Mirex residues in nontarget organisms after application of 10-5 bait for fire ant control, northeast Florida--1972-74

The 10-5 bait formulation of mirex insecticide was applied to a 20,000-acre area of northeast Florida. For 24 months after application, samples of a wide variety of fauna were collected and analyzed for mirex content. Insects accumulated mirex to the greatest extent in the first 6 months after application; most residues had decreased greatly by 12 months. Other invertebrates showed low mirex levels during the first 9 months after application and none after 12 months. Fish possessed low levels of insecticides for 9 months; amphibians showed mirex residues for 12 months after application. In general, reptiles had low levels throughout the 24-month period and mammals had higher levels, particularly in fat tissues. Birds consistently had low to moderate mirex levels. After a single application of 10-5 mirex bait, only relatively low levels of insecticide were detected in exposed fauna. After 24-months, mirex was found infrequently and at low levels.     

Mirex residues in nontarget organisms after application of experimental baits for fire ant control, southwest Georgia--1971-72.

Mirex, the only compound approved for control of the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) and the black imported fire ant (Solenopsis richteri), is normally applied at a rate of 1.40 kg/ha. (1.25 lb/acre). Influenced by recent studies showing that low levels of mirex are toxic to certain nontarget organisms, particularly estuarine species, authors report here on a monitoring study of mirex in three large treatment areas of southwest Georgia. Four formulations of bait were applied aerially in 1971-72. Low-level residues were observed in small terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates and in fresh-water inhabitants. Levels detected were about the same for all baits. Maximum residues were detected 1-3 months after treatment and gradually declined to low levels of 0.02-1.16 ppm 1 year after treatment.     

红火蚁克星对入侵红火蚁的防治效果

经过一年来的野外试验,结果表明红火蚁克星对红火蚁具有显著的控制效果。施药后4d,红火蚁全巢死亡率达83.33～92.31%,施药后7～10d全巢死亡。施药后90d和180d监测结果表明,诱测点在6个月内未出现新的蚁巢。     

氟磺酰胺毒饵使用量对红火蚁防治效果的影响

在确定了氟磺酰胺毒饵对红火蚁控制效果的基础上,就氟磺酰胺毒饵的使用量对红火蚁的控制效果进行了研究。结果表明:在5-25 g/巢的范围内,氟磺酰胺毒饵都可获得较好的防治效果,但防治效果及蚁巢的死亡程度会因施药量的不同而异。5 g/巢的剂量可在40 d内获得平均为96.7%的防效,但不能将所有的蚁巢杀死。10-25 g/巢的剂量可以在30-40 d内使蚁巢死亡,但蚁巢100%死亡所需的时间会因剂量的减少而延长。工蚁数量下降的程度不会因氟磺酰胺毒饵的使用量而产生差异。为此,建议在使用氟磺酰胺毒饵防治红火蚁时,可在10-25 g/巢的范围内根据蚁巢大小调整使用量。     

天然产物对红火蚁的生物活性研究进展

红火蚁是一种极具危险性的入侵物种,在入侵区给人民群众的身体健康带来严重威胁。目前主要利用人工合成的化学药剂防治红火蚁。然而,长期大量使用化学药剂会导致红火蚁产生耐药性和破坏生态环境等不良影响。近年来,越来越多的研究发现天然产物对红火蚁具有良好的触杀、驱避和熏蒸作用。本文就天然产物对红火蚁的生物活性及其开发为饵剂、触杀型药剂和驱避剂等的潜力以及应用效果进行简要总结与讨论,以期为红火蚁的绿色防控提供参考。     

Organochlorine pesticide residues in animals of Tasmania, Australia-1975-77

Animals taken in Tasmania including duck (Anas superciliosa), eel (Anguilla australis), English perch (Perca fluviatilis), white-faced heron (Ardea pacifica), brown trout (Salmo trutta), European starling (Strunus vulgaris), cat (Felis cattus), cormorant (Phalacrocorax sp.), mutton bird (Puffinus tenuirostris), Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii), Tasmanian raven (Corvus mellori), tench (Tinca tinca), and quail (Coturnix sp.) were sampled for p,p'-DDE, pp,p'-TDE, p,p'-DDT, lindane, dieldrin, and hexachlorobenzene. Pesticide residue levels exceeded 0.1 ppm in at least one animal from each area and in the majority of animals sampled from all areas. Pesticide sources could not be determined, partly because migratory species such as ducks, mutton birds, cormorants, and eels may have ingested pesticides outside of Tasmania.     

Accumulation of endosulfan residues in fish and their predators after aerial spraying for the control of tsetse fly in Botswana

Residues of endosulfan insecticide (α- and β-isomers, and ‘endosulfan sulphate’) in fish and their predators were measured during and after operations to control tsetse fly in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Six ultra-low-volume doses of endosulfan 35% e.c. (6–12 g a.i. ha^?1) were applied from the air in a period of 12 weeks over 2500 km². The concentration of residues found in living fish was up to 0.19 mg kg^?1 wet wt in caudal muscle, and usually < 0.8 mg kg^?1 wet wt in pooled viscera (maximum 2.8 mg kg^?1). These values returned to near-normal within 3 months after cessation of spraying, but residues were still detectable after 12 months. By comparison, fish killed by spraying contained a maximum residue level (whole-body) of 1.5 mg kg^?1 wet wt. The residue level in fish was approximately proportional to their fat content. Lean fish were more susceptible to poisoning than fat fish. The proportion of the ‘endosulfan sulphate’ metabolite in fish increased at least six times with respect to the parent isomers (α+β) during the period of spraying, but more advanced stages of metabolic breakdown were not monitored. Residue levels in fish predators (fish-eating birds and crocodiles) were similar to those in their prey, and the risk to them was consequently low.     

Organochlorine pesticide residues in soils from six U.S. Air Force bases, 1975--76.

Soil samples collected during 1975 and 1976 from United States Air Force installations in California, Georgia, Ohio, Oklahoma, Texas, and Utah were analyzed for organochlorine pesticide residues. Sigma DDT, chlordane, and dieldrin were the pesticides most commonly found. In 1975, sigma DDT residues were significantly higher in samples from residential areas than in samples from golf courses or areas free of pesticide application. Chlordane residues in 1975 were significantly higher in both residential and golf course areas than in areas where pesticides had not been used. No significant differences were found in 1976 in residue levels of any pesticide monitored among various land use areas.     

Shell thinning and residues of organochlorines and mercury in seabird eggs, Eastern Canada, 1970-76.

Organochlorine and mercury concentrations are reported for 252 eggs of Leach's storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), double-crested cormorant (Phalarocorax auritus), common eider (Somateria mollissima), common tern (Sterna hirundo), razorbill (Alca torda), common murre (Uria aalge) black guillemot (Cepphus grylle), and Atlantic puffin (Fratercula arctica) from the Bay of Fundy, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the open Atlantic shore of Canada during 1970-76. Concentrations of all organochlorines except DDE and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were low. DDE, PCBs, and mercury residues were highest in cormorant and petrel, intermediated in alcids, and lowest in eider and tern. Temporal and spatial aspects of contamination patterns are discussed. Authors conclude that only in cormorants were DDE residues high enough to cause, through eggshell thinning, local population declines.     

Organochlorine pesticide, PCB, and PBB residues and necropsy data for bald eagles from 29 states--1975-77

During 1975-77, 168 bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) found moribund or dead in 29 states were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); 32 specimens from 13 states were analyzed for polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs). PCBs were present in 166 bald eagle carcasses and DDE was found in 165. TDE and dieldrin were identified in 137 samples, trans-nonachlor in 118, and oxychlordane in 90. Brains of five eagles contained possible lethal levels of dieldrin, and two eagles possibly died of endrin poisoning. Nine eagle livers, analyzed because of suspected lead poisoning, contained high levels of lead. Twenty percent of the eagles died from shooting, the most common cause of death; this cause of death, however, has declined.     

Environmental exposure to residues after aerial spraying of endosulfan: residues in cow milk,fish, water,soil and cashew leaf in Kasargode,Kerala, India

A detailed study has been conducted to evaluate the residues of endosulfan and its principal metabolite (alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate) which may have accumulated in environmental samples due to regular aerial spray application of endosulfan on cashew leaf plantation for a period of 20 years. Three months after the last spray of endosulfan 350 g litre-1 EC at 300 ml acre-1 (equivalent to 105 g AI acre-1 = 42.5 g ha-1), a total of 93 samples of cow milk, fish, water, soil and dried cashew leaf were collected from a village in Kasargode District, Kerala, India, where endosulfan contamination was likely to have occurred. All the samples were analyzed for total residues of endosulfan (comprising alpha- and beta-endosulfan), endosulfan sulfate and also the potential hydrolysis product endosulfan diol, using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The minimum detection limits of total endosulfan was 0.001 microgram g-1. Analysis of soil samples showed the deposition of total endosulfan residues in the range < 0.001-0.010 microgram g-1, and dried leaf samples showed residues of endosulfan in the range < 0.001-3.43 micrograms g-1 dry weight. In cow milk, fish and water, endosulfan residues could not be detected above the minimum detection limit. Endosulfan diol was not observed in any sample. The data obtained was confirmed by GC-MS-EI using selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode.     

Organochlorine residues in six species of estuarine birds, South Carolina, 1971-75.

In South Carolina between 1971 and 1975, authors evaluated the occurrence of organochlorine residues in the laughing gull (Larus atricilla), white ibis (Eudocimus albus), glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus), American oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus), willet (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus), and ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres). Tissues of birds found dead and eggs were analyzed, eggshell thicknesses were measured, and incidental observations were made of reproductive success and population status. Eggshell thickness of the white bis, American oystercatcher, and laughing gull were not significantly different (P less than 0.05) from the pre-1947 norms. DDE and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were found most frequently and at the highest concentration in eggs. DDE residues declined significantly in oystercatcher eggs, and declined slightly in laughing gull eggs; no change was noted in white ibis eggs. No consistent trends were found for dieldrin and PCBs. Authors found no obvious problems with reproductive success of any species. Populations of the five species breeding in South Carolina appear stable. The white ibis and laughing gull in South Carolina have experienced population explosions over the past 50 years; the glossy ibis has increased substantially since the first documented breeding records in 1947.     

深圳红火蚁蚁巢密度、社会型研究及防治效果评价

本文报道了深圳红火蚁生境类型与蚁巢密度的关系,社会型的鉴别以及应用茚虫威对多后型和单后型、多后型共存地区的防治效果。红火蚁的蚁巢密度（巢/100 m2）与生境类型密切相关,在所调查的5类生境中,待建地的蚁巢密度最高,为3.81巢/100 m2,公路边的次之,为2.95巢/100 m2,城市绿地的最低,为0.63巢/100 m2。应用多元PCR技术对6个行政区社会型进行鉴别的结果表明,福田、龙岗、南山区为多后型与单后型共存,单后型与多后型的比仅为1∶(3~4)。罗湖、宝安、盐田3区全部为多后型;多后型地区的蚁巢密度（2.2巢/100 m2）比单后型地区（1.9巢/100 m2）的为高,但没有显著差异;应用茚虫威进行防治60 d后的调查结果表明,多后型地区的防治效果（97.8%）比单后型地区（96.7%）的要好,但没有显著差异。最后,本文对这些结果产生的原因及应用价值进行了讨论。