山西省冬性大麦育种策略探讨

大麦作为早期驯化的谷类作物,因其早熟和高度抗逆性在世界范围内被广泛种植。作为工农业生产的重要谷类作物,其新品种的选育对人们生活的改善及国民经济的发展具有重要作用。通过对大麦育种与栽培的回顾,结合多年的大麦育种实践,对山西省冬性大麦育种技术和策略进行了初步探讨,展望了未来冬大麦的发展趋势,旨在对山西省冬大麦育种与栽培起到促进作用。     

用淀粉粘滞性变化检测粮食辐照及其剂量的可行性研究

研究了辐照对水稻、小麦、大麦和玉米４种谷物７个品种的淀粉粘滞性变化。结果表明辐照后 所有品种的淀粉粘滞性明显下降,认为利用辐照后淀粉粘滞性变化可用于检测粮食是否已经过辐照处 理的一种手段。求出冷胶粘度与吸收剂量的线性回归关系,计算出使冷胶粘度下降一半时的剂量值作为 辐射敏感性的指标,发现不同品种的辐射敏感性不同,并可以利用该回归方程预测冷胶粘度降低一半时 的吸收剂量。     

A draft sequence of the rice genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica)

The genome of the japonica subspecies of rice, an important cereal and model monocot, was sequenced and assembled by whole-genome shotgun sequencing. The assembled sequence covers 93% of the 420-megabase genome. Gene predictions on the assembled sequence suggest that the genome contains 32,000 to 50,000 genes. Homologs of 98% of the known maize, wheat, and barley proteins are found in rice. Synteny and gene homology between rice and the other cereal genomes are extensive, whereas synteny with Arabidopsis is limited. Assignment of candidate rice orthologs to Arabidopsis genes is possible in many cases. The rice genome sequence provides a foundation for the improvement of cereals, our most important crops.     

Localization of wheat germ agglutinin--like lectins in various species of the gramineae

Antigenically similar chitin-binding lectins are present in the embryos of wheat, barley, and rye, members of the Triticeae tribe of the grass family (Gramineae). However, the lectins display different localization patterns in these embryos. Lectin is absent from the coleoptile of barley but is present in the outer surface cells of this organ in wheat and in both inner and outer surface cells of rye coleoptiles. All three cereals contain lectin at the periphery of embryonic roots. Similar lectins were not detected in oats and pearl millet, members of other tribes of the Gramineae. Rice, a species only distantty related to wheat, contains a lectin that is antigenically similar to the other cereal lectins and located at the periphery of embryonic roots and throughut the coleoptile.     

野生大麦与青稞高分子量谷蛋白亚基遗传变异研究

通过SDS-PAGE方法对33份青稞I组和5份野生大麦H组染色体编码的高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)的多态性进行了研究。结果表明I组和H组染色体编码的HMW-GS亚基之间存在带型差异,I组高分子量谷蛋白亚基存在两种带型,一种接近7亚基上部,一种接近7亚基下部,H组内部只有一种带型,靠近10亚基。因此,要改进青稞的面筋品质现状,应在青稞中引入新的优质HMW-GS亚基的变异类型。     

西辽河流域农牧户生产消费特征比较研究

农户是农村经济的微观基础,其生产和消费活动会对生态系统和自然资源产生重要的影响。以西辽河流域为案例区,基于参与式结构访谈工具等方法,对农牧户进行了系统调查,分析西辽河流域不同生计方式农牧户的基本特征,在此基础上,运用生态足迹方法,计算不同农牧户类型的生产与消费特征,探讨农牧户生产与消费足迹的影响因素。结果表明,1)西辽河流域不同类型农牧户在家庭规模、劳动力配置、年龄结构、教育水平、收入结构和土地利用特征等方面存在差别。2)西辽河流域不同类型农牧户生产和消费足迹存在显著差异性。就生产特征而言,农业户以人均谷物和蔬菜生产最多,牧业户以人均肉类和奶类产量最多,半农半牧户以人均薯类生产最多。从消费状况来看,农业户以人均谷物消费量最多,半农半牧户以人均蔬菜消费量最多,牧业户以人均肉类和奶制品消费量最多。3)西辽河流域农牧户人均生产足迹为4.301 7 hm2,人均消费足迹为0.613 5 hm2,生产足迹远高于消费足迹。其中牧业户的生产足迹和消费足迹远远高于农业户和半农半牧户。4)农牧户生产足迹和消费足迹与人口特征、经济特征和资源禀赋特征显著相关,并具有差异性。研究表明,草地生态足迹在西辽河流域牧业户生态足迹中起决定作用。     

Early domesticated fig in the Jordan Valley

It is generally accepted that the fig tree was domesticated in the Near East some 6500 years ago. Here we report the discovery of nine carbonized fig fruits and hundreds of drupelets stored in Gilgal I, an early Neolithic village, located in the Lower Jordan Valley, which dates to 11,400 to 11,200 years ago. We suggest that these edible fruits were gathered from parthenocarpic trees grown from intentionally planted branches. Hence, fig trees could have been the first domesticated plant of the Neolithic Revolution, which preceded cereal domestication by about a thousand years.     

鹿结核病流行概况

鹿结核病是由牛型结核分支杆菌(Mycobacterium bovis)引发的一种恶性传染病。目前,世界上大多数鹿场都可以检测到其病原体,该病对养鹿业的危害是巨大的。现就鹿结核病在世界范围内的流行情况、流行特点以及某些国家对鹿结核病的控制政策等作一综述。     

Domestication of Pulses in the Old World: Legumes were companions of wheat and barley when agriculture began in the Near East

This article reviews the available information on the place of origin and time of domestication of the cultivated pea (Pisum sativum), lentil (Lens culinaris), broad bean (Vicia faba), bitter vetch (V. ervilia), and chickpea (Cicer arietinum). On the basis of (i) an examination and evaluation of archeological remains and (ii) an identification of the wild progenitors and delimitation of their geographic distribution, it was concluded that pea and lentil should be regarded as founder crops of Old World Neolithic agriculture. Most probably they were domesticated, in the Near East, simultaneously with wheats and barley (certainly not later than the sixth millennium B.C.). Bitter vetch shows a similar mode of origin. The evidence on the broad bean and the chickpea is much more fragmentary and the wild progenitors of these legumes are yet not satisfactorily identified. But also these two pulses emerge as important food elements in Bronze Age cultures of the Near East and Europe.     

The effects of artificial selection on the maize genome

Domestication promotes rapid phenotypic evolution through artificial selection. We investigated the genetic history by which the wild grass teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis) was domesticated into modern maize (Z. mays ssp. mays). Analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 774 genes indicates that 2 to 4% of these genes experienced artificial selection. The remaining genes retain evidence of a population bottleneck associated with domestication. Candidate selected genes with putative function in plant growth are clustered near quantitative trait loci that contribute to phenotypic differences between maize and teosinte. If we assume that our sample of genes is representative, approximately 1200 genes throughout the maize genome have been affected by artificial selection.     

The influence of drought stress on malt quality traits of the wild and cultivated barleys

As a major abiotic stress, drought causes instability and deterioration of malt barley quality. There is distinct difference among barley cultivars in the responses of the main malt quality traits to drought stress. In the previous study, we identified some Tibetan wild barley accessions with relatively less change of malt quality traits under drought. In this study, we examined the impact of drought stress during grain filling stage on grain weight and several important malt quality traits, including total protein content, β-glucan content, limit dextrinase activity, β-amylase activity, and protein fractions in four barley genotypes(two Tibetan wild accessions and two cultivars). Drought treatment reduced grain weight, β-glucan content, and increased total protein content, β-amylase activity. These changes differed among barley genotypes and treatments, and are closely associated with grain filling process and kernel weight. All the results indicated Tibetan wild barley had great potential for developing drought tolerant barley cultivars. Relatively stable kernel weight or filling process under water stress should be highlighted in malt barley breeding in order to reduce the effect of water stress on malt barley quality.     

大力发展小杂粮 促进山西农业结构调整

审视山西农业的优劣势 ,可以看出 ,小杂粮、蔬菜、干鲜果、牛羊草食家畜是山西省的 4项优势产业。其中小杂粮是山西最具地域优势、最值称道的特色产业。调整农业结构 ,大力发展小杂粮 ,只有坚持调整种业结构 ,优化品种 ,实行区域化布局、规模化发展 ,积极培育市场 ,搞活商品流通 ,才能把小杂粮真正发展成为兴晋富民的立省产业     

禾谷类作物的比较基因组研究

 水稻是基因组最小的禾谷类作物,饱和遗传连锁图谱的构建,以及在此基础上开展的标记辅助选择和抗病基因克隆,表明水稻基因组研究已经领先于其他禾谷类作物。比较基因组研究表明：小麦、玉米、高粱、谷子和甘蔗的基因组均可由水稻染色体区段重新排列而成，这些区段上DNA标记的排列顺序在各个种之间保留。各种作物基因组大小的差异可能由于各个区段内基因间重复顺序扩增的程度不同所致。根据这些区段在各种作物染色体的排列顺序，有人提出根据水稻染色体区段排列单个原始禾谷类染色体的设想，为深入研究禾谷类作物的进化遗传提出了全新的思路。禾谷类作物基因组之间的共线性有利于在小基因组内克隆大基因组作物的同源基因，使生物技术在作物育种中发挥更大的作用。     

生态核不育大麦花粉的扫描电镜观察

对生态核不育大麦不育株和可育株的成熟花粉以及对照品种８９０９和鄂啤２号的成熟花粉进行了扫描电镜观察，发现生态核不育大麦不育株和可育株均含有空秕状和圆形、饱满两类花粉；两对照品种的花粉为圆形、饱满类型。生态核不育大麦可育株的圆形花粉与对照品种花粉一样，其萌发孔有明显突出的孔盖；而生态核不育大麦不育株的圆形花粉则无孔盖。因此，可认为萌发孔孔盖的有无是生态核不育大麦可育与不育花粉的典型鉴别特征。     

夏蜡梅嫩枝腹接成功与南梅北移前景展望

夏蜡梅是我国的珍稀野生花卉,1963年定名,国家二级保护植物。夏蜡梅优点甚多,但夏蜡梅原产于温暖湿润的浙江,故南梅北移就是开发应用此珍稀野花的必由之路。本文用嫩枝腹接法繁殖夏蜡梅,已使之在山东正常露地开花。本文在简介夏蜡梅优点的基础上,对夏蜡梅嫩枝腹接之成功要点加以介绍,并对今后进一步南梅北移此名花之规划作出展望。     

How fast was wild wheat domesticated?

Prehistoric cultivation of wild wheat in the Fertile Crescent led to the selection of mutants with indehiscent (nonshattering) ears, which evolved into modern domestic wheat. Previous estimates suggested that this transformation was rapid, but our analyses of archaeological plant remains demonstrate that indehiscent domesticates were slow to appear, emerging approximately 9500 years before the present, and that dehiscent (shattering) forms were still common in cultivated fields approximately 7500 years before the present. Slow domestication implies that after cultivation began, wild cereals may have remained unchanged for a long period, supporting claims that agriculture originated in the Near East approximately 10,500 years before the present.     

贵州从江小黄村农耕考察

贵州从江县地形零碎,山高坡陡,熟田较少,垦殖率很低。其耕地特点:稻田多,旱地少;梯田多,坝田少;田块小,分布零散。由于自然地理、社会历史等多种原因,其境内尤其是小黄村一带的许多资源未能开发利用,如果适当调整和改变当地农事习惯的话,这里就会产生较大的经济效益。     

Towards understanding the ecology and mechanisms of biocontrol of Clonostachys rosea IK726

Clonostachys rosea (syn. Gliocladium roseum) IK726 was originally selected as an effective biocontrol agent (BCA) against cereal seed borne diseases caused by Fusarium culmorum and Bipolaris sorokiniana. We have studied the efficacy of the antagonist against different pathogens in several crops and found that the antagonist also is able to control Alternaria radicina and A. dauci on carrot seeds and different cold-storage fungi in acorns. IK726 is also able to reduce…     

小麦白粉菌对几种禾本科植物侵染的观察

在实验室接种的条件下,证实了小麦白粉菌能侵染大麦(品种:“天津1号”;“757”;“矮杆齐”)、鹅观草和燕麦。它在这些植物上所产生的分生孢子,再接种于小麦亦发生正常侵染。接种在大麦“早熟3号”上的菌,能产生出菌丝,但不产生分生孢子。接种在“秦岭黑麦”上的菌只能达到侵入阶段,并且多数的受侵表皮细胞发生明显的过敏性死亡。据试验结果认为,某些野生禾草有可能是小麦白粉病的初侵染来源。