灰豆象生物学研究初报

本文就灰豆象生物学进行了试验研究。以白扁豆为饲料饲料观察结果，灰豆象在温州市室内条件下每年发生6代。以幼虫在豆粒内越冬，越冬幼虫于翌年5月上旬羽化为成虫。灰虫象危害各种扁豆、各种豇豆、蚕豆、绿豆、赤豆、大豆等。以嗜食的白扁豆作饲料，饲养2－3月，繁殖倍数分别为62．7与108．7倍；饲养3个月的饲料损失率为55．58％。     

灰豆象的生物学特性

灰豆象 Callosobruchus phaseoli(Chevrolate)。隶属鞘翅目、豆象科、瘤背豆象属。原产于亚洲,现已扩展到印度、斯里兰卡、缅甸、日本、美国、夏威夷、古巴、巴西、欧洲和苏联。1984年6     

菜豆象对寄主选择性的观察

本文就菜豆象的寄主进行了试验研究。经多次试验结果,受菜豆象为害的豆类有,菜豆属、豇豆及其变种、赤豆、小豆、鹰咀豆、蚕豆、木豆等。在上述这些豆类中,菜豆象最嗜食的是菜豆属中的大菜豆、芸豆、不同品种的菜豆以及长豇豆、短豇豆、白皮豇豆等。至于对菜豆属中的利马豆,有的种能为害,有的种却不为害。菜豆象不为害的豆类是各种饭豆、豌豆、扁豆、洋刀豆以及不同品种的大豆。试验结果表明,针对菜豆象的检疫检验,按照其对寄主的选择性来区分应检的对象豆类和免检的对象豆类,这对提高检查工效与提高检出率具有实际意义。     

南通局截获危险性有害生物--灰豆象

2005年5月21日检疫人员对从韩国昂山进境的泰国籍“卡米”船舶进行检疫时，发现该轮的食品舱内有少量产地不详的扁豆，内有大量豆象活虫。为防止疫情扩散，检验检疫人员对该食品舱进行了熏蒸灭虫处理，并从中抽取部分豆象带回实验检验鉴定。经检验鉴定，该害虫为我国二类植物危险性有害生物——灰豆象Callosobruchus phaseoli（Gyllenhal），这是南通口岸首次截获此种害虫。     

瘤背豆象属的种类、寄主及分布

鞘翅目豆象科瘤背豆象属Cakkoso-bruchus为豆象科内经济意义十分突出的一个属,该属的一些成员对储藏的食用豆类造成严重危害。绿豆象C.chinensis在我国分布广泛,四纹豆象C.maculatus（Fabricius）     

灰豆象对高温耐受力的试验

本试验以截获的虫源为试材,对灰豆象４个虫态的耐高温进行了测定。试验结果表明,卵经５０℃,９０ｍｉｎ或５５℃,３０ｍｉｎ;幼虫、肾经５５℃,４０ｍｉｎ;成虫经５０℃,６０ｍｉｎ或５５℃,３０ｍｉｎ处理,其死亡率为１００％。该虫对高温耐受力从弱到强依次为成虫、卵、幼虫、蛹。同时,各虫态对高温耐受时间的长短与同存寄主量的多少有关。     

温湿度对巴西豆象的影响

巴西豆象 Zabrotes subfasciatusBoheman 为我国现行对外植物检疫对象之一。1986年以来多次从来自缅甸的豆类中检疫截获该虫,其对豆类的为害相当严重。1987年开始在室内严格控制下就不同     

巴西豆象卵,幼虫及成虫的快速鉴定研究

巴西豆象 Zabrotes subfasciatus(Boheman)为一种十分危险的储藏豆类害虫,1986年被列为我国对外植物检疫对象。该虫在本世纪的传播尤为迅速,对我国的豆类生产构成严重的威胁。巴西豆象曾随多种豆类输入我国,不     

Insecticide selectivity to two species of Trichogramma in three different hosts, as determined by IOBC/WPRS methodology

BACKGROUND: The use of Trichogramma species is a potential key strategy in integrated pest management. However, its effectiveness depends on the use of chemicals that do not interfere with parasitism and parasite population growth. Here, a study was made of the effects of synthetic insecticides on Trichogramma pretiosum and Trichogramma exiguum in different hosts (Ephestia kuehniella, Plutella xylostella and Spodoptera frugiperda) and the influence of International Organisation for Biological Control (IOBC/WPRS) methodology in selectivity studies using different Trichogramma species. The insecticides used were commercial formulations (triflumuron at a concentration of 0.2 mL L^?1 water, etofenprox at a concentration of 0.47 mL L^?1 water and endosulfan at a concentration of 7.5 mL L^?1 water); the control treatment consisted of distilled water. Eggs attached to cardboard cards were offered to parasitoids inside glass cages. Parasitised eggs, parasitism and adult emergence rates and parasitism reduction were evaluated. RESULTS: Endosulfan and etofenprox, classified as class‐4 toxic products, were extremely toxic to the parasitoids. Triflumuron, classified as a non‐toxic product, was selective to the parasitoids in eggs of all hosts. CONCLUSIONS: The methodology recommended by IOBC/WPRS influenced results regarding the use of different species of parasitoids, and the use of a single parasitoid species in their experiment is questionable. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

美洲斑潜蝇对番茄和菜豆不同品种的选择性

在田间自然条件下,研究了美洲斑潜蝇对不同生长期番茄和菜豆不同品种的选择性。结果表明,该蝇对番茄和菜豆在不同生长期和不同品种上选择性均存在显著差异,其中对菜豆品种架豆王、番茄品种毛粉802和茸粉多毛株的选择性较弱,对菜豆品种玉豆、番茄品种L-402和早魁的选择性较强。根据美洲斑潜蝇对寄主叶片取食点数量和虫道数量,将播后21 d菜豆和番茄品种划分为成虫最嗜品种、嗜好品种和次嗜好品种3类,播后49 d菜豆品种划分为嗜好品种和次嗜好品种2类,以虫情指数为指标,评价了其幼虫对菜豆和番茄不同品种的危害性。     

萧氏松茎象在不同寄主上生态习性研究

本文对不同寄主发生的萧氏松茎象产卵和寿命等情况进行了试验观察和研究,为完善测报和防治技术提供科学依据。     

不同寄主对菜豆象发育和繁殖的影响

为探究不同寄主对菜豆象发育和繁殖的影响,本文选用7种豆类饲喂菜豆象,观察发育历期、存活率和繁殖力等。结果表明菜豆象在7种豆类上均能产卵,但不同豆类上卵孵化率存在差异。其中菜豆上卵孵化率最高为65.65%,红豆上最低为59.56%。幼虫仅在白芸豆、菜豆、饭豆、红豆和绿豆上蛀入危害,以菜豆上菜豆象的世代存活率最高为61.22%,绿豆上最低为46.15%。菜豆上菜豆象全世代发育历期最短为45.83 d,单雌产卵量较大为52.90粒,净增殖率值和内禀增长率值均较大分别为45.84和0.08,各生殖力生命表参数比较结果显示菜豆生殖力生命表参数优于绿豆和红豆,白芸豆和饭豆与其相类似。说明菜豆象在这3种豆类上发育较快,繁殖力较强,存活率较高。菜豆象在黄豆和黑豆上并未见其完成生活史,初步推断在这2种豆类上菜豆象无法正常发育生存。     

松材线虫自然侵染后对不同松树组织结构的影响

 利用滑走切片技术从显微水平研究松材线虫（Bursaphelenchus xylophilus）在自然状态下入侵,对马尾松（Pinus massoniana）和黑松（Pinus thunbergii）显微结构的影响。结果表明,马尾松和黑松的组织结构在感病初期即表现出病变特征,并随感病时间推移病变加剧。马尾松在感病初期皮层薄壁细胞开始木质化,伴有细胞破裂并融合成空腔;至感病中期周皮的栓内层细胞、皮层薄壁细胞以及韧皮部薄壁细胞均发生木质化,细胞内含物增多,甚至形成层细胞也发生一定程度的木质化现象,树脂道因周围细胞破裂而变形;至感病晚期,木材以外所有部分完全被木质化、大量细胞破裂。黑松发病症状与马尾松大致相同但发病时间稍晚,发病程度也较轻,这可能是因为两者对松材线虫病的抗性强弱有差异。同一时期的组织病理学特征在空间上也存有差异,这与松材线虫入侵的位置及其在树体内的分布有关。     

大豆孢囊线虫不同寄主种群的形态变异及对大豆寄主的适应性差异分析

在对大豆、烟草与地黄寄主上14 个大豆孢囊线虫（SCN）种群形态与分子鉴定的基础上, 对雌虫的孢囊和阴门锥进行形态观察和测计。结果表明：烟草SCN和大豆SCN的各测量值之间无明显差异（P＞0.05）, 地黄SCN的阴门窗长（43.8μm）和宽（33.9μm）显著小于其他两者（P＜0.05）; 同一寄主不同SCN种群之间的形态也存在一定差异; 阴门裂长和下桥长具有稳定性, 可以作为鉴定大豆孢囊线虫可靠的形态特征。3 种寄主种群侵染大豆（‘荷豆12号’）的试验表明, 大豆SCN能侵染大豆并能形成雌虫, 而烟草SCN和地黄SCN未能侵染大豆和形成雌虫。本研究结果表明SCN不同寄主种群存在形态变异, 而它们对大豆的寄主适应性也不相同。     

Homing of Gyrodactylus salaris and G. derjavini (Monogenea) on different hosts and response post-attachment

In natural European waters, the congeneric monogeneans Gyrodactylus derjavini Mikailov, 1975 and G. salaris Malmberg, 1957 are primarily found on brown trout Salmo trutta L. and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L., respectively. Interestingly, rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), originating from North America, is as susceptible as brown trout to G. derjavini. However, the mechanisms involved in this host specificity are poorly understood but may include behavioural, mechanical and chemical factors affecting parasite attraction, attachment, feeding, reproduction and host responses. In the present laboratory work, this question has been studied. Detached parasites (either G. derjavini or G. salaris) were offered a choice in small aquaria between fry of rainbow trout, Atlantic salmon and carp Cyprinus carpio L. Within 48 hours more than 90% of G. derjavini colonised rainbow trout and left salmon almost uninfected. Some parasites were found on carp. During the same time span, more than 60% of G. salaris attached to salmon, the rest infected rainbow trout and none were found on carp. Following attachment, the parasites need appropriate stimuli to initiate feeding and reproduction but even such a successful specific colonisation can be followed by a host response. Both humoral and cellular elements have been suggested to participate in these reactions but in the present work it was demonstrated by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry that no antibodies in host mucus and host plasma bound to any parasite structures or epitopes.