杭州地区15种丰花月季品种综合评价

采用层次分析法从观赏性状、生态学适应性和抗性等方面对杭州地区引进的15种丰花月季品种进行综合评价。结果表明:花期、花量、开花能力为影响综合价值的主要因素;根据综合评价分值将15种丰花月季品种分为4级,Ⅰ级(综合评价分值4.00)4种,Ⅱ级(3.50~4.00)6种,Ⅲ级(3.00~3.50)3种,Ⅳ级(≤3.00)2种。推荐‘仙境’、‘神奇’、‘金玛莉’、‘柔情似水’、‘桔红潮’、‘霍尔恩’、‘欢笑’、‘粉红潮’、‘金盏花’、‘火王’等10个品种为杭州地区较适合栽培应用的丰花月季种类。     

层次分析法在铁线莲引种评价和筛选上的应用

以引进的20个铁线莲品种为实验材料,研究其在山东烟台的环境适应性、观赏性和物候表现,并运用层次分析法(AHP)对其进行综合评价和筛选。结果表明:花色、花量和花径是其观赏性评价的最重要指标;生长势是影响其适应性的主要因子。根据评价结果,将引种的铁线莲划分为5个等级:Ⅰ级包括‘皇后’等3个品种,观赏性状优异,生长强健,非常适合在烟台地区进行栽培和园林应用;Ⅱ级包括‘伍斯特美女’等4个品种,观赏性状优秀,生长良好,适合在烟台地区生产应用;Ⅲ级为‘自行车岛’等6个品种,观赏性和适应性等均有不错的表现,具有一定的应用推广价值;Ⅳ级为‘天空’等5个品种,适应性与观赏价值综合评价较低;Ⅴ级为‘纪三井寺’和‘红星’2个品种,综合评价最低。     

武汉市蔡甸区观赏桃引种生长及栽培管理

观赏桃Amygdalus persica属桃属中的花桃,以花色艳丽、开花繁茂、品种丰富、花态别致等特点深受广大人民的喜爱,蔡甸区大好河山景区2012年2月从武汉植物园引种‘菊花桃’、‘迎春’、‘满天红’等3个品种进行了栽培试验,2014年5月对这3个品种进行了生长量调查,调查情况如下.     

浙江省紫薇品种资源调查Ⅳ─复色品种群

2015-2016年,在浙江省紫薇Lagerstroemia indica苗木主产区、风景名胜区和城镇绿化区,采用LY/T1847-2009《植物新品种特异性、一致性、稳定性测试指南紫薇》品种性状调查方法,对紫薇品种资源进行实地调查并对复色品种群进行了报道。调查并鉴别出22个品种,其中已见文献报道的10个,新品种有12个。调查发现‘紫扇映霞’L. indica‘Zishan Yingxia’,‘多花银边堇薇’L. indica‘Duohua Yinbian Jinwei’,‘彩绘’L. indica‘Caihui’和‘多瓣粉’L. indica‘Duoban Fen’等为观赏特性优异的新品种。     

浙江省紫薇品种资源调查Ⅱ─红薇品种群

2015-2016年,在浙江省紫薇Lagerstroemia indica苗木主产区、风景名胜区和城镇绿化区,采用LY/T1847-2009《植物新品种特异性、一致性、稳定性测试指南紫薇》品种性状调查方法,对紫薇品种资源进行实地调查。本文对其中的红薇品种群进行报道,调查并鉴别出55个红薇品种,其中已见文献报道的16个,新品种有39个。调查发现‘晚花玫红’、‘直萼红’、‘红盛’等为观赏特性优异的新品种。     

秋石斛品种资源的评价与筛选

秋石斛是兰科植物中极具观赏价值的切花种类,为加速我国秋石斛产业发展,本研究对16个秋石斛品种的营养生长、生殖生长、抗逆性等性状分季节进行调查,并结合商业价值和市场销售情况,采用层次分析法和聚类分析法对秋石斛品种资源进行评价与筛选。结果表明:4个一级指标中,经济效益和观赏性状权重系数较高。经济效益、观赏性状、抗逆性、开花特性指标中权重最大的二级评价因子分别为市场价值、花姿、抗病虫、花量。合成权重较高的5个因子依次为市场价值、花姿、培育成本、水培保鲜期、抗病虫。16个品种聚类分析后分为4档,第一档为‘三亚阳光’、‘水晶’、‘金如意’、‘枫叶’等4个品种;第二档为‘怪脸’、‘中华红’、‘美洋洋’、‘紫霞’、‘红霞’、‘四面佛’等6个品种;第三档为‘彩虹’、‘水芙蓉’、‘迷你红白’、‘明珠’、‘浪迹天涯’等5个品种;第四档为‘卡哇伊’;‘三亚阳光’综合评价得分(CAV)最高,较其它15个品种更具商业开发和产业化生产价值。     

8个日本红枫品种资源评价与筛选

通过对福建引进栽培的8个日本红枫品种的生物学特性、观赏性状以及应用潜力进行综合观测调查,采用层次分析法和聚类分析法对8个日本红枫品种资源进行综合评价和筛选。结果表明:3个一级指标权重系数从高到低依次为生物学特性、观赏特性和应用潜力;合成权重较高的3个因子依次为抗病虫性、生长势和叶色;8个品种聚类分析后分为4个档,第一档为‘火球’;第二档为‘血红’、‘卡苏’;第三档为‘四季火焰’、‘橙之梦’;第四档为‘猩猩枝垂’‘青龙’‘珊瑚阁’。‘火球’最具观赏价值与商业价值,适宜在福建地区进行产业化生产,可优先推广发展。     

不同观赏荷花品种深水栽培的物候特征研究

以25个观赏荷花品种为研究对象,进行水深1.8 m栽培后的生长期物候观测。结果表明:深水栽培后,有21个品种能开花,且具有一定的观赏性。按照叶柄、花柄高度,叶径、花径大小及花期长短,将21个观赏荷花品种划分为5个类群。极高叶柄类群(H2.6 m)和极高花柄类群(H2.8 m)品种种类相同,分别为荷花‘冬日红’、荷花‘连云港冬荷’、荷花‘金凤展翅’。其中,荷花‘连云港冬荷’的叶径、花径达到极高水平,且为长花期类群种,花期可达118 d;中等高度叶柄类群(H2.2 m)和中等高度花柄类群(H2.4 m)中,荷花‘红建莲’、荷花‘星空牡丹’花期分别为112,123 d,属长花期类群。深水栽培的观赏荷花,按照表型性状及数量性状进行分类,可为湿地造景提供丰富的品种选择。     

20种观赏草在甘肃金昌地区的适应性

对甘肃金昌地区引进的20个观赏草品种进行观赏性和适应性评价,结果表明:绒毛狼尾草(Pennisetum villosum)、‘紫光’狼尾草(P.alopecuroides‘Ziguang’)、玉带草(Phalaris arundinacea)和柳枝稷(Panicum virgatum)分蘖时间较早,7月初开始分蘖;20种观赏草的成活率、生长状况和观赏价值都较好;除粉黛乱子草(Muhlenbergia capillaris)、‘紫叶’稻(Oryza sativa‘Black Madras’)、绒毛狼尾草和‘紫叶’狼尾草(P.setaceum‘Rubrum’)外其它14种观赏草均以休眠形式能自然越冬;‘纤细’芒(Miscanthus sinensis‘Xianxi’)、‘细叶’芒(M.sinensis‘Gracillimus’)、‘花叶’芒(M.sinensis‘Variegatus’)和‘斑叶’芒(M.sinensis‘Zebrinus’)的观赏性更好且适应性更强,与理想种的关联度更高,在金昌地区可直接作为园林绿化植物进行推广应用。     

肇庆 5 种中国古老月季的园林造景探析

以广东省肇庆市为研究地点，选择‘月月粉’ Rosa chinensis ‘Old blush’、 ‘月月红’ R. chinensis ‘Slater’s Crimson’、‘玉玲珑’ R. chinesis ‘Yu Ling Long’、 ‘绿萼’ R. chinensis ‘Viridiflora’、‘紫荷’ R. chinensis ‘Zi He’ 5 种当地生长良好的中国古老月季作为研究对象，通过观测其形态特征、生长习性并结合适应性分析与案例分析，确定其可尝试以花灌木、灌木球、绿篱等形式用于营造花境、花坛绿化、道路绿化及组团绿化。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ophiostoma</Emphasis> species associated with bark beetles infesting three <Emphasis Type="Italic">Abies</Emphasis> species in Nikko,Japan

Ophiostoma species were isolated from bark beetles and Abies mariesii, A. veitchii and A. homolepis attacked by the beetles in Nikko, Tochigi, central Honshu, Japan. One to two Ophiostoma species were frequently isolated from each species of bark beetle. Ophiostoma subalpinum was the most common associate of Cryphalus montanus. Ophiostoma sp. B as well as O. subalpinum was a common fungus associated with Polygraphus proximus. Ophiostoma europhioides was isolated from Dryocoetes hectographus and D. autographus as one of the common associates. Ophiostoma sp. J and Ophiostoma sp. S were frequently isolated from D. autographus and D. striatus, respectively. These fungi seem to have specific relationships with particular bark beetles. Ophiostoma sp. B, Ophiostoma sp. J and Ophiostoma sp. S have unique morphological characteristics and appear to be new species. Five trees of A. veitchii, approximately 43 years old, were inoculated with five Ophiostoma species to assess the relative virulence of the fungi. Ophiostoma subalpinum, Ophiostoma sp. B, and O. europhioides had relatively higher virulence than the other species studied.     

Improving the evaluation of multiple-dowel-type connection strength

Our study focuses on predicting the ultimate short-term load carrying capacity of timber-to-timber connections with dowel-type fasteners. The wide range of possible configurations in practice makes the resolution of these values by tests unrealistic. Moreover, different current regulations do not consider some specific failure mechanisms. In many countries, the reduction of resistance involved by this phenomenon is taken into account by considering an effective number of dowels (n_ef) smaller than the actual number of dowels (n) in the connection. However, these different regulations disagree on the values of n_ef and on other points (spacing, partial coefficient of security, formulas). These discrepancies in design rules invite the fundamental research on this topic and, therefore, new methods are sought in order to estimate the load carrying capacities of the connections. In the light of these, our approach consists of predicting the load carrying capacity with the neural network numerical tool. The results obtained by this analysis tool are satisfactory, although the model remains complex. Subsequently, we focus on the simplification of this numerical model with classical regression techniques in order to implement it in a design code.     

Parasitic Ichneumonoidea on the horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Slovakia

Parasitic Hymenoptera from the suprafamily Ichneumonoidea attacking the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) were studied in southwest Slovakia during 2000 and 2001. The search for such species resulted in the determination of eight ichneumonid species, Gelis agilis (Fabricius), Itoplectis alternans (Gravenhorst), I. clavicornis (Thompson), I. maculator (Fabricius), Scambus annulatus (Kiss), S. brevicornis (Gravenhorst), Zatypota percontatoria (Müller), Adelognathus sp. and a braconid Colastes braconius Haliday. The most abundant species was S. annulatus. All these species recorded are polyphagous and often facultative hyperparasitoids, except C. braconius, which departs from this norm in not being hyperparasitic. The presence of more diversified native parasitoids and hyperparasitoids from the Ichneumonoidea predicate a slow successive adaptation of the parasitoid fauna to the invasive host, Cameraria ohridella.     

Insecticidal activity of certain medicinal plants

The methanol extracts of eight species of medicinal plants were tested for insecticidal activity in third instar larvae of Egyptian cottonworm (Spodoptera littoralis). All extracts showed a certain degree of larval toxicity. The extracts of Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana and Salvia officinalis appeared to be highly toxic. The extracts significantly affected the growth indexes [relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD)].     

A new norlignan from Taxodium ascendens

A new norlignan, (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-tetrahydropyran (1), together with 9 known compounds were isolated from the branches and leaves of Taxodium ascendens. Their structures were mainly determined on the basis of MS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectral evidences. Methanol extract showed inhibitory activity on carbonic anhydrase II with an IC₅₀ value of 4.27 µg/ml, acetone extract and methanol extract inhibited activity of cathepsin B with IC₅₀ values of 2.12 and 3.71 µg/ml, respectively.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bursaphelenchus mucronatus</Emphasis> (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) vectored by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monochamus </Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">urussovi</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Hokkaido,Japan

Bursaphelenchus mucronatus Mamiya et Enda has been recovered for the first time from adults of the cerambycid beetle, Monochamus urussovi (Fischer), in Hokkaido, Japan. The nematode was also recovered from the inner bark of Picea jezoensis (Siebold et Zuccarini) Carrière and Abies sachalinensis (Fr Schmidt) Masters infested with M. urussovi larvae. PCR–RFLP analysis indicated that B. mucronatus in Hokkaido is the European type.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Trees and shrubs as sources of fodder in Australia

Experience with browse plants in Australia is briefly reviewed in terms of their forage value to animals, their economic value to the landholder and their ecological contribution to landscape stability. Of the cultivated species only two have achieved any degree of commercial acceptance (Leucaena leucocephala and Chamaecytisus palmensis). Both of these are of sufficiently high forage value to be used as the sole source of feed during seasonal periods of nutritional shortage. Both are also leguminous shrubs that establish readily from seed. It is suggested that a limitation in their present use is the reliance on stands of single species which leaves these grazing systems vulnerable to disease and insects. Grazing systems so far developed for high production and persistence of cultivated species involve short periods of intense grazing followed by long periods of recovery. Similar management may be necessary in the arid and semi-arid rangelands where palatable browse species are in decline.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.