2-乙酰基环己酮的合成与表征

研究了2-乙酰基环己酮的合成方法，结果表明，环己酮和吗啡啉以有机溶剂甲苯为共沸剂，以对甲笨磺酸为催化剂，进行缩合反应生成烯胺，然后加入缚酸剂三乙胺，滴加乙酰氯和有机溶剂的混合物，烯胺与乙酰氯发生亲核加成反应，生成亚胺正离子，最后加入浓盐酸对亚胺正离子进行水解，可生成研究产物2-乙酰基环己酮。产物结构经红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱分析验证与目标化合物的结构一致。     

五元氮杂环的芳香性和稳定性

自然界中许多含有五元环的有机物都具有芳香性,其中这些五元环大部分是由（CH）单元和N原子组成的.（CH）单元和N原子是等电子体,笔者对一些五元杂环及其正负离子的稳定性和芳香性的规律进行了详细的研究.选用从头算和密度泛函理论方法,用cc-pVDZ基组对五元氮杂环及其正负离子的几何结构进行了优化,同时对它们的能量和频率进行了计算,得到了一些具有稳定平面结构的氮杂环和其正负离子.并在相同的计算水平下,对这些稳定结构的核独立化学位移（NICS）和谐振子模型的芳香性（HOMA）进行了计算,利用这两个判断标准对这些结构的芳香性进行了讨论,并得到了有关这些结构的稳定性和芳香性的一些规律.     

赤红壤蔗地土壤酸缓冲性能与调控研究

采用酸滴定土壤酸度的方法研究广西蔗地土壤对酸的缓冲性能,结果表明,广西赤红壤蔗地土壤酸缓冲能力不强且对酸敏感,其土壤酸化转折点在加入模拟酸雨pH值3.0-3.5之间。酸雨会造成蔗地土壤严重酸化,而年施用75t/hm2酒精废液对蔗地土壤酸化影响较小。影响土壤酸缓冲性能因素主要为有机质、物理性粘粒、盐基总量和交换钙。据此可采取增施有机肥,施用碱性物质如石灰或碱性肥料如钙镁磷肥,以及增加土壤覆盖如蔗叶还田,或采取等高种植等措施,增加土壤有机质和交换性阳离子含量,减少土壤粘粒及阳离子流失,降低土壤酸度,从而提高蔗地土壤酸缓冲能力,改善蔗地土壤生态环境。     

磷钨酸法测定钻井液材料中有机阳离子的探讨

磷钨酸法是测定两性离子表面活性剂阳离子度的经典方法,经实验验证该方法可用于测定钻井液材料中的阳离子或两性离子的含量。含有有机阳离子基团的钻井液材料由于其成分复杂,试样溶液颜色较深,不易准确测定其中的有机阳离子度。本文采用钠型阳离子交换树脂对产品进行提纯,在弱酸性条件下,以刚果红为指示剂,用磷钨酸标准溶液定量测定有机阳离子度,实验相对误差是0.59%。本文介绍了方法原理、操作程序及方法验证。结果表明,采用磷钨酸法测定钻井液中的有机阳离子含量不受阴离子的干扰,而且无机阳离子对测定结果也无影响。经岩心相对回收率实验,测定结果和使用性能相吻合,结果准确可靠。     

Superacids

Superacids, although first referred to as early as 1927, were only extensively studied in the last decade. Acidities up to 10(12) times that of sulfuric acid have now been obtained. The extremely low nucleophilicity of the counterions in superacidic systems is especially useful for the preparation of stable, electron-deficient cations, particularly carbocations. Many of these cations, which were formerly detectable only in the gas phase, can now be studied in solution. Novel organic syntheses that are not possible in ordinary acidic media can also be achieved in superacids, including syntheses of economically important hydrocarbons. The unique ability of superacids to bring about hydrocarbon transformations, even to activate methane to undergo electrophilic oligocondensation, can open up new fields in chemistry.     

Supramolecular chemistry: receptors, catalysts, and carriers

Supramolecular chemistry is the study of the structures and functions of the supermolecules that result from binding substrates to molecular receptors. Macropolycyclic receptors and coreceptors have been designed that form cryptate inclusion complexes and display molecular recognition towards spherical, tetrahedral, and linear substrates of various kinds (metal cations, inorganic anions, and organic or biological cations or anions). Anion binding has led to the development of anion coordination chemistry. Metalloreceptors simultaneously bind organic molecules and metal ions; speleands combine polar and nonpolar binding subunits. Receptors bearing reactive functional groups may act as molecular reagents or catalysts, performing a chemical transformation on the bound substrates (by such reactions as hydrogen transfer, ester cleavage, and protoadenosinetriphosphatase and protokinase activities). Receptors fitted with lipophilic groups can operate as molecular carriers, translocating bound species through a membrane; this transport can be coupled to chemical potentials (proton and redox gradients).     

硫酸改性沸石中主要交换性阳离子动态变化研究

近年来天然沸石在农业中得到了广泛的应用.利用硫酸对天然沸石进行活化试验,通过对其1年的动态监测,分析沸石中对植物生长有重要影响的交换性K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+以及阳离子交换量动态变化,以得到硫酸和沸石反应后各养分的动态变化,为改性后沸石生产农作物矿物肥提供理论依据.     

发酵苹果渣饲料有机酸及微生物组成分析

采用稀释平板涂抹法和 HPL C分别对发酵苹果渣的微生物及有机酸组成进行分析。结果表明 :发酵苹果渣中的主要微生物是酵母菌、醋酸菌和乳酸菌 ;发酵苹果渣中的有机酸主要是醋酸 (占有机酸总量的4 5 .84 0 % )和乳酸 (占有机酸总量的 4 4 .74 6 % ) ;在发酵苹果渣中尚未发现有害菌     

Quantitative molecular approach to the permeability changes of excitation

Functional relationships, available from only a few monolayer studies, can be applied to a relatively simple model of the excitable membrane to give permeability-potential curves quite similar to the conductance-potential curves obtained experimentally in voltage-clamped giant axons. Contrary to the usual view in terms of "carrier systems," the present model considers the permeability to sodium and potassium to be reduced by the increase in the surface pressure induced by large lipophilic cations and anions in the outer layer of the lipoidal bimolecular leaflet constituting the living membrane; hence, the increase in permeability during depolarization, for example, is due to a decrease in the amount of the organic anions in this layer, whereas the decrease in sodium permeability during inactivation is caused by a rise in content of organic cations. The present proposal has the advantage that it is in keeping with known phenomena observed in simple physico-chemical systems as well as in excitable systems; moreover, the current actually transferred by the postulated lipophilic ions can be negligible compared to that transferred by the inorganic cations they control. The latter situation, as well as the steepness of the permeability-potential relationships obtained, have been pointed out to be critical requirements of a satisfactory molecular hypothesis.     

草炭溶解态有机物质与Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)络合物的红外光谱

草炭有机质提取物胡敏酸、富里酸、水溶解态有机质的红外光谱研究显示 ,三者的含氧官能团组成相似 ,但基团含量差异较大 .胡敏酸、富里酸、水溶解态有机质与金属离子 (Cu2 +、Cd2 +、Pb2 +、Zn2 + )络合物的红外光谱表明 ,除 -COOH外 ,-OH、C=O、-NH2 等官能团也参与了对金属离子的络合 ,但不能很好地揭示哪种金属离子具有形成络合物的最大倾向     

酸碱质子理论在有机化学中的应用

本文以酸碱质子理论为指导,研究了高级有机酸的分离提纯方法。一般分两步,第一步加碱溶液,使不溶于水的带机酸晶体溶解,通过过滤,除去泥沙等不溶性杂质。第二步加酸,有机酸晶体从溶液中析出,通过过滤除去可溶性杂质     

植物酸致损伤机理与化控减灾研究进展

综述了酸雨对植物酸致损伤机理，在此基础上探讨了钙调控、有机物调控与稀土调控等化学控制植物代谢，减轻酸雨伤害的研究近况与存在的问题。     

低分子量有机酸对石灰性潮土磷吸附与解吸的影响

采用磷的平衡吸附与解吸方法，模拟缺磷胁迫条件下植物根系分泌的有机酸种类和数量，研究了草酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、乙酸5种有机酸对石灰性潮土磷吸附的影响，并以作用能力较强的草酸为代表，研究了有机酸对石灰性潮土磷吸附和解吸的影响。结果表明：（1）中性条件下供试有机酸均能不同程度的降低石灰性潮土对磷的吸附，作用强弱依次为草酸、柠檬酸＞苹果酸、酒石酸＞乙酸。（2）有机酸使土壤对磷吸附的降低效应随着有机酸浓度和有机酸与磷浓度比的增加而增加。（3）石灰性潮土在草酸体系中所吸附的磷容易被中性盐解吸，有机酸对土壤吸附磷的解吸有一定的促进作用。     

Iron-stabilized carbocations as intermediates for organic synthesis

Attachment of a transition metal moiety to an olefinic ligand presents the organic chemist with unequaled opportunities to control the regio- and stereospecificities of bond formation. Applications of cationic dienyliron-carbonyl complexes to a range of natural product syntheses have been developed. These applications show how the iron-carbonyl unit directs the regio- and stereochemistry of nucleophile addition. They also show that the iron-carbonyl unit can be used to stabilize otherwise inaccessible carbocations, thereby making them readily available as synthetic intermediates.     

ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF CHICKEN ERYTHROCYTE NUCLEI

(1) A method has been described for the isolation of chicken erythrocyte nuclei using saponin to lake the cells. Nuclei prepared by this method have been compared with nuclei prepared by the method of Laskowskie and with nuclei prepared by a citric acid method, particularly in regard to respiration. (2) The total lipid content of the nuclei is about 14 per cent. and the desoxyribonucleic acid content is about 45 per cent. (3) A yellow pigment contained in the nuclei appears to be xanthophyll. (4) A gel formed by the nuclei at pH 8.5 in the presence of ammonia and the absence of other cations is described.     

有机溶剂法提取棉花纤维中木质素

[目的]有机溶剂法提取的木质素纯度较高,可进一步分析木质素单体的类型.研究针对有机溶剂法提取棉花纤维中的木质素尚未见报道,利用甲酸、乙酸提取棉纤维中的木质素.[方法]用甲酸、乙酸和水的不同配比提取棉花纤维中的木质素,以确定合适的甲酸、乙酸、水体积比,并将用该方法提取的木质察进行紫外扫描,比较提取的棉花纤维木质素与标样木质素的扫描曲线.[结果]当甲酸、乙酸、水的体积比为55∶25:20时得到的木质素最多,有机溶剂提取的棉花木质素与标样木质素的扫描曲线相似.[结论]有机溶剂甲酸、乙酸适合于分析棉花纤维中的木质素.该方法为进一步研究棉花纤维中的木质素单体类型奠定了基础.     

秸杆还还田改良砂姜黑土的效果及其机理研究

通过田间定位试验、室内培育试验以及一系列物理、化学性质的测定,探讨了秸杆直接还田、堆沤还田和过腹还田等有机物质对改良淮北低产土壤-砂姜黑土的效果及机理.结果表明,增施有机物料能增加土壤孔隙度,降低容重,改善土壤通透性和保水、保肥性能,提高土壤的缓冲性,提供多种有效养分,培肥土壤,并最后表现为增加作物产量.其机理不仅在于所提供的腐殖质能降低砂姜黑土中含量过高的蒙脱石矿物的剪切应力,抑制其胀缩性,而且还在于它们能提供形成有机无机复合团聚体所必需的活性有机胶体,以及其有机酸能溶解土中原有的CaCO3成为活性的Ca2+离子,后者是形成复合团聚体的桥梁,从而改善了土壤的结构性能等等.     

模拟酸沉降下南方两种森林土壤对SO42-及NO3-的吸附

通过 3种模拟酸沉降溶液对福建和贵阳两种森林土壤样品的连续浸泡试验 ,研究了土壤对酸沉降中 SO42 -和 NO3-的吸附 ,以及盐基离子输入对这种吸附的影响 .结果表明 ,2种土壤对 SO42 -均有一定的吸附能力 ,但福建土壤的吸附量比贵阳土壤大 .土壤对 SO42 - 的吸附与酸沉降中 SO42 - 浓度及土壤水溶性 SO42 - 含量有关 ,但高浓度的盐基离子输入会降低 SO42 -的吸附量 .土壤对 NO3-的吸附主要发生在表土中 ,且比 SO42 -的吸附量低 ,但比预料的要高     

1种对植物病原菌有机酸毒素具生物活性的菌株

研究发现一种细菌 (编号为W 1 )对草酸、苯乙酸、a 甲基巴豆酸和水稻白叶枯病菌毒素具有生物活性。W 1能消除或减轻有机酸毒素引起烟草的坏死 ,解除有机酸毒素对水稻出苗的抑制 ,明显减轻水稻白叶枯病的病斑长度。这种生物活性属于解毒活性。对W 1的活性成份进行初步研究发现 ,W 1具有的广谱解毒活性。