Mariner 10 mercury encounter

Mariner 10's closet approach to Mercury on 29 March 1974 occurred on the dark side of the planet at a range of approximately 700 kilometers. The spacecraft trajectory passed through the shadows of both the sun and Earth. Experiments conducted included magnetic fields, plasma and charged particle studies of the solar wind interaction region, television photography, extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy of the atmosphere, the detection of infrared thermal radiation from the surface, and a dual-frequency radio occultation in search of an ionosphere.     

The dark side of the rings of Uranus

The rings of Uranus are oriented edge-on to Earth in 2007 for the first time since their 1977 discovery. This event provides a rare opportunity to observe their dark (unlit) side, where dense rings darken to near invisibility, but faint rings become much brighter. We present a ground-based infrared image of the unlit side of the rings that shows that the system has changed dramatically since previous views. A broad cloud of faint material permeates the system but is not correlated with the well-known narrow rings or with the embedded dust belts imaged by the Voyager spacecraft. Although some differences can be explained by the unusual viewing angle, we conclude that the dust distribution within the system has changed substantially since the 1986 Voyager encounter and that it occurs on much larger scales than has been seen in other planetary systems.     

Diamagnetic Solar-Wind Cavity Discovered behind Moon

Preliminary Ames-magnetometer data from Explorer 35, the lunar orbiter, show no evidence of a lunar bow shock. However, an increase of the magnetic field by about 1.5 gamma (over the interplanetary value) is evident on Moon's dark side, as well as dips in field strength at the limbs. Interpretation of these spatial variations in the field as deriving from plasma diamagnetism is consistent with a plasma void on the dark side, and steady-state (B = 0) magnetic transparency of Moon.     

《杀死一只知更鸟》中象征手法的运用

哈伯.李是20世纪50年代美国著名的女作家,《杀死一只知更鸟》是她1957年创作并发表的唯一的一部长篇小说,1961年获普利策奖。该书通过斯各特的精神成长历程抨击了社会的黑暗与腐朽,揭露了人性的阴暗面,提倡惩恶扬善的道德观。在这部小说中,哈伯.李运用大量丰富的象征手法充分表现和深化了这一主题。     

Mercury: surface composition from the reflection spectrum

The reflection spectrum for the integral disk of the planet Mercury was measured and was found to have a constant positive slope from 0.32 to 1.05 micrometers, except for absorption features in the infrared. The reflectivity curve matches closely the curve for the lunar upland and mare regions. Thus, the surface of Mercury is probably covered with a lunar-like soil rich in dark glasses of high iron and titanium content. Pyroxene is probably the dominant mafic mineral.     

不同烘烤方法对烟叶烘烤质量的影响研究

比较了明三暗五内翻式烤炉三段式烘烤法（A）、五条龙下扎式烤炉热风循环烘烤法（B）和明三暗五内翻式烤炉远红外线涂抹火管烘烤法（C）对烟叶烘烤质量的影响,并进行了3种烘烤方法的烘烤效益分析。结果表明,烘烤时间B＜C＜A,烘烤成本B＜C＜A,以B法最为省工省时,3种方法的原烟产量差异不显著,而原烟中上比、kg均价、产值等差异显著（P＜0．05）,净增收益B＞C＞A。说明热风循环炉对提高烟叶烘烤质量有显著作用。     

Spectroscopic observations of bright and dark emission features on the night side of venus

Near-infrared spectra of a bright and a dark thermal emission feature on the night side of Venus have been obtained from 2.2 to 2.5 micrometers (microm) at a spectral resolution of 1200 to 1500. Both bright and dark features show numerous weak absorption bands produced by CO(2), CO, water vapor, and other gases. The bright feature (hot spot) emits more radiation than the dark feature (cold spot) throughout this spectral region, but the largest contrasts occur between 2.21 and 2.32 microm, where H(2)SO(4) clouds and a weak CO(2) band provide the only known sources of extinction. The contrast decreases by 55 to 65 percent at wavelengths longer than 2.34 microm, where CO, clouds, and water vapor also absorb and scatter upwelling radiation. This contrast reduction may provide direct spectroscopic evidence for horizontal variations in the water vapor concentrations in the Venus atmosphere at levels below the cloud tops.     

Personality as power: Reconsidering tweeten's sector argument

In the Winter 1987 edition of AHV, Luther Tweeten characterized the farm sector as personality. In that article, Tweeten addressed the dark side of that personality as it has been manifested through recent farm protest. This is a rejoinder. Its intent is to look more deeply at the farm personality and, by so doing, reject dark personality traits as the sole basis for farm activisim and ideology. The article suggests that there are two distinct personalities, one directed toward power and leadership and another disaffected and tempered to follow any mythology. The conclusion is that social scientists must not only confront myths but also confront displays of power that use myths for political gain.     

Pioneer saturn infrared radiometer: preliminary results

The effective temperature of Saturn, 94.4 + 3 K, implies a total emission greater than two times the absorbed sunlight. The infrared data alone give an atmospheric abundance of H(2) relative to H(2) + He of 0.85 +/- 0.15. Comparison of infrared and radio occultation data will give a more precise estimate. Temperature at the 1-bar level is 137 to 140 K, and 2.5 K differences exist between belts and zones up to the 0.06-bar level. Ring temperatures range from 60 to 70 K on the south (illuminated) side and from < 60 to 67 K in the planet's shadow. The average temperature of the north (unilluminated) side is approximately 55 K. Titan's 45-micrometer brightness temperature is 80 +/- 10 K.     

关于边角同测网的权的确定

边角同测网权的确定是个复杂的问题,本文提出令单位权中误差等于测角中误差。使观测角的权等于1,进而确定出观测边的权,这是一种较为简便的同时确定角和边的权的方法,对红外测距仪更广泛的应用起了促进作用。     

Erratum

In Colin Norman's article "The dark side of SDI" (News & Comment, 27 Feb., p. 962), the affiliation of Caroline Herzenberg was incorrectly given as Brookhaven National Laboratory. She is a member of the staff of Argonne National Laboratory. The paper she presented at the AAAS symposium in Chicago on 15 February was based on research conducted independently, and not with laboratory funding.     

Infrared rainbow

Radition in the near-infrared spectral region should produce a rainbow that is not visible to the human eye. An infrared photograph is shown which displays the primary bow, the secondary bow, and two supernumerary bows in side the primary bow.     

Experimental separation of sensory and motor functions in pea tendrils

When illuminated pea tendrils from light-grown plants are rubbed on their abaxial side, they rapidly coil in a spiral fashion. If similar tendrils are held in the dark for 3 days and then rubbed, however, they will not coil until they are subsequently illuminated. They can remain uncoiled in the dark for as long as 2 hours after stimulation, and will still coil immediately when they are illuminated. Tendrils that are rubbed and held at 25 degrees C will coil, but those treated at 5 degrees or 10 degrees C will not. However, tendrils rubbed at 25 degrees C and kept from coiling for an hour at 5 degrees C, will immediately coil when restored to the higher temperature. These observations are interpreted to imply separation of sensory and motor functions.     

甜瓜叶片高效再生体系的建立

为了建立高效稳定的甜瓜植株再生体系,为甜瓜的转基因技术提供受体材料,以薄皮甜瓜品种"西甜一号"叶片为外植体,通过器官发生途径诱导形成不定芽,研究了不同的激素组合、外植体放置方式、暗培养时间等条件对其再生的影响。结果表明,以新梢顶端展开的第2~3片叶在MS 6-BA1.0 mg/L的诱导培养基上,外植体远轴面向下接触培养基,直接转入正常光周期下培养再生频率可达100%,平均每个外植体上可诱导出11株健壮植株。在MS 6-BA 0.05 mg/L不定芽伸长培养基上,分化的不定芽(丛)能够伸长。在1/2MS IAA 0.2 mg/L的生根培养基上无根苗生根,生根率可达100%。     

Dark respiration rate of transgenic tomato plants expressing FeSOD1 gene under chloride and sulfate salinity

Dark respiration of transgenic tomato regenerants expressing Fe-dependent superoxide dismutase under conditions of sulfate and chloride salinity has been studied. The method and system of measuring the dark respiration rate by means an infrared gas analyzer have been modified, making possible the use of individual regenerants in vitro in a small volume test tube. It is shown that transgenic lines expressing the FeSOD1 gene from Arabidopsis thaliana L. demonstrates a differently directed response to the effect of NaCl and Na₂SO₄.     

Infrared observations of the saturnian system from voyager 2

During the passage of Voyager 2 through the Saturn system, infrared spectral and radiometric data were obtained for Saturn, Titan, Enceladus, Tethys, Iapetus, and the rings. Combined Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 observations of temperatures in the upper troposphere of Saturn indicate a seasonal asymmetry between the northern and southern hemispheres, with superposed small-scale meridional gradients. Comparison of high spatial resolution data from the two hemispheres poleward of 60 degrees latitude suggests an approximate symmetry in the small-scale structure, consistent with the extension of a symmetric system of zonal jets into the polar regions. Longitudinal variations of 1 to 2 K are observed. Disk- averaged infrared spectra of Titan show little change over the 9-month interval between Voyager encounters. By combining Voyager 2 temperature measurements with ground-based geometric albedo determinations, phase integrals of 0.91 +/- 0.13 and 0.89 +/- 0.09 were derived for Tethys and Enceladus, respectively. The subsolar point temperature of dark material on Iapetus must exceed 110 K. Temperatures (and infrared optical depths) for the A and C rings and for the Cassini division are 69 +/- 1 K (0.40 +/- 0.05), 85 +/- 1 K (0.10 +/- 0.03), and 85 +/- 2 K (0.07 +/- 0.04), respectively.     

Twisting motions of sunspot penumbral filaments

The penumbra of a sunspot is composed of numerous thin, radially extended, bright and dark filaments carrying outward gas flows (the Evershed flow). Using high-resolution images obtained by the Solar Optical Telescope aboard the solar physics satellite Hinode, we discovered a number of penumbral bright filaments revealing twisting motions about their axes. These twisting motions are observed only in penumbrae located in the direction perpendicular to the symmetry line connecting the sunspot center and the solar disk center, and the direction of the twist (that is, lateral motions of intensity fluctuation across filaments) is always from limb side to disk-center side. Thus, the twisting feature is not an actual twist or turn of filaments but a manifestation of dynamics of penumbral filaments with three-dimensional radiative transfer effects.     

淀粉/甲基丙烯酸甲酯/丙烯酸丁酯接枝共聚物的合成及结构表征

以过硫酸铵为引发剂,采用固相法合成了玉米淀粉/甲基丙烯酸甲酯/丙烯酸丁酯接枝共聚物,并利用傅立叶变换红外光谱（Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR）,热分析（Differential scanning calorimetry,DSC）,射线衍射（X-ray diffraction,XRD）,扫描电镜（Scanning electron microscope,SEM）和凝胶渗透色谱（Gel per-meation chromatography,GPC）等手段对所制备的淀粉接枝共聚物进行了表征.结果表明,接枝改性不仅在一定程度上破坏了玉米淀粉的结晶,导致结晶度降低,同时也改变了淀粉原有的聚集形态;淀粉接枝共聚物的接枝侧链主要由聚合度为1 350~2 350的甲基丙烯酸甲酯/丙烯酸丁酯共聚物组成,相对分子质量主要分布在20~36万之间.     

The jupiter system through the eyes of voyager 1

The cameras aboard Voyager 1 have provided a closeup view of the Jupiter system, revealing heretofore unknown characteristics and phenomena associated with the planet's atmosphere and the surfaces of its five major satellites. On Jupiter itself, atmospheric motions-the interaction of cloud systems-display complex vorticity. On its dark side, lightning and auroras are observed. A ring was discovered surrounding Jupiter. The satellite surfaces display dramatic differences including extensive active volcanismn on Io, complex tectonism on Ganymnede and possibly Europa, and flattened remnants of enormous impact features on Callisto.     

Sector as personality: The case of farm protest movements

the personality of the farm sector is basically healthy and has many of the favorable attributes embodied in the image of the family farmer as self-reliant and independent; and as committed to fair play, due process, and democratic ideals. But a darker side of the farm personality traits has emerged in the course of American history. Social scientists for the most part have given little attention to negative personality traits of farmers and the goals, values, and beliefs that underlie these negative traits. The purpose of this essay is to address the issue. The conclusion is that social scientists must confront myths that may have made life tolerable for many farmers but also have provided a psychological and ideological climate where paranoia, scapegoating, violence, armed confrontation, intimidation, and fear reflect the dark side of the farm personaility.