不同浓度蔗糖诱导马铃薯微型薯形成时a—淀粉酶活性分析

利用不同浓度蔗糖诱导马铃薯微型薯，所生成的微型薯的产量不同。a-淀粉酶是马铃薯微型薯生长发育有关的一项重要生理生化指标。与块茎形成过程中干物质的积累密切相关。本文对在不同浓度蔗溏下形成的微型薯的a-淀粉酶活性进行分析，其结果表明，a-淀粉酶的活性与微型薯产量呈显著负相关。     

马铃薯试管结薯的光周期诱导效应研究

以马铃薯品种米拉脱毒试管苗为材料,采用6个不同的光周期处理进行试管薯诱导,以研究光周期对马铃薯试管薯的诱导效应。研究结果表明:不同暗期处理对试管薯结薯个数影响不显著,以8h和12h/d暗处理产量较高;叶绿素含量和块茎淀粉含量与暗期长短均呈负相关,α-淀粉酶活性与暗期长短均呈正相关;叶绿素含量、块茎淀粉含量与经济产量成显著的正相关。同时随着暗处理时数的延长,薯形和薯皮色均发生了显著的变化。     

温度对临沧铁壳麦种子生活力、发芽期α-淀粉酶活性及其基因表达的影响

为研究临沧铁壳麦种子在发芽期的α-淀粉酶活性及其编码基因相对表达量与种子贮藏温度、贮藏时间及生活力间的关系,分别采用3, 5-二硝基水杨酸法和实时定量PCR法测量α-淀粉酶活性及其编码基因的相对表达量。结果表明,与低温贮藏种子相比,高温贮藏种子的发芽期α-淀粉酶活性和 amy1基因的相对表达量均显著升高; amy3基因的相对表达量则显著下降,与α-淀粉酶活性呈极显著正相关;二者与生活力指标（如发芽速率、发芽指数、发芽势、发芽率和活力指数等）呈显著或极显著正相关;而低温贮藏种子的发芽期α-淀粉酶活性与 amy3基因的相对表达量呈显著或极显著负相关。说明贮藏温度尤其是高温不仅强烈影响种子发芽期α-淀粉酶活性及其基因相对表达量,而且可明显改变二者与生活力指标间的相关性。     

不同浓度蔗糖诱导马铃薯微型薯形成时α-淀粉酶活性分析

利用不同浓度蔗糖诱导马铃薯微型薯 ,所生成的微型薯的产量不同。α 淀粉酶是马铃薯微型薯生长发育有关的一项重要生理生化指标 ,与块茎形成过程中干物质的积累密切相关。本文对在不同浓度蔗糖下形成的微型薯的α 淀粉酶活性进行分析 ,其结果表明 ,α 淀粉酶的活性与微型薯产量呈显著负相关     

甘薯萌芽性与贮藏期块根内源激素变化及淀粉代谢的关系

以萌芽性差异显著的5个甘薯品种济徐23、烟薯25、红香蕉、泰中6号和心香为试验材料,在贮藏期间定期取样分析块根中内源激素变化及碳水化合物代谢,贮藏结束后在小拱棚内排种育苗,调查出苗情况。结果表明：济徐23、烟薯25和红香蕉萌芽较早,采苗数量显著多于泰中6号和心香。贮藏结束、排种前,济徐23、烟薯25和红香蕉块根中的淀粉含量和支链淀粉含量显著高于泰中6号和心香,济徐23、烟薯25和红香蕉淀粉含量和支链淀粉含量较高主要是由于贮藏期间块根淀粉和支链淀粉含量降低幅度较小所致。济徐23、烟薯25和红香蕉块根中总淀粉酶和α-淀粉酶活性显著高于泰中6号和心香,济徐23、烟薯25和红香蕉块根中α-淀粉酶活性较高主要是由于贮藏期间增加幅度较大所致。贮藏结束、排种前,与泰中6号和心香比较,济徐23、烟薯25和红香蕉块根中GA3含量较高、IAA含量较低、GA3/ABA和ZR/IAA较高。即贮藏结束、排种前,块根中淀粉和支链淀粉含量高、α-淀粉酶活性高、内源GA3含量高及IAA含量低是其萌芽性好的生理指标。     

抗旱性不同的春小麦品种籽粒萌发期α-淀粉酶活性及其同工酶分析

为了解春小麦萌发期生理生化变化对干旱胁迫的响应及为早期抗旱筛选鉴定提供科学依据,选用抗旱性不同的9个春小麦品种为材料,在20%聚乙二醇(PEG6000)干旱胁迫下和非干旱胁迫下进行萌发试验,研究了α-淀粉酶活性及其同工酶的表达.结果表明:1)在两种胁迫处理下,α-淀粉酶活性在品种间都存在着差异,但干旱胁迫下抗旱品种α-淀粉酶活性显著高于干旱敏感品种;2)α-淀粉酶活性与胚芽鞘长度之间呈显著正相关;3)在20%PEG6000胁迫下,抗旱品种α-淀粉酶同工酶受抑制较小,条带较多,胚芽鞘长度与主胚根长度受抑制较小.因此认为,抗旱品种在干旱胁迫下有着较高的萌发势,可能与具有表达α-淀粉酶同工酶的强势基因型有关;干旱胁迫下α-淀粉酶活性和r淀粉酶同工酶可以作为春小麦抗旱性筛选和鉴定的指标.     

钾素用量对春玉米淀粉合成酶活性及产量的影响

在不同施钾肥条件下对春玉米子粒淀粉合成酶活性进行研究。结果表明,ADPG焦磷酸化酶、淀粉合成酶的活性在春玉米子粒灌浆过程中均呈单峰曲线变化,在一定的施钾肥用量范围内,增加钾肥用量,提高了ADPG焦磷酸化酶、淀粉合成酶活性,使ADPG焦磷酸化酶活性峰值出现日期提前。施钾肥能显著提高春玉米产量,四单19在施钾肥100kg/hm2时产量最高;丰禾10在施钾肥150kg/hm2时产量最高。淀粉合成酶活性与产量的相关性分析表明,在玉米吐丝后的21～35d,ADPG焦磷酸化酶活性与产量呈显著正相关;在吐丝后42d,可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)活性与产量呈极显著正相关;在吐丝后14～28d,束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性与产量呈显著正相关。     

外源谷胱甘肽对大豆种子萌发过程中铜毒害的缓解效应

设置0、0.5、1.0、2.0和4.0 mmol.L-1铜离子浓度梯度,同时在各浓度梯度中分别添加0.16和0.32 mmol.L-1的谷胱甘肽(GSH),进行大豆种子萌发试验,通过测定萌发率、相对电导率、脯氨酸含量及α-淀粉酶活性等指标研究了GSH对大豆种子铜胁迫的缓解效应。结果表明:1.0 mmol.L-1以上浓度铜显著降低大豆种子的活力指数及幼根长,显著提高电解质渗透率及脯氨酸含量;2.0 mmol.L-1以上浓度铜离子显著降低大豆种子的发芽指数及α-淀粉酶活性;4.0 mmol.L-1铜离子显著抑制萌发率。添加0.16和0.32 mmol.L-1的GSH能显著提高1.0 mmol.L-1以上浓度铜毒害条件下α-淀粉酶活性,降低脯氨酸含量,增加幼根长,并能显著降低2.0 mmol.L-1以上浓度铜毒害下的电解质渗透率;4.0 mmol.L-1浓度铜毒害条件下,添加0.32 mmol.L-1的GSH能显著提高大豆种子的萌发率、发芽指数和活力指数。综合考虑,0.16和0.32 mmol.L-1的GSH能够通过提高α-淀粉酶活性来增强大豆种子的萌发能力,并通过维持细胞膜完整性来缓解一定浓度的铜胁迫。     

杂草稻中胚轴伸长动态及其与籽粒淀粉酶活性和可溶性糖含量的关系

采用恒温培养箱,在黑暗条件下进行发芽试验,观察杂草稻中胚轴伸长的动态过程,分析杂草稻中胚轴伸长过程中籽粒淀粉酶活性和可溶性糖含量的变化及相互关系。结果表明,黑暗条件下发芽后1d到3d,杂草稻中胚轴伸长非常慢,发芽后4d到5d中胚轴伸长加快,发芽后7天中胚轴伸长逐渐停止,其最终长度显著长于辽粳294。杂草稻发芽过程中,籽粒α-淀粉酶活性、β-淀粉酶活性和可溶性糖含量均呈逐渐上升趋势。可溶性糖含量与α-淀粉酶活性、β-淀粉酶活性均呈极显著正相关。中胚轴伸长长度与籽粒α-淀粉酶活性、β-淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖含量也均呈极显著正相关。杂草稻发芽初期淀粉酶活性增强,促进了籽粒中淀粉水解为可溶性糖,为中胚轴伸长生长提供了物质和能量基础。     

植物激素对微型薯形成的影响

生长素IAA,NAA能促进微型薯个数和重量的增加,其处理的最佳浓度分别为2.0ppm和3.0ppm,2,4-D效果不显著;3种激素的效应大小为NAA>IAA>2,4-D;细胞分裂素对微型薯数和成薯指数的影响均呈抛物线形式变化,BA的最佳浓度分别为11.59ppm和10.04ppm,KT的最佳浓度分别为14.72ppm和12.63ppm,ZT的最佳浓度分别为10.75ppm和10ppm,其效应大小为BA>KT>ZT;ABA促进了块茎数和成薯指数的增加,但没有达显著水平;乙烯利处理能极显著提高微型著数和成薯指数,且以20ppm为最好;GA抑制微型薯的形成,且产生丛生枝;不同生长调节剂对微型薯形成的效果不同,香豆素促进块茎形成,而BR和PP_(333)只在低浓度(0.1～1.0ppm)有促进作用,高浓度则有抑制作用,助壮素抑制微型薯的形成。     

Amylolytic activity in stored potato tubers. 1. Estimation usingp-nitrophenyloligosaccharides

Summary Methods for the estimation of amylolytic activity are reviewed. A procedure for the routine extraction of amylolytic activity from freeze-dried powder prepared from potato tubers is described. The extraction medium is buffered at pH 7.0 and contains glycerol, dithiothreitol, calcium chloride and the non-ionic detergent, nonidet P-40. α-Amylase activity and exoamylolytic activity were estimated in crude extracts of potato tubers using the substrates, blockedp-nitrophenyl-maltoheptaoside andp-nitrophenyl-maltopentaoside respectively. These substrates are included in kits supplied by Biocon, (UK) Ltd to measure the α- and ?-amylase activity in cereals. The validity of using these kits for the determination of α- and ?-amylase activity in potato tuber tissue is discussed.     

Use of the hormone-biosynthesis inhibitors fluridone and paclobutrazol to determine the effects of altered abscisic acid and gibberellin levels on pre-maturity α-amylase formation in wheat grains

During germination of cereal grain, α-amylase formation is known to be inhibited by abscisic acid (ABA) and stimulated by gibberellins (GA). The role of these hormones in pre-maturity α-amylase (PMA) formation in wheat grains is less well understood. Our previous work with ABA and GA exogenously applied to grains demonstrated a clear stimulatory effect of GA, with little effect of ABA. Here, in glasshouse experiments, fluridone (ABA biosynthesis inhibitor; FD [20 μM]) or paclobutrazol (GA biosynthesis inhibitor; PB [20 μM]) were applied to intact, developing grains of the PMA-susceptible variety Rialto at 480 days after anthesis (DAA) to assess if a reduction in endogenous ABA and/or GA alters PMA formation. The experiments were conducted under non-PMA-inducing (ambient) and PMA-inducing (cold-shock) conditions. In solvent-only treated grains, a cold-shock significantly reduced the ABA content but increased GA and α-amylase activity. FD increased GA levels and α-amylase activity under ambient conditions, but decreased GA levels and α-amylase activity under cold-shock conditions, with no effect on ABA levels under either condition. PB had no effect under ambient conditions, but reduced GA levels and α-amylase under cold-shock conditions. These results indicate an association between GA levels at mid-grain development and PMA formation in wheat.     

Amylase Analysis in Potato Starch Degradation During Cold Storage and Sprouting

As the fourth most important food crop, potato plays a key role in food safety and economic development of the world. Harvested potato tubers can be stored for a long time, but sprouting and cold-induced sweetening (CIS) can seriously affect the quality of tubers during storage. One of the key pathways involved in CIS is starch degradation, in which both α-amylase and β-amylase play important roles. However, each amylase belongs to an extensive gene family and it is not clear which genes are the key regulators. In this study, we identified genes most likely regulating starch degradation. We first selected candidate genes from the public potato genome database and then investigated their expression patterns associated with reducing sugars and amylase activities. The results showed that the activity of α-amylase was mainly caused by StAmy23 and the activity of β-amylase was mainly caused by StBAM1 and StBAM7. In addition, α-amylase and β-amylase may play important roles in starch degradation of the tubers stored at low temperature and during sprouting, and the amylase activity may be regulated by the amylase inhibitor in cold-stored tubers.     

水稻种子萌发过程中降解半乳甘露聚糖的三个酶活性的动态变化

为了研究在种子萌发过程中与细胞壁半乳甘露聚糖降解相关的 β 甘露聚糖酶、 β 甘露糖苷酶和 α 半乳糖苷酶之间的关系,对水稻种子萌发过程中这3种酶的活性变化及GA3和ABA对酶活性的影响进行了研究。在干种子和萌发前的种子中β 甘露糖苷酶和 α 半乳糖苷酶活性就已经存在,而β 甘露聚糖酶活性只在萌发后才能检测到;3种酶活性均随着萌发进程而增加;GA3对β 甘露聚糖酶和 α 半乳糖苷酶活性具有一定的促进作用。ABA对β 甘露糖苷酶和 α 半乳糖苷酶活性的影响不明显,但却可以明显抑制β 甘露聚糖酶活性。     

Performance of Colorado potato beetle larvae,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), reared on synthetic diets supplemented withSolanum glycoalkaloids

Glycoalkaloids are a class of secondary compounds (nitrogenous, steroidal glycosides), ubiquitously distributed throughout the Solanaceae. Numerous studies (in planta) have shown that certain glycoalkaloids, e.g., α-tomatine, solanocardenine, and leptine, have a negative impact on performance of the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). However, the presence of other secondary compounds, as well as the nutritional status of the plants used, are additional variables in such experiments. By rearing Colorado potato beetle, from egg to prepupal stage, on a synthetic diet supplemented with the glycoalkaloids α-tomatine, α-chaconine, α-solanine, leptine I and the steroidal aglycone solanidine, we have been able to further establish the effects (ex planta) of these compounds on the Colorado potato beetle. Leptine I displayed a dose-dependent negative activity against the Colorado potato beetle (as measured by larval weight gain and tune to molt), when assayed at 0.31, 0.62 and 1.23 mM concentrations; however, by the fourth stadium no effect was found. When Colorado potato beetle were fed a higher concentration of leptine I (2.4 mM), there was a sustained effect in all stadia. At 2.4 mM, leptine I displayed a greater negative impact on Colorado potato beetle growth and development than did α-tomatine. α-Chaconine at 2.4 mM did not impair Colorado potato beetle performance relative to Colorado potato beetle reared on control diets. α-Chaconine plus α-solanine, at concentrations commonly found inSolanum tuberosum L. foliage (0.6 and 0.3 mM respectively), did not impair Colorado potato beetle performance. The steroidal aglycone solanidine (2.4 mM) had a significant negative impact on Colorado potato beetle performance. Results are discussed in the context of host-plant resistance and insect-plant interactions.     

Determination of Glycoalkaloids in Potatoes and Potato Products by Microwave Assisted Extraction

Potato glycoalkaloids can reach levels that are harmful to human health. A rapid and reliable microwave assisted extraction method for quantitative analysis of α-solanine and α-chaconine content in raw potato and potato based products is presented. A chemical microwave was used to determine optimal temperature and pressure conditions for the extraction of α-solanine and α-chaconine from Idaho grown tubers and six commercially available mashed potato products. Recovery efficiency of glycoalkaloids was 37% greater by microwave assisted extraction (19.92 mg/kg glycoalkaloid) as compared to conventional solid/liquid methods (12.51 mg/kg glycoalkaloid). Optimal extraction of glycoalkaloids from potato samples dissolved in methanol was achieved using a microwave reactor set to 90 °C for ten minutes. The interior of Idaho grown tubers was determined to contain lower levels of glycoalkaloids (19.92 mg/kg dry weight; 6.5 ± 1.78 mg α-solanine and 13.40 ± 1.65 mg α-chaconine), as compared to commercial potato products (33.86–81.59 mg/kg).     

Soft-rot Resistance of Coloured Potato Cultivars (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum tuberosum</Emphasis> L.): The Role of Anthocyanins

Coloured potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) rich in anthocyanins are gaining increasing interest on the markets, mainly due to beneficial health effects. Potato varieties containing colour pigments are therefore utilized more and more in actual breeding programmes. In this study, 10 purple-fleshed potato cultivars were compared in their resistance to soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum (Pc) with 10 white/yellow-fleshed potato cultivars. The results revealed that coloured potato cultivars exhibited on average better resistance to soft rot than white/yellow-fleshed potato cultivars. On tuber halves of purple-fleshed cultivars, the extent of rotting caused by Pc was on average 28.6% lower than on white/yellow-fleshed cultivars. The greater resistance of coloured potatoes coincided with the presence of anthocyanins, higher concentrations of soluble phenols and elevated polyphenol oxidase activity in tuber tissue. These three components were significantly correlated with the extent of rotting caused by Pc. However, coloured and white/yellow-fleshed cultivars were not very different in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and peroxidase activity. There were also no significant differences in concentrations of dry matter, starch, crude protein and glycoalkaloids. Key findings reveal that total soluble phenols and anthocyanins contributed crucially to resistance expression in tuber tissue of coloured potato cultivars.     

The heterogeneous distribution of α-amylase and endoxylanase activity over a population of preharvest sprouted wheat kernels and their localization in individual kernels

To develop targeted approaches to improve the quality of preharvest sprouted (PHS) wheat as a raw material for food manufacturing, knowledge on the nature and distribution of hydrolytic enzymes in PHS wheat is crucial. Results of the present study indicate that α-amylase and endoxylanase activities are heterogeneously distributed among a population of PHS kernel. Within individual severely sprouted kernels, the enzyme activities are heterogeneously distributed throughout the different tissues. α-Amylase activity, almost exclusively of endogenous nature, is mainly detected in the germ region and to a lesser extent in the aleurone layer. Endoxylanase activity is predominantly of microbial origin and located on the kernel surface. In spite of this, light and epifluorescence microscopy show decreased kernel integrity and cell wall breakdown in the crushed cells layer, the endosperm, and the aleurone layer in a selection of kernels upon preharvest sprouting. This knowledge offers opportunities for the development of treatments to reduce the enzyme load in PHS wheat at postharvest level to improve its flour quality.