skuse) and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say, the housefly, Musca domestica L., the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L., and the sand fly, Lutzomyia shannoni (Dyar). The chemicals were equally toxic to several field‐collected permethrin‐tolerant housefly strains. When formulated as 500 mL L^?1 emulsifiable concentrates, the chemicals demonstrated stability and toxicity on filter paper and camouflage military fabrics, with persistence up to 8 days under laboratory conditions. The chemicals were equally effective under field conditions when evaluated on unpainted plywood panels, although a higher dosage was required under field conditions to achieve similar efficacy. CONCLUSION: Laboratory quantification of LC₅₀ values and field efficacy of three semiochemicals as formulated compounds on mosquitoes, houseflies, stable flies and sand flies showed that these semiochemicals could serve as potent insecticides for multiple insect species. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

喷灌与地面灌溉冬小麦干物质积累、分配和运转的比较研究

以中优9507为材料,采用大田试验的方法,研究了喷灌和地面灌溉条件下冬小麦干物质积累、分配和运转状况。试验结果表明:与对照地面灌溉相比,在冬小麦生长的中前期(分蘖期～拔节期),喷灌条件下冬小麦地上部干物质总量较小,但是在冬小麦生长的中后期(抽穗期～成熟期),喷灌有利于植株对干物质的积累,其干物质总量明显高于地面灌溉条件下;在抽穗前,喷灌和地面灌溉条件下各器官干物质的分配率差异不显著,在抽穗后的灌浆期,喷灌条件下叶片、籽粒中的干物质分配率提高,其茎鞘的干物质分配率则降低;喷灌条件下叶片、颖壳、茎鞘贮藏物质的转化率均低于地面灌溉,其抽穗后生产的干物质对籽粒的贡献率较地面灌溉显著提高;喷灌条件下冬小麦的结实率、千粒重、产量分别较地面灌溉提高了5.9%1、.23 g、491.4 kg/hm2,差异在处理间均显著;喷灌条件下冬小麦的耗水量小于地面灌溉,水分利用效率高于地面灌溉。     

环境规制约束下新疆棉农生产环境保护意愿与行为的影响因素研究

在农业面源污染较为突出的背景下,环境规制是否对新疆棉农的生产环境保护行为起到了规范作用?环境规制在治理农业面源污染中效果是否显著?这些问题成为全社会关注的问题.在对新疆重点植棉县的棉花种植户问卷调查的基础上,通过将环境规制分析归类为命令控制型、宣传教育型、经济激励型三种类型,运用SPSS17.0软件进行Probit双变...     

玉龙喀什河和喀拉喀什河出山径流变化及其影响因素分析

塔克拉玛干沙漠周边地区近40 a来年气温和年降水有明显的上升趋势,位于沙漠南端以西昆仑山冰雪融水和山区降水为补给的玉龙喀什河和喀拉喀什河出山径流理应上升,利用研究资料分析表明这两条河的出山径流存在下降的相反趋势,夏季温度是玉龙喀什河与喀拉喀什河径流量维持稳定的主导因子,而山区夏季降水量的减少则导致玉龙喀什河与喀拉喀什河年径流量呈现减少趋势。     

Control of Aspergillus growth and aflatoxin production using natural maize phytochemicals under different conditions of water activity

The effects of the natural phytochemicals trans-cinnamic acid (CA) and ferulic acid (FA) alone at concentrations of 1-25 mM and in 16 combinations (M: mixtures) on growth and aflatoxin B(1) production by Aspergillus flavus Link and A. parasiticus Speare were evaluated. Studies on growth rate and aflatoxin B(1) production were carried out in vitro in relation to a water activity a(w) of 0.999, 0.971, 0.955 and 0.937. Overall, CA at concentrations of 10 and 20 mM and FA-CA mixtures M3 (20 + 5 mM respectively), M8 (25 + 5 mM), M9 (1 + 10 mM), M10 (10 + 10 mM), M11 (20 + 10 mM), M12 (25 + 10 mM), M13 (1 + 20 mM), M14 (10 + 20 mM), M15 (20 + 20 mM) and M16 (25 + 20 mM) were the treatments most effective at inhibiting growth of the four species assayed. All strains were much more sensitive to all natural phytochemicals tested on growth rate at a(w) = 0.937. CA and the FA-CA mixtures M1 (1 + 1 mM respectively), M4 (25 + 1 mM), M5 (1 + 5 mM), M6 (10 + 1 mM), M7 (20 + 1 mM), M8 (25 + 5 mM), M9 (1 + 10 mM), M10 (10 + 10 mM), M11 (20 + 10 mM), M12 (25 + 10 mM), M13 (1 + 20 mM), M14 (10 + 20 mM), M15 (20 + 20 mM) and M16 (25 + 20 mM) completely inhibited aflatoxin B(1) production by all strains at a(w) = 0.999, 0.971, 0.955 and 0.937. Decreased aflatoxin B(1) levels in comparison with the control were observed with FA at 1, 10, 20 and 25 mM with the strains RCM89, RCM108 and RCM38 at a(w) = 0.971, 0.955 and 0.999 respectively. The data show that CA and FA can be considered as effective fungitoxicants for A. flavus and A. parasiticus in in vitro assay. The information obtained is part of an ongoing study to determine their application at the storage level.     

内蒙古自治区沙尘暴的分布特征及其影响因素分析

根据国家气象局的48个基本气象站沙尘暴及相关资料分析得出,影响内蒙古自治区沙尘暴的因素,不仅有风速、大风持续时间与频率等动力因素,亦有物质组成(颗粒)、植被盖度、土壤含水量等下垫面因素。沙尘暴并非单一天气现象,而是天地碰撞的产物,人可通过干扰"地"而影响沙尘暴。文中提出一些观点可为研究区域沙尘暴成因,科学制定防治措施提供参考。     

新型城镇化背景下农村劳动力转移的影响因素分析——以甘肃省为例

新型城镇化建设鼓励农村剩余劳动力向城市转移,同时农村劳动力转移又进—步加大了对新型城镇化的建设力度,特别对人地关系紧张、劳动力相对过剩的甘肃贫困地区而言,更是资源优化配置的有效途径.文中以甘肃省为数据样本建立空间权重矩阵,并分别基于空间自回归模型和空间Durbin模型进行讨论.最后得出结论:影响甘肃省农村劳动力流动的因素在2003-2009年和2010-2013年之间具有明显差别,而且2010-2013年期间影响因素的显著性水平明显提高.地区经济规模、城乡绝对收入差距、期望的城市收入水平、受教育水平是农村劳动力向非农产业转移的重要因素;城乡绝对收入差距、城市化率是农村劳动力向城市转移的重要因素.     

Allelopathic activity of Mexican sunflower [Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray] in soil under natural field conditions and different moisture conditions

The allelopathic activity of Mexican sunflower [ Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray] in soil under natural field conditions and the effect of water stress on the growth and allelopathic activity of this plant were investigated. Seed germination, shoot growth and root growth of tested plant species in soil collected from a field where Mexican sunflower had been grown for 5 years were less than those in soil from an area without the plant. Growth of young leaves, mature leaves, senescent leaves, stem and roots of Mexican sunflower was reduced with decrease in soil moisture level. The allelopathic activity of water extracts (per dry weight of starting material) from each part of the plants grown at low soil moisture levels was greater than that of the water extracts from the same part of the plants grown at high soil moisture levels. The allelopathic activity was found in the soil from the pots previously planted with Mexican sunflower to a similar extent (per plant) at different soil moisture levels. These results suggested that, in the field, under water stress conditions, the growth of Mexican sunflower was reduced but the plants contained a greater amount of allelopathic substance(s) per dry weight than in the absence of water stress. It was considered that allelopathic activity of Mexican sunflower in soil was maintained to a similar extent under various soil moisture conditions in natural fields.     

供给侧改革背景下新疆棉花生产布局空间变化及影响因素分析

棉花目标价格改革政策是新疆农业供给侧改革的重要实现方式,随着该政策的推进,棉花生产逐步由长江流域和黄河流域向新疆转移,同时,在新疆局部也呈现出棉花生产向优势区域集中的发展特征。由于棉花目标价格试点工作主要针对新疆,因此,文中使用空间计量模型对该政策执行后的新疆棉花生产布局空间变化及影响因素进行深入分析。结果显示:棉花的经济效益、非农就业机会是影响棉花生产布局的重要原因;棉花补贴政策、人均耕地面积、单位面积机械拥有量和农业劳动力数量对棉花生产规模有正向影响;县域间空间互动效应在棉花生产布局中发挥了显著作用。     

Studies on the development of the cestode Proteocephalus neglectus La Rue, 1911 (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae) under experimental conditions

A part of the life cycle of Proteocephalus neglectus La Rue, 1911, a parasite of trout, starting from release of eggs from mature parasites into water, to the early phase of development in the definitive host, was studied under experimental conditions. Special regard has been paid to development in the intermediate host, copepod Cyclops strenuus. Some oncospheres in eggs kept in water at 5 and 10 degrees C remained infective for 20-25 days. The percentage of infected copepods depended on the length of their contact with parasite eggs. Cestode larvae (cercoscoleces) were formed in the intermediate host on days 8-10 p.i. at the temperatures of 21-22 degrees C, on days 18-21 at 15 degrees C, on days 24-28 at 10 degrees C, and on days 59-65 at 6 degrees C. Most larvae, including infective cercoscoleces, were localized in the cephalothorax of the intermediate host, particularly in its first segment. This localization did not change during their development. The infectivity of cercoscoleces was verified by experimental infection of Salmo gairdneri fry. The development of the cestode in this definitive host was observed for 17 days after infection at 10 degrees C. The finding of P. neglectus cereoscoleces in fish of the families Cottidae and Cyprinidae on day 2 after experimental infection indicates that these larvae can survive for a short time in atypical fish hosts.     

Deterrence of oviposition of adult Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by a natural enemy food supplement Envirofeast on maize in France

Oviposition deterrent activity of a natural enemy food supplement, Envirofeast, against Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner females was studied in choice and no-choice tests under laboratory conditions. Maize plants treated with Envirofeast at 25-40 g a.i./l had significantly fewer egg masses per leaf and eggs per egg mass laid on them compared with the untreated control plants in both choice and no-choice tests. However, maize plants treated with Envirofeast concentrations of 10-20 g a.i./l did not significantly deter the insect's oviposition. The optimum rate at which Envirofeast could deter oviposition was 25 g a.i./l. Increasing the rate of Envirofeast application from 25 g to 40 g a.i./l did not significantly increase its oviposition deterrent activity against O. nubilalis. However, reducing the rate from 25 to 20 g a.i./l resulted in a significant reduction in the oviposition deterrent activity of Envirofeast. The egg masses laid by O. nubilalis on Envirofeast treated plants were essentially (80%) located on the lower leaf surfaces in contrast to untreated (control) plants where only 40-60% of the egg masses were deposited on the lower leaf surfaces. The egg masses on the Envirofeast-treated plants were found at sites which did not receive sprays, indicating the importance of good spray coverage when the product is used in the field. The study has demonstrated the oviposition deterrent activity of Envirofeast against O. nubilalis on maize and this indicates that Envirofeast may have the potential to be integrated into programmes to assist in the control of O. nubilalis on maize.     

Survival of Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis in infected tomato stems under natural field conditions in California, Ohio and Morocco

The survival and half-life of Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis ( C. michiganensis ), the causal agent of bacterial canker of tomato, were determined in infected plant debris under natural field conditions in California, Ohio and Morocco using a semiselective agar medium. The organism survived significantly longer in tomato stems left on the soil surface than in stems buried in the soil at all locations studied. The pathogen was recovered in high amounts from tomato stems left on the soil surface for 314 days in Ohio and California, USA, and for 194 and 132 days in Melk Zhar and Aït Melloul, Morocco, respectively; it was recovered from stems buried in the soil for up to 314 days in Ohio, up to 240 days in California, and up to 60 days in Aït Melloul and Melk Zhar. The half-life of the pathogen in stems left on the soil surface ranged from 23·2 to 24·8 days in the USA, and from 7·8 to 12·3 days in Morocco, whereas the half-life in buried stems ranged from 14·0 to 16·7 days in the USA and from 3·7 to 9·5 days in Morocco. Based on the half-life data, the predicted survival times of C. michiganensis in stems on the soil surface in Ohio, California, Melk Zhar and Aït Melloul would be up to 822, 770, 424 and 261 days, respectively, while the predicted survival times in stems buried in the soil would be 541, 497, 305 and 128 days, respectively. These results show that the survival and half-life of C. michiganensis in plant debris are relatively long and are influenced by both tissue exposure and geographic location.